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[[File:Brewer's blackbird by Crissy Field (16898).webm|thumb|Female Brewer's blackbird calls]]
[[File:Brewer's blackbird by Crissy Field (16898).webm|thumb|Female Brewer's blackbird calls]]
The '''Brewer's blackbird''' (''Euphagus cyanocephalus'') is a medium-sized [[New World blackbird]]. It is named after the ornithologist [[Thomas Mayo Brewer]].
'''Brewer's blackbird''' (''Euphagus cyanocephalus'') is a medium-sized [[New World blackbird]]. It is named after the ornithologist [[Thomas Mayo Brewer]].


== Description ==
== Description ==
Adult males have black [[Feather|plumage]] with an iridescent purple head and neck and glossy bluish-green highlights on the rest of the body. The feet and legs are black and the eye is bright yellow. The female is brownish-grey with slight hints of the male's iridescence. The female's eye is dark brown, while the male's is bright yellow. Overall, they resemble the eastern member of the same genus, the [[rusty blackbird]]; however, the Brewer's blackbird has a shorter bill and the male's head is [[iridescence|iridescent]] purple.<ref name=Peterson/> This bird is often mistaken for the [[common grackle]] but has a shorter tail. The call is a sharp check which is also distinguishable. This bird is in a different family from the [[common blackbird|Eurasian blackbird]].
Adult males have black [[Feather|plumage]] with an iridescent purple head and neck and glossy bluish-green highlights on the rest of the body. The feet and legs are black and the eye is bright yellow. The female is brownish-grey with slight hints of the male's iridescence. The female's eye is dark brown, while the male's is bright yellow. Overall, they resemble the eastern member of the same genus, the [[rusty blackbird]]; Brewer's blackbird however has a shorter bill and the male's head is [[iridescence|iridescent]] purple.<ref name=Peterson/> This bird is often mistaken for the [[common grackle]] but has a shorter tail. The call is a sharp check which is also distinguishable. This bird is in a different family from the [[common blackbird|Eurasian blackbird]].


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==Protected Status==
==Protected Status==
The Brewer's blackbird (Euphagus cyanocephalus) is protected in the USA under the [[Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918]],<ref name=fws/> however exceptions are granted under 50 CFR part 21 (2014) <ref>https://www.fws.gov/migratorybirds/pdf/policies-and-regulations/BlackbirdFinal2014.pdf</ref> for animals ''committing or about to commit depredations upon ornamental or shade trees, agricultural crops, livestock, or wildlife, or when concentrated in such numbers and manner that they are a health hazard or other nuisance.''
Brewer's blackbird (Euphagus cyanocephalus) is protected in the USA under the [[Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918]],<ref name=fws/> however exceptions are granted under 50 CFR part 21 (2014) <ref>https://www.fws.gov/migratorybirds/pdf/policies-and-regulations/BlackbirdFinal2014.pdf</ref> for animals ''committing or about to commit depredations upon ornamental or shade trees, agricultural crops, livestock, or wildlife, or when concentrated in such numbers and manner that they are a health hazard or other nuisance.''


==Gallery==
==Gallery==

Revision as of 17:00, 20 April 2020

Brewer's blackbird
male
female
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Icteridae
Genus: Euphagus
Species:
E. cyanocephalus
Binomial name
Euphagus cyanocephalus
(Wagler, 1829)
Range of E. cyanocephalus
  Breeding range
  Year-round range
  Wintering range
Synonyms

Euphagus affinis (Shufeldt, 1892)

Female Brewer's blackbird calls

Brewer's blackbird (Euphagus cyanocephalus) is a medium-sized New World blackbird. It is named after the ornithologist Thomas Mayo Brewer.

Description

Adult males have black plumage with an iridescent purple head and neck and glossy bluish-green highlights on the rest of the body. The feet and legs are black and the eye is bright yellow. The female is brownish-grey with slight hints of the male's iridescence. The female's eye is dark brown, while the male's is bright yellow. Overall, they resemble the eastern member of the same genus, the rusty blackbird; Brewer's blackbird however has a shorter bill and the male's head is iridescent purple.[2] This bird is often mistaken for the common grackle but has a shorter tail. The call is a sharp check which is also distinguishable. This bird is in a different family from the Eurasian blackbird.

Standard Measurements[3][4]
length 8–10.3 in (200–260 mm)
weight 63 g (2.2 oz)
wingspan 15.5 in (390 mm)
wing 121–133 mm (4.8–5.2 in)
tail 95–102.5 mm (3.74–4.04 in)
culmen 20.4–24 mm (0.80–0.94 in)
tarsus 29.5–33.5 mm (1.16–1.32 in)

Habitat

Their breeding habitat is open and semi-open areas, often near water, across central and western North America. The cup nest can be located in various locations: in a tree, in tall grass or on a cliff. They often nest in colonies. They are also very common in parking lots, and easily acclimate to the presence of people.[5]

These birds are often permanent residents in the west. Other birds migrate to the southeastern United States and Mexico. The range of this bird has been expanding east in the Great Lakes region.[6]

Feeding

They forage in shallow water or in fields, mainly eating seeds and insects, some berries. They sometimes catch insects in flight. They feed in flocks outside of the breeding season, sometimes with other blackbirds.

Protected Status

Brewer's blackbird (Euphagus cyanocephalus) is protected in the USA under the Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918,[7] however exceptions are granted under 50 CFR part 21 (2014) [8] for animals committing or about to commit depredations upon ornamental or shade trees, agricultural crops, livestock, or wildlife, or when concentrated in such numbers and manner that they are a health hazard or other nuisance.

  • E. cyanocephalus male.
    E. cyanocephalus male.
  • E. cyanocephalus female.
    E. cyanocephalus female.
  • The iridescent purple head of the male is a distinguishing feature.
    The iridescent purple head of the male is a distinguishing feature.
  • Male, Nevada, US
    Male, Nevada, US
  • Male, Oregon, US
    Male, Oregon, US

References

  1. ^ BirdLife International (2012). "Euphagus cyanocephalus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2013. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  2. ^ Peterson, Roger Tory; Peterson, Virginia Marie (2002). Birds of Eastern and Central North America (5th ed.). New York, NY: Houghton Mifflin. p. 310. ISBN 0-395-74047-9.
  3. ^ Godfrey, W. Earl (1966). The Birds of Canada. Ottawa: National Museum of Canada. p. 359.
  4. ^ Sibley, David Allen (2000). The Sibley Guide to Birds. New York: Knopf. p. 514. ISBN 0-679-45122-6.
  5. ^ "Brewer's Blackbird". Audubon Guide to North American Birds. National Audubon Society. Retrieved 24 June 2018.
  6. ^ Stepney, P.H.R.; Power, Dennis M. (December 1973). "Analysis of the Eastward Breeding Expansion of Brewer's Blackbird Plus General Aspects of Avian Expansions" (PDF). The Wilson Bulletin. 85 (4): 452–464.
  7. ^ "List of Migratory Bird Species Protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act as of December 2, 2013". US Fish & Wildlife Service.
  8. ^ https://www.fws.gov/migratorybirds/pdf/policies-and-regulations/BlackbirdFinal2014.pdf

Further reading

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Euphagus cyanocephalus.
Wikispecies has information related to Euphagus cyanocephalus.

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