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==History==
==History==


Triacontanol was first isolated in 1933 from [[alfalfa]] wax. Various studies states that the use of Triacontanol, applied either to the root system of the leaves of the plant, it enhances the growth and productivity of both the agricultural and horticultural plants <ref>M. Naeem , M. Masroor A. Khan & Moinuddin (2012) Triacontanol: a potent plant growth regulator in agriculture, Journal of Plant Interactions, 7:2, 129-142, DOI:
Triacontanol was first isolated in 1933 from [[alfalfa]] wax. It was identified as a saturated straight chain [[primary alcohol]].<ref name=Chibnall>{{cite journal|authors=Chibnall, A.C., E.F. Williams, A.L, Latner, and S.H. Piper|date=1933 |title=The isolation of n-triacontanol from lucerne wax |journal=Biochemical Journal |volume=27 |pages=1885-1888 }}</ref> Triacontanol is found in various plant species as a minor component of the [[epicuticular wax]]. In [[wheat]], triacontanol is about 3-4% of the leaf wax.{{citation needed|reason=given citation does not refer to wheat|date=May 2020}}<ref>Tulloch, A.P., and L.L., Hoffman. 1974. [[Epicuticular wax]] of ''Secale cereale'' and ''Triticale hexaploide'' leaves. Phytochemistry 13: 2535-2540.</ref>.
10.1080/17429145.2011.619281</ref>. According to a study done by a researcher in 1979, Triacontanol is a secondary plant growth hormone and it can not be considered as a phytohormone.<ref>Mandava NB. 1979. Natural products in plant growth
⚫
The effects of tricontanol also be seen when a chopped{{clarification needed|date=May 2020}} alfafa plant is placed in close proximity to the [[seedlings]] and various crop seeds.{{which|date=May 2020}} A substantial increase in yield and growth has been seen in different plants, such as [[cucumber]], [[tomatoes]], [[wheat]], [[corn]], [[lettuce]], and [[rice]].<ref>Ries, S.K., H. Bittenbinder, R. Hangarter, L.Kolker, G. Morris, and V. Wert. 1976. Improved Growth and Yield of crops from organic supplements. Pages 377-384 in W. Lokeretz, ed. Energy and Agriculture. Academic Press, New York.</ref>. Synthetic triacontanol has also shown similar capacity to enhance growth in different plant species.{{citation needed|date=May 2020}}
regulation. In: NB Mandava, editor. Plant growth substances. ACS Symposium Series 111. Washington(DC): American Chemical Societyp. 137213.</ref> Triacontanol is said to be the only primary alcohol that is found in the leaves of the rice plant <ref>Uchiyama T, Ogasawara N. 1981. Constituents of plant leaf waxes contained in rice callus tissues. Agr Biol Chem 45:12611263</ref>. TRIA is also known to enhance the regulation of the seed germination and e vigourousness of the plant that thrive under the salt stress <ref>Mubeen Sarwar*, Muhammad Amjad and C.M. Ayyub. Institute of Horticultural Sciences, University of Agriculture. DOI: 10.17957/IJAB/15.0356</ref>.
⚫
A substantial increase in yield and growth has been seen in different plants, such as [[cucumber]], [[tomatoes]], [[wheat]], [[corn]], [[lettuce]], and [[rice]].<ref>Ries, S.K., H. Bittenbinder, R. Hangarter, L.Kolker, G. Morris, and V. Wert. 1976. Improved Growth and Yield of crops from organic supplements. Pages 377-384 in W. Lokeretz, ed. Energy and Agriculture. Academic Press, New York.</ref>.


==Characteristics==
==Characteristics==


Triacontanol does not react the same way in all plant species. The influence of Triacontanol has been studied in plants like Tomato, sugar beet, cotton, cucumber and potato plants, Triacontanol sprays on the leaves of these plants showed a substantial increase in the productivity of these plants as compared to the ones untreated with the TRIA alcohol <ref>Kapitsimadi C, Vioryl SA. 1995. Effect of a long chain
Triacontanol does not react the same way in all plant species. The effects of triacontanol various in terms of [[photosynthesis]] and the yield manipulation in plant species.{{clarification needed|date=May 2020}} The effects on C-3 plants and C-4 plants. In tomato plant (C-3 plant), the treatment of triacontanol increases the dry leaf weight and inhibited the [[photosynthesis]] by 27% in dry leaves,{{clarification needed|reason=photosynthesis does not occur in dry leaves|date=May 2020}} whereas in the maize plants no change in photosynthesis occurs whether treated by triacontanol or not. <ref>Eriksen, A.B., Selldén, G., Skogen, D. et al. Comparative analyses of the effect of triacontanol on photosynthesis, [[photorespiration]] and growth of tomato (C3-plant) and maize (C4-plant). Planta 152, 44–49 (1981). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00384983</ref>.
aliphatic alcohol (triacontanol) on growth and yield of different horticultural crops. Acta Hort 379:237243.</ref>. The effects on C-3 plants and C-4 plants. In tomato plant (C-3 plant), the treatment of triacontanol increases the dry leaf weight and inhibited the [[photosynthesis]] by 27% in healthy leaves, whereas in the maize plants no change in photosynthesis occurs whether treated by triacontanol or not. <ref>Eriksen, A.B., Selldén, G., Skogen, D. et al. Comparative analyses of the effect of triacontanol on photosynthesis, [[photorespiration]] and growth of tomato (C3-plant) and maize (C4-plant). Planta 152, 44–49 (1981). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00384983</ref>. Also, the studies reveal that the use of Triacontanol in the plants that thrive under salty conditions shows great improvement in the physiological growth and biochemical mechanisms of the plant <ref>Mubeen Sarwar*, Muhammad Amjad and C.M. AyyubInstitute of Horticultural Sciences, University of Agriculture, DOI: 10.17957/IJAB/15.0356</ref>.
Although, the basic effect of treating seedlings of various plant species is an increase in plant growth, photosynthesis and the yield of the crops, the effects of triacontanol are not the same in every plant species. Some exhibit these symptoms while some show no response to the treatment to triacontanol. Different studies reveal that the effects of triacontanol differs with the amounts of the triacontanol used to treat the plant. A much higher dose of triacontanol could also have adverse effects on the growth of a plant.
Although, the basic effect of treating seedlings of various plant species is an increase in plant growth, photosynthesis and the yield of the crops, the effects of triacontanol are not the same in every plant species. Some exhibit these symptoms while some show no response to the treatment to triacontanol. Different studies reveal that the effects of triacontanol differs with the amounts of the triacontanol used to treat the plant. A much higher dose of triacontanol could also have adverse effects on the growth of a plant.
Triacontanol has been reported to increase productivity of some plants that have some therapeutic properties, such as turmeric roots.<ref>Neena Srivastava, Sayadda Khatoon, A.K.S. Rawat, Vartika Rai, Shanta Mehrotra, Chromatographic Estimation of p-Coumaric Acid and Triacontanol in an Ayurvedic Root Drug Patala (Stereospermum suaveolens Roxb.), Journal of Chromatographic Science, Volume 47, Issue 10, November-December, Pages 936–939, https://doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/47.10.936</ref> In addition, the effects of triacontanol are observed in opium and morphine production. <ref name=Khan>{{Cite journal |authors=M.M.A. Khan, R. Khan, M. Singh, S. Nasir, M. Naeem, M.H. Siddiqui, F. Mohammad |title=Gibberellic acid and triacontanol can ameliorate the opium yield and morphine production in opium poppy (''Papaver somniferum'') |journal=Acta horticulturae |volume=756 |pages=289-298 |doi=10.17660/ActaHortic.2007.756.30 }}</ref>
Triacontanol has been reported to increase productivity of some plants that have some therapeutic properties, such as turmeric roots.<ref>Neena Srivastava, Sayadda Khatoon, A.K.S. Rawat, Vartika Rai, Shanta Mehrotra, Chromatographic Estimation of p-Coumaric Acid and Triacontanol in an Ayurvedic Root Drug Patala (Stereospermum suaveolens Roxb.), Journal of Chromatographic Science, Volume 47, Issue 10, November-December, Pages 936–939, https://doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/47.10.936</ref> In addition, the effects of triacontanol are observed in opium and morphine production. <ref name=Khan>{{Cite journal |authors=M.M.A. Khan, R. Khan, M. Singh, S. Nasir, M. Naeem, M.H. Siddiqui, F. Mohammad |title=Gibberellic acid and triacontanol can ameliorate the opium yield and morphine production in opium poppy (''Papaver somniferum'') |journal=Acta horticulturae |volume=756 |pages=289-298 |doi=10.17660/ActaHortic.2007.756.30 }}</ref>


==Functionality==
==Functionality==

There are numerous corporations{{such as|date=May 2020}} making synthetic triacontanol for enhancing the crop yield and pest resistance in the crops.{{citation needed|date=May 2020}}
Triacontanol improves the rate of cell division in a plant that produces larger roots and shoots. It has been shown that if triacontanol is applied during the maximized growth period of a plant in a appropriate amount, it enhances the enzymatic activity in the roots and [[hormone]] functionality increasing the overall performance of the plant.<ref>Ries, S. and Houtz, R. 1983. Triacontanol as a plant growth regulator. Horticultural Science, 18: 654-662.</ref> Triacontanol basically operates by enhancing the basic functionality of the plant like increasing the rate of photosynthesis and producing more [[sugar]] or [[glucose]].{{citation needed|date=May 2020}} When the photosynthesis is operating finely in a plant, the plant make more sugars and absorb more [[sunlight]]. The plant then send more sugars to the rhizosphere via the root system where the growth, respiration and nutrient exchange take place in the vicinity of the soil.<ref>Nelson, N. ( 1944 ). A photometric adaptation of the Somogyi's method for the determination of glucose. J. Bioi. Chem. 153:375-380. </ref> Availability of more sugars lead to more respiration and nutrient exchange between the plants and the microorganisms in the soil.
Triacontanol improves the rate of cell division in a plant that produces larger roots and shoots. It has been shown that if triacontanol is applied during the maximized growth period of a plant in a appropriate amount, it enhances the enzymatic activity in the roots and [[hormone]] functionality increasing the overall performance of the plant.<ref>Ries, S. and Houtz, R. 1983. Triacontanol as a plant growth regulator. Horticultural Science, 18: 654-662.</ref>. When the photosynthesis is operating finely in a plant, the plant make more sugars and absorb more [[sunlight]]. The plant then send more sugars to the rhizosphere via the root system where the growth, respiration and nutrient exchange take place in the vicinity of the soil.<ref>Nelson, N. ( 1944 ). A photometric adaptation of the Somogyi's method for the determination of glucose. J. Bioi. Chem. 153:375-380. </ref> Availability of more sugars lead to more respiration and nutrient exchange between the plants and the microorganisms in the soil.
when the microbes receive more sugars from the plant, it increases the microbial activity in the root zone and they perform more efficiently in mining the [[nutrients]] like in the case of [[nitrogen fixation]]. These microorganisms particularly trace the nutrients essential for the soil. These nutrients are further used by the plants to build more complex nutrients and compounds essential for its rapid growth and defence from certain other microbes. These complex compounds{{which|date=May 2020}} maximize the yield of the crop as well as produce the [[antibodies]] that provide resistance from many other external factors. Overall, despite other benefits of adequate amount of triacontanol, just enhancing the photosynthesis increases the plant efficient in so many ways.{{Citation needed|date=May 2020}}
when the microbes receive more sugars from the plant, it increases the microbial activity in the root zone and they perform more efficiently in mining the [[nutrients]] like in the case of [[nitrogen fixation]]. These microorganisms particularly trace the nutrients essential for the soil. These nutrients are further used by the plants to build more complex nutrients and compounds essential for its rapid growth and defense from certain other microbes. The complex compounds like nitrogenous compounds, phosphorous, magnesium, sulphur and calcium products that maximize the yield of the crop as well as produce the [[antibodies]] that provide resistance from many other external factors are efficiently produced by the plants in more quantity when treated with the Triacontanol as more nutrient production and amino acid production takes place due to Triacontanol <ref>Muhammad Waqas, Raheem Shahzad, Abdul Latif Khan, Sajjad Asaf, Yoon-Ha Kim, Sang-Mo Kang, Saqib Bilal, Muhammad Hamayun, In-Jung Lee. Salvaging effect of triacontanol on plant growth, thermotolerance, macro-nutrient content, amino acid concentration and modulation of defense hormonal levels under heat stress. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry,Volume 99,
2016, Pages 118-125,ISSN 0981-9428, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2015.12.012.</ref>.


==Synthesis of triacontanol==
==Synthesis of triacontanol==

Revision as of 22:09, 5 May 2020

1-Triacontanol[1]
Names
IUPAC name
Triacontan-1-ol
Other names
1-Triacontanol
n-Triacontanol
Melissyl alcohol
Myricyl alcohol
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChEBI
ChEMBL
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.008.905 Edit this at Wikidata
UNII
  • InChI=1S/C30H62O/c1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-18-19-20-21-22-23-24-25-26-27-28-29-30-31/h31H,2-30H2,1H3 checkY
    Key: REZQBEBOWJAQKS-UHFFFAOYSA-N checkY
  • InChI=1/C30H62O/c1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-18-19-20-21-22-23-24-25-26-27-28-29-30-31/h31H,2-30H2,1H3
    Key: REZQBEBOWJAQKS-UHFFFAOYAU
  • OCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
Properties
C30H62O
Molar mass 438.81 g/mol
Density 0.777 g/ml at 95 °C
Melting point 87 °C (189 °F; 360 K)
Insoluble
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
checkY verify (what is checkY☒N ?)

1-Triacontanol is a fatty alcohol of the general formula C30H62O, also known as melissyl alcohol or myricyl alcohol. It is found in plant cuticle waxes and in beeswax. Triacontanol is a growth stimulant for many plants, most notably roses, in which it rapidly increases the number of basal breaks. 1-Triacontanol or n-triacontanol is a natural plant growth regulator. It has been widely used to enhance the yield of various crops around the world, mainly in Asia. [2]. Triacontanol has been reported to increase the growth of plants by enhancing the rates of photosynthesis, protein biosynthesis, the transport of nutrients in a plant and enzyme activity, reducing complex carbohydrates among many other purposes. The fatty alcohol appears to increase the physiological efficiency of plant cells and boost the potential of the cells responsible for the growth and maturity of a plant.

History

Triacontanol was first isolated in 1933 from alfalfa wax. Various studies states that the use of Triacontanol, applied either to the root system of the leaves of the plant, it enhances the growth and productivity of both the agricultural and horticultural plants [3]. According to a study done by a researcher in 1979, Triacontanol is a secondary plant growth hormone and it can not be considered as a phytohormone.[4] Triacontanol is said to be the only primary alcohol that is found in the leaves of the rice plant [5]. TRIA is also known to enhance the regulation of the seed germination and e vigourousness of the plant that thrive under the salt stress [6]. A substantial increase in yield and growth has been seen in different plants, such as cucumber, tomatoes, wheat, corn, lettuce, and rice.[7].

Characteristics

Triacontanol does not react the same way in all plant species. The influence of Triacontanol has been studied in plants like Tomato, sugar beet, cotton, cucumber and potato plants, Triacontanol sprays on the leaves of these plants showed a substantial increase in the productivity of these plants as compared to the ones untreated with the TRIA alcohol [8]. The effects on C-3 plants and C-4 plants. In tomato plant (C-3 plant), the treatment of triacontanol increases the dry leaf weight and inhibited the photosynthesis by 27% in healthy leaves, whereas in the maize plants no change in photosynthesis occurs whether treated by triacontanol or not. [9]. Also, the studies reveal that the use of Triacontanol in the plants that thrive under salty conditions shows great improvement in the physiological growth and biochemical mechanisms of the plant [10]. Although, the basic effect of treating seedlings of various plant species is an increase in plant growth, photosynthesis and the yield of the crops, the effects of triacontanol are not the same in every plant species. Some exhibit these symptoms while some show no response to the treatment to triacontanol. Different studies reveal that the effects of triacontanol differs with the amounts of the triacontanol used to treat the plant. A much higher dose of triacontanol could also have adverse effects on the growth of a plant. Triacontanol has been reported to increase productivity of some plants that have some therapeutic properties, such as turmeric roots.[11] In addition, the effects of triacontanol are observed in opium and morphine production. [12]

Functionality

Triacontanol improves the rate of cell division in a plant that produces larger roots and shoots. It has been shown that if triacontanol is applied during the maximized growth period of a plant in a appropriate amount, it enhances the enzymatic activity in the roots and hormone functionality increasing the overall performance of the plant.[13]. When the photosynthesis is operating finely in a plant, the plant make more sugars and absorb more sunlight. The plant then send more sugars to the rhizosphere via the root system where the growth, respiration and nutrient exchange take place in the vicinity of the soil.[14] Availability of more sugars lead to more respiration and nutrient exchange between the plants and the microorganisms in the soil. when the microbes receive more sugars from the plant, it increases the microbial activity in the root zone and they perform more efficiently in mining the nutrients like in the case of nitrogen fixation. These microorganisms particularly trace the nutrients essential for the soil. These nutrients are further used by the plants to build more complex nutrients and compounds essential for its rapid growth and defense from certain other microbes. The complex compounds like nitrogenous compounds, phosphorous, magnesium, sulphur and calcium products that maximize the yield of the crop as well as produce the antibodies that provide resistance from many other external factors are efficiently produced by the plants in more quantity when treated with the Triacontanol as more nutrient production and amino acid production takes place due to Triacontanol [15].

Synthesis of triacontanol

There are several chemical pathways via which triacontanol can be artificially synthesized. One method includes an organic compound succinic anhydride and a carboxylic acid docosanoic acid that have been used to attach the different carbon chains (C4 and C22) on 2 and 5 positions of thiophene, via two acylation sequences. Later, 2-5 substituted thiophene is reacted for desulphurization using Raney Nickel. It produces triacontanoic acid which can be reduced with lithium aluminum hydride (LAH) to produce 1-triacontanol.[16].

Another method of synthesizing triacontanol focuses on the high yield with the easily available and feasible compounds that can form triacontanol through some chemical reactions in laboratory settings. 1-octadecanol or stearyl alcohol and 1,12-dodecanediol. Using the phase transfer system the 1-octadecanol is converted to octadecanal. On the other hand, 1,12-dodecanediol goes through the phase transfer bromination and further reacted with 1-hydroxy-12-triphenylphosphonium bromide. Both the end products of the two compounds undergo Witting reaction to give the product. The resulted mixture is hydrogenated to give triacontanol.[17].

Physiological effects on some plant species

Cacao Seedlings

Cocoa seedlings (Theobroma cacao L.) shows a positive growth in terms of plant length and the leaf size when treated with triacontanol. In a study, the cocoa seedlings when receive an appropriate amount of triacontanol, led to increase in the leaf size, plant length, leaf number as well as the stem diameter of the cocoa plant.[18] which is due to biosynthesis of secondary metabolites which alters the physiology and the biochemistry of the plants. Treating the cocoa plant with excess amount of triacontanol led to inhibition of plant growth and bearing of adverse effects on the plant physiology. [19] The provision of triacontanol rapidly increase the morphogenetic response in the plant during the embryogenesis process. The enhanced response lead to increase in the cell division and cell growth by the growth regulators. Moreover, it also leads to increased shoots and roots of the plant. The whole process results from the formation of new growth and development proteins and new mRNA.

Rhizophora apiculata (Mangrove)

In the hypocotyl treatment of triacontanol in the mangrove plant resulted in increased root and shoot growth. The rise in the number of primary and secondary roots, the length of roots, height and the biomass resulted from triacontanol treatment. Moreover, the reduction of nitrate reductase as well as increase amount of chlorophylls in the photosystem 1 and 2 observed.[20] However, the increase in the concentration of triacontanol resulted in the decrease of the plant growth. hence, the amount of the alcohol treatment is the driving force for the enhanced results.

Cell cultures in Vivo

Triacontanol also increases the growth of a cell in vivo condition by increasing the cell number in the culture. It can be attributed to the increase protein formation and rapid cell division induced by triacontanol.[21]

The growth of cell culture in vivo conditions has been done with various plant species to observe the effects of triacontanol. Similar effects of triacontanol can be seen with a variety of plants like rice, wheat, corn, maize, cucumber, and many more.

References

  1. ^ Merck Index, 11th Edition, 9506.
  2. ^ Naeem, M. & Khan, M. Masroor & Moinuddin, Anis Shaikh. (2012). Triacontanol: A potent plant growth regulator in agriculture. Journal of Plant Interactions. 7. 129-142. 10.1080/17429145.2011.619281
  3. ^ M. Naeem , M. Masroor A. Khan & Moinuddin (2012) Triacontanol: a potent plant growth regulator in agriculture, Journal of Plant Interactions, 7:2, 129-142, DOI: 10.1080/17429145.2011.619281
  4. ^ Mandava NB. 1979. Natural products in plant growth regulation. In: NB Mandava, editor. Plant growth substances. ACS Symposium Series 111. Washington(DC): American Chemical Societyp. 137213.
  5. ^ Uchiyama T, Ogasawara N. 1981. Constituents of plant leaf waxes contained in rice callus tissues. Agr Biol Chem 45:12611263
  6. ^ Mubeen Sarwar*, Muhammad Amjad and C.M. Ayyub. Institute of Horticultural Sciences, University of Agriculture. DOI: 10.17957/IJAB/15.0356
  7. ^ Ries, S.K., H. Bittenbinder, R. Hangarter, L.Kolker, G. Morris, and V. Wert. 1976. Improved Growth and Yield of crops from organic supplements. Pages 377-384 in W. Lokeretz, ed. Energy and Agriculture. Academic Press, New York.
  8. ^ Kapitsimadi C, Vioryl SA. 1995. Effect of a long chain aliphatic alcohol (triacontanol) on growth and yield of different horticultural crops. Acta Hort 379:237243.
  9. ^ Eriksen, A.B., Selldén, G., Skogen, D. et al. Comparative analyses of the effect of triacontanol on photosynthesis, photorespiration and growth of tomato (C3-plant) and maize (C4-plant). Planta 152, 44–49 (1981). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00384983
  10. ^ Mubeen Sarwar*, Muhammad Amjad and C.M. AyyubInstitute of Horticultural Sciences, University of Agriculture, DOI: 10.17957/IJAB/15.0356
  11. ^ Neena Srivastava, Sayadda Khatoon, A.K.S. Rawat, Vartika Rai, Shanta Mehrotra, Chromatographic Estimation of p-Coumaric Acid and Triacontanol in an Ayurvedic Root Drug Patala (Stereospermum suaveolens Roxb.), Journal of Chromatographic Science, Volume 47, Issue 10, November-December, Pages 936–939, https://doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/47.10.936
  12. ^ "Gibberellic acid and triacontanol can ameliorate the opium yield and morphine production in opium poppy (Papaver somniferum)". Acta horticulturae. 756: 289–298. doi:10.17660/ActaHortic.2007.756.30. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  13. ^ Ries, S. and Houtz, R. 1983. Triacontanol as a plant growth regulator. Horticultural Science, 18: 654-662.
  14. ^ Nelson, N. ( 1944 ). A photometric adaptation of the Somogyi's method for the determination of glucose. J. Bioi. Chem. 153:375-380.
  15. ^ Muhammad Waqas, Raheem Shahzad, Abdul Latif Khan, Sajjad Asaf, Yoon-Ha Kim, Sang-Mo Kang, Saqib Bilal, Muhammad Hamayun, In-Jung Lee. Salvaging effect of triacontanol on plant growth, thermotolerance, macro-nutrient content, amino acid concentration and modulation of defense hormonal levels under heat stress. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry,Volume 99, 2016, Pages 118-125,ISSN 0981-9428, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2015.12.012.
  16. ^ U.T. Bhalerao, S. Jagdishwar Rao, B.D. Tilak. 1984. New synthesis of 1-triacontanol. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-4039(01)91306-1
  17. ^ Tran-Thi, N.H., Falk, H. An efficient synthesis of the plant growth hormone 1-triacontanol. Monatsh Chem 126, 565–568 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00807430
  18. ^ Rama R, Sitijak, and Dingse Pandiangan. 2014. THE EFFECT OF PLANT GROWTH REGULATOR TRIACONTANOL TO THE GROWTH OF CACAO SEEDLINGS (Theobroma cacao L.). DOI: 10.17503/Agrivita-2014-36-3-260-267
  19. ^ Jaybhay, S., P. Chate and A. Ade. 2010. Isolation and identification of crude triacontanol from rice bran wax. Journal of Experimental sciences. 1 (2): 26.
  20. ^ Moorthy, P., Kathiresan, K. Physiological responses of mangrove seedling to triacontanol. Biol Plant 35, 577 (1993). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02928035
  21. ^ Roger Hangarter, Stanley K. Ries, Peter Carlson. Effect of Triacontanol on Plant Cell Cultures in Vitro. Plant Physiology. May 1978, 61 (5) 855-857; DOI: 10.1104/pp.61.5.855


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