Music of Morocco: Difference between revisions
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===Andalusian classical music=== |
===Andalusian classical music=== |
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Andalusian classical music ({{lang-ar|طرب أندَلُسي, موسيقى الآلة لاب}} transliterated ''ṭarab andalusi'' or ''Musiqa al-Ala'', Spanish: música andalusí) is a style of Arabic music found in different styles across the [[Maghreb]] (Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and Libya in the form of the [[Ma'luf]] style). It originated out of the music of [[Al-Andalus]] (Muslim Iberia) between the 9th and 15th centuries. Some of its poems were found to be composed by authors such as [[Abu al-Hasan al-Shushtari|Al-Shushtari]], [[Ibn al-Khatib]] and [[Al-Mu'tamid ibn Abbad]]. Andalusian music is a part of the longest traditions of art and music in the world. Andalusian music was introduced during the arrival of ''Ziryab,'' a freed Persian slave and musical pioneer, in the early 9th century. After ''Ziryab's'' death, two new styles of Arabic poetry were introduced in Al-Andalus: ''Muwashshahat'' and ''Zajal''. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Schuyler|first=Philip D|date=1978|title=Moroccan Andalusian Music |
Andalusian classical music ({{lang-ar|طرب أندَلُسي, موسيقى الآلة لاب}} transliterated ''ṭarab andalusi'' or ''Musiqa al-Ala'', Spanish: música andalusí) is a style of Arabic music found in different styles across the [[Maghreb]] (Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and Libya in the form of the [[Ma'luf]] style). It originated out of the music of [[Al-Andalus]] (Muslim Iberia) between the 9th and 15th centuries. Some of its poems were found to be composed by authors such as [[Abu al-Hasan al-Shushtari|Al-Shushtari]], [[Ibn al-Khatib]] and [[Al-Mu'tamid ibn Abbad]]. Andalusian music is a part of the longest traditions of art and music in the world. Andalusian music was introduced during the arrival of ''Ziryab,'' a freed Persian slave and musical pioneer, in the early 9th century. After ''Ziryab's'' death, two new styles of Arabic poetry were introduced in Al-Andalus: ''Muwashshahat'' and ''Zajal''. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Schuyler|first=Philip D|date=1978|title=Moroccan Andalusian Music|journal=The World of Music|volume=20|issue=1|pages=33–46|jstor=43562538|issn=0043-8774}}</ref> |
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===Berber folk music=== |
===Berber folk music=== |
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Main article: [[Raï]] |
Main article: [[Raï]] |
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Rai is more closely associated with [[Algeria]], but Morocco has produced its own stars like Cheb Mimoun and Hanino. Rai music originated from Algeria, but is just as effective and popular in Morocco. This style of music was created during a period of political turmoil, and served a purpose of social and political commentary. Rai music has gained massive support over the years from the urban populace for its purpose of addressing taboo topics.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=McMurray|first=David|last2=Swedenburg|first2=Ted|date=1991|title=Rai Tide Rising |
Rai is more closely associated with [[Algeria]], but Morocco has produced its own stars like Cheb Mimoun and Hanino. Rai music originated from Algeria, but is just as effective and popular in Morocco. This style of music was created during a period of political turmoil, and served a purpose of social and political commentary. Rai music has gained massive support over the years from the urban populace for its purpose of addressing taboo topics.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=McMurray|first=David|last2=Swedenburg|first2=Ted|date=1991|title=Rai Tide Rising|journal=Middle East Report|issue=169|pages=39–42|doi=10.2307/3012952|jstor=3012952|issn=0899-2851}}</ref> It was also greatly known for [[Code-switching|code switching]] between French and Arabic.Rai artists use this method to add to the rhetorical and aesthetic effect of the lyrics , as well as a method of opening the lyrics to a wider range of an audience. |
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=== Gnawa music === |
=== Gnawa music === |
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{{main article|Gnawa|Gnawa music}} |
{{main article|Gnawa|Gnawa music}} |
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[[File:معلم الگناوة.jpg|thumb|A [[gnawa]] [[Street performance|street performer]] wearing traditional gnawi clothing in [[Rabat]]'s [[Kasbah of the Udayas|Qasbat al-Widaya]].]] |
[[File:معلم الگناوة.jpg|thumb|A [[gnawa]] [[Street performance|street performer]] wearing traditional gnawi clothing in [[Rabat]]'s [[Kasbah of the Udayas|Qasbat al-Widaya]].]] |
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Gnawa music is a m[[mysticism|ystical]] form of music and incantation of West African origin. It was initially brought to Morocco by [[Sub-Saharan Africa|Sub-Saharan Africans]] and gradually became part of the Moroccan musical tradition. The gnawa musicians are respected for their spiritual performances. Through oral traditions, they have handed down a specific cultural ceremony, called ''derdeba'' or ''lila,'' which consists of song, dance, the burning of incense and of specific costumes and colours. The instruments used are large drums called “''[[Davul|tbel]]''” or “qanqa” and metal double castanets called “garageb”. The main instrument is a three-stringed bass [[lute]], called the “''[[Sintir|gimbri]]''” accompanied by the chanting of the singers.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Weissleder|first=Wolfgang|url=https://books.google.com/ |
Gnawa music is a m[[mysticism|ystical]] form of music and incantation of West African origin. It was initially brought to Morocco by [[Sub-Saharan Africa|Sub-Saharan Africans]] and gradually became part of the Moroccan musical tradition. The gnawa musicians are respected for their spiritual performances. Through oral traditions, they have handed down a specific cultural ceremony, called ''derdeba'' or ''lila,'' which consists of song, dance, the burning of incense and of specific costumes and colours. The instruments used are large drums called “''[[Davul|tbel]]''” or “qanqa” and metal double castanets called “garageb”. The main instrument is a three-stringed bass [[lute]], called the “''[[Sintir|gimbri]]''” accompanied by the chanting of the singers.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Weissleder|first=Wolfgang|url=https://books.google.com/?id=JRyqfpi5BKcC&pg=PA319&dq=Gnawa+ceremony#v=onepage|title=The Nomadic Alternative: Modes and Models of Interaction in the African-Asian Deserts and Steppes|date=2011-06-15|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-081023-3|language=en}}</ref> |
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===Classical Malhun=== |
===Classical Malhun=== |
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{{Main article|Malhun}} |
{{Main article|Malhun}} |
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Revision as of 23:31, 24 April 2020
| Music of Morocco |
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| Regional music |
Moroccan music is characterized by its great diversity from one region to another, as well as according to different social groups. It includes Arabic music as the chaâbi and the aita of the Atlantic plains (Doukkala-Abda, Chaouia-Ouardigha, Rehamna ...), the melhoune of the Andalusian cities (Meknes, Fes, Salé, Tetouan, Oujda...) as well as the Hassani in the Moroccan Sahara. There is also Amazigh music such as the Rif reggada, the ahidus of the Middle Atlas and the Souss ahwash. Southern Morocco, with its strong Berber population, is the home of the deqqa Marrakshia and of gnawa music. Since the 20th century, musicians have synthesized the Moroccan musical traditions with influences from around the world (blues, rock, metal, reggae, Moroccan rap, etc.). Each genre and musical style is made up of regional subgroups, and is further divided between 'modern' and 'traditional' music.
Traditional music styles
Andalusian classical music
Andalusian classical music (Template:Lang-ar transliterated ṭarab andalusi or Musiqa al-Ala, Spanish: música andalusí) is a style of Arabic music found in different styles across the Maghreb (Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and Libya in the form of the Ma'luf style). It originated out of the music of Al-Andalus (Muslim Iberia) between the 9th and 15th centuries. Some of its poems were found to be composed by authors such as Al-Shushtari, Ibn al-Khatib and Al-Mu'tamid ibn Abbad. Andalusian music is a part of the longest traditions of art and music in the world. Andalusian music was introduced during the arrival of Ziryab, a freed Persian slave and musical pioneer, in the early 9th century. After Ziryab's death, two new styles of Arabic poetry were introduced in Al-Andalus: Muwashshahat and Zajal. [1]
Berber folk music
There are many varieties of Berber folk music and dance, such as the ahwash and ahidus or the guedra in the Moroccan sahara.
Chaabi "popular" folk music
Chaabi (Template:Lang-ar, meaning popular in English) is a music consisting of numerous varieties which descend from the multifarious forms of Moroccan folk music. Chaabi was originally performed in markets, but is now found at any celebration or meeting.
Raï Music
Main article: Raï
Rai is more closely associated with Algeria, but Morocco has produced its own stars like Cheb Mimoun and Hanino. Rai music originated from Algeria, but is just as effective and popular in Morocco. This style of music was created during a period of political turmoil, and served a purpose of social and political commentary. Rai music has gained massive support over the years from the urban populace for its purpose of addressing taboo topics.[2] It was also greatly known for code switching between French and Arabic.Rai artists use this method to add to the rhetorical and aesthetic effect of the lyrics , as well as a method of opening the lyrics to a wider range of an audience.
Gnawa music
Gnawa music is a mystical form of music and incantation of West African origin. It was initially brought to Morocco by Sub-Saharan Africans and gradually became part of the Moroccan musical tradition. The gnawa musicians are respected for their spiritual performances. Through oral traditions, they have handed down a specific cultural ceremony, called derdeba or lila, which consists of song, dance, the burning of incense and of specific costumes and colours. The instruments used are large drums called “tbel” or “qanqa” and metal double castanets called “garageb”. The main instrument is a three-stringed bass lute, called the “gimbri” accompanied by the chanting of the singers.[3]
Classical Malhun
Classical Malhun is peaceful and very interesting to listen to. It has been played around in the streets of Morocco for over a thousand years. It is very common music to hear in Morocco.
Classical Sufi music
Sufi brotherhoods (tariqas) are common in Morocco, and music is an integral part of their spiritual tradition. This music is an attempt at reaching a trance state which inspires mystical ecstasy.
Music education
See also
References
- ^ Schuyler, Philip D (1978). "Moroccan Andalusian Music". The World of Music. 20 (1): 33–46. ISSN 0043-8774. JSTOR 43562538.
- ^ McMurray, David; Swedenburg, Ted (1991). "Rai Tide Rising". Middle East Report (169): 39–42. doi:10.2307/3012952. ISSN 0899-2851. JSTOR 3012952.
- ^ Weissleder, Wolfgang (2011-06-15). The Nomadic Alternative: Modes and Models of Interaction in the African-Asian Deserts and Steppes. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-081023-3.
Notes
- Muddyman, Dave. "A Basic Expression of Life". 2000. In Broughton, Simon and Ellingham, Mark with McConnachie, James and Duane, Orla (Ed.), World Music, Vol. 1: Africa, Europe and the Middle East, pp 567–578. Rough Guides Ltd, Penguin Books. ISBN 1-85828-636-0
Bibliography
- Chants et Danses Berbères (Moyen Atlas - Foire au Mouton de Timhadit) par Alexis Chottin 16 juin 1935 in Revue de musicologie, T. 17e, No. 58e (1936), pp. 65–69
- Olsen, Myriam ; Lortat-Jacob, Bernard, pref. Musiques de l’Atlas, Arles : Actes Sud : Cité de la musique, 1997 .
- Guettat, Mahmoud, La musique classique du Maghreb, Paris : Sindbad, 1980 . (La bibliothèque arabe).
- Aydoun, Ahmed, Musiques du Maroc, Casablanca : Editions EDDIF, 1994.
- Mohamed Belghazi (dir.), Instruments des musiques populaires et de confréries du Maroc. Fragments de musées, Aix-en-Provence : Edisud, La croisée des chemins, 1998.
- Catherine Homo-Lechner et Christian Rault, Instruments de musique du Maroc et d'al-Andalus, Fondation Royaumont / CERIMM, 1999.