USS Gambier Bay

USS Gambier Bay
History
United States
Name	Gambier Bay
Builder	Kaiser Shipyards
Laid down	10 July 1943
Launched	22 November 1943
Commissioned	28 December 1943
Stricken	27 November 1944
Nickname(s)	Kaiser Coffin
Fate	Sunk on 25 October 1944 in the Battle off Samar
General characteristics
Class and type	Template:Sclass-
Displacement	7,800 long tons (7,900 t)
Length	512 ft 3 in (156.13 m) (o/a)
Beam	65 ft 2 in (19.86 m), 108 ft (33 m) maximum width
Draft	22 ft 6 in (6.86 m)
Installed power	9,000 ihp (6,700 kW)
Propulsion	2 × 5-cylinder Skinner Uniflow reciprocating steam engines 4 × 285 psi boilers 2 × screws
Speed	19 kn (22 mph; 35 km/h)
Range	10,240 nmi (11,780 mi; 18,960 km) at 15 kn (17 mph; 28 km/h)
Complement	860
Armament	1 × 5 in (127 mm)/38 cal dual purpose gun 16 × 40 mm (1.57 in) Bofors anti-aircraft guns (8×2) 20 × 20 mm (0.79 in) Oerlikon anti-aircraft cannons (20×1)
Aircraft carried	28
Aviation facilities	2 × elevators 1 × catapult
Service record
Part of:	United States Pacific Fleet
Commanders:	Captain Hugh H. Goodwin, Captain Walter V. R. Vieweg
Operations:	Mariana and Palau Islands campaign, Philippines campaign, Battle off Samar
Awards:	Presidential Unit Citation 4 Battle stars

USS Gambier Bay (CVE-73) was a Template:Sclass- of the United States Navy. She was sunk in the Battle off Samar during the Battle of Leyte Gulf after helping to turn back a much larger attacking Japanese surface force. She was the only American aircraft carrier sunk by enemy surface gunfire during World War II.

Named for Gambier Bay on Admiralty Island in the Alaska Panhandle, she was originally classified AVG-73, was reclassified ACV-73 on 20 August 1942 and again reclassified CVE-73 on 15 July 1943; launched under a Maritime Commission contract by the Kaiser Shipbuilding Company, Vancouver, Washington on 22 November 1943; sponsored by Mrs. H. C. Zitzewitz, wife of Lieutenant Commander Herbert C. Zitzewitz, the Senior Naval Liaison Officer (SNLO) assigned to Kaiser's Vancouver Yard from the Navy's Bureau of Ships; and commissioned at Astoria, Oregon on 28 December 1943, Captain Hugh H. Goodwin in command.

The ship was referred to as the "Bonus Ship" by yard personnel because she was the 19th carrier delivered in 1943. The yard had originally projected 16 carriers would be delivered before the end of 1943, however, in September the Navy asked the yard to increase that number by at least two more. To rally the workers, Kaiser initiated a campaign called "18 or More by '44" to meet the new challenge. Gambier Bay—being the 19th and last Kaiser-built carrier commissioned in 1943—hence was dubbed the "Bonus Ship". No ships in her class survive today.

Service history

World War II

Model of Gambier Bay at USS Midway museum

After shakedown out of San Diego, the escort carrier sailed on 7 February 1944 with 400 troops embarked for Pearl Harbor, thence to rendezvous off the Marshalls, guarded by the destroyer Norman Scott, where she flew 84 replacement planes to the fleet carrier Enterprise. She returned to San Diego via Pearl Harbor, ferrying aircraft for repairs and qualified carrier pilots off the coast of Southern California. She departed on 1 May to join Rear Admiral Harold B. Sallada's Carrier Support Group 2 (TG 52.11), staging in the Marshalls for the invasion of the Marianas.

Gambier Bay gave close air support to the initial landings of Marines on Saipan 15 June 1944, destroying enemy gun emplacements, troops, tanks, and trucks. On the 17th, her combat air patrol (CAP) shot down or turned back all but a handful of 47 enemy planes headed for her task group and her gunners shot down two of the three planes that did break through to attack her.

The following day, warning of another air attack sounded. As her fighters prepared to take off, they found intense antiaircraft fire of the entire task group covering their flight path. Captain Goodwin called the event "another shining example of the adaptability and courage of the young men of our country". Eight pilots of Composite Squadron 10 (VC-10) did take off to help repulse the aerial attack.

Gambier Bay remained off Saipan, repulsing aerial raids and launching planes which strafed enemy troop concentrations, bombed gun emplacements, and supported Marines and soldiers fighting ashore. Meanwhile, American carriers slashed the carrier air strength of the combined Japanese Mobile Fleet and turned it back in defeat in the Battle of the Philippine Sea. Gambier Bay continued close ground support operations at Tinian (19–31 July), then turned her attention to Guam, where she gave identical aid to invading troops until 11 August.

Gambier Bay underway

After a respite for logistics in the Marshalls, Gambier Bay spent 15–28 September supporting the amphibious attack which drove ashore and captured Peleliu and Angaur, Southern Palaus. She then steamed by way of Hollandia (currently known as Jayapura), New Guinea, to Manus Island, Admiralties, where the invasion of the Philippines was staged. Screened by four destroyer escorts, Gambier Bay and her sister ship Kitkun Bay escorted transports and amphibious landing ships safely to Leyte Gulf before joining Rear Admiral Clifton A. F. Sprague's escort carrier task unit on 19 September off Leyte.

The task unit comprised six escort carriers, screened by three destroyers and four destroyer escorts, and was known by its radio call sign: "Taffy 3". Under the command of Rear Admiral Thomas L. Sprague, 18 escort carriers—divided into three, six-carrier task units ("Taffy"s)—maintained air supremacy over Leyte Gulf and eastern Leyte. During the invasion their planes destroyed enemy airfields, supply convoys, and troop concentrations; gave troops driving inland vital close air support; and maintained combat air patrol over ships in Leyte Gulf. While "Taffy 1" and "Taffy 2" were respectively stationed off northern Mindanao and off the entrance to Leyte Gulf, "Taffy 3" steamed off Samar.

Meanwhile, the Japanese threw their entire fleet against American naval power in a desperate gamble to destroy the large concentration of American shipping in Leyte Gulf. Powerful Japanese forces—composed of carriers, battleships, cruisers, and destroyers—attempted to converge on the Philippines in a three-pronged attack to the south, center, and north. The Japanese Southern Force met disaster before dawn on 25 October as it tried to drive through Surigao Strait to join the Center Force off Leyte Gulf. While steaming through the Sibuyan Sea en route to the San Bernardino Strait on 24 October, the Center Force was hit hard by hundreds of planes from the carriers of Admiral William "Bull" Halsey′s 3rd Fleet. After the Battle of Sibuyan Sea, Admiral Halsey no longer considered the Center Force a serious threat, and he sent the carriers north to intercept decoy carriers of the Japanese Northern Force off Cape Engaño.

Battle off Samar

Main article: Battle off Samar

Gambier Bay under Japanese fire during the Battle off Samar. The smudge in the upper right corner is a Japanese heavy cruiser, likely Chikuma.

The departure of Halsey's carriers left the escort carriers of "Taffy 3" as the only ships guarding the area around Samar. American commanders were unaware of night-time movement of the Japanese Center Force toward Samar. However, shortly after sunrise on 25 October, a gap in the morning mist disclosed the pagoda-like masts of enemy battleships and cruisers on the northern horizon. The still dangerous Center Force—consisting of four battleships, six heavy cruisers, two light cruisers and 11 destroyers—had slipped undetected through San Bernardino Strait and down the fog-shrouded coast of Samar, bound for Leyte Gulf. Visibility was approximately 40,000 yards (37 km) with a low overcast and occasional rain squalls which the American ships would use to their advantage in the coming battle.

"Taffy 3" was strongly outgunned by the Center Force. Immediately, an urgent call for help went out from "Taffy 3" as the escort carriers steamed eastward to launch planes before gradually turning south to seek concealment in a heavy squall. American pilots attacked the Japanese formation with torpedoes, bombs, and strafing runs until their ammunition ran out, after which they made "dry runs"—dummy attacks with no ordnance or ammunition—to break up the enemy formation and delay its advance. Smoke was laid down to cover the escort carriers′ escape as the destroyers ducked in and out of the smoke and rain to engage the Japanese warships at point-blank range until ordered back to cover the escort carriers with more smoke. In spite of these efforts, Gambier Bay was fired on and hit by multiple Japanese ships. Gambier Bay's lone 5-inch (127 mm) gun fired at an enemy cruiser that was shelling her, and the destroyers Heermann and Johnston made an unsuccessful effort to save her.

Gambier Bay on fire. Shells from Japanese surface forces splash down beside her (the circled ship is a Japanese battleship, probably Yamato).

Around 0820, Gambier Bay was severely damaged by a shell hit which flooded her forward engine room, cutting her speed in half. While most US accounts report this as an 8 in (200 mm) shell from the Japanese heavy cruiser Chikuma, Japanese sources report it was more likely a damaging near miss from Yamato as both Yamato and Kongō claimed hits on an aircraft carrier at this time but Yamato had the shorter range and a better target angle. Gambier Bay was soon dead in the water as the battleship Yamato closed to point blank range. Yamato is clearly seen in the background of photographs taken during the attack on "Taffy 3". Fires raged through the riddled escort carrier, and she capsized at 0907 and sank at 0911. The majority of her nearly 800 survivors were rescued two days later by landing and patrol craft dispatched from Leyte Gulf. Sharks killed many drifting crewmembers. Three other ships—Hoel, Samuel B. Roberts, and Johnston—were also lost in the battle. Gambier Bay was the only US Navy aircraft carrier sunk by surface naval gunfire during World War II.

Aircraft from "Taffy 2" joined in the battle off Samar. The events that followed were described by Admiral Sprague:

"At 0925 my mind was occupied with dodging torpedoes when near the bridge I heard one of the signalmen yell 'They're getting away!' I could hardly believe my eyes, but it looked as if the whole Japanese fleet was indeed retiring. However, it took a whole series of reports from circling planes to convince me. And still I could not get the fact to soak into my battle-numbed brain. At best, I had expected to be swimming by this time."

Gambier Bay, burning from earlier gunfire damage, is straddled by a salvo from a Japanese cruiser, most likely Chikuma (faintly visible in the background, center-right), shortly before sinking during the Battle off Samar.

Gambier Bay's VC-10 Squadron and other ships of "Taffy 3"—aided by planes of "Taffy 2"—had stopped the powerful Japanese Center Force and inflicted significant losses. Three enemy cruisers were sunk, and much damage was inflicted on the other ships. Overall, the overwhelmingly powerful Japanese surface fleet had been turned back by the escort carriers and their screen of destroyers and destroyer escorts.

Awards

Gambier Bay received four battle stars for service in World War II and shared in the award of the Presidential Unit Citation to "Taffy 3" for extraordinary heroism in the Battle off Samar.

Approximate Sinking Location 11°46′N 126°09′E.

See also

• List of U.S. Navy losses in World War II

References

 This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships.

Flat Top Flash, published weekly by Kaiser Company, Inc.'s Vancouver Yard during years of carrier construction. Henry J. Kaiser Manuscript Collection, Bancroft Library, University of California at Berkeley.

Further reading

• Cox, Robert Jon (2010). The Battle Off Samar: Taffy III at Leyte Gulf (5th Edition). Agogeebic Press, LLC. ISBN 0-9822390-4-1.
• Cutler, Thomas J. (1994). The Battle of Leyte Gulf 23-26 October 1944. HarperCollins Publishers. ISBN 978-0060169497.
• Hoyt, Edwin P. (1979). The Men of the Gambier Bay. Avon Books, New York, NY. ISBN 0-380-55806-8.
• Ross, Allan (1993). The Escort Carrier "Gambier Bay" -- (Anatomy of the Ship). London: Conway Maritime Press LTD. ISBN 0-85177-613-2.
• Morison, Samuel Eliott (2011). LEYTE,June 1944 - January 1945 History of United States Naval Operations of World War II. Volume 12. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1591145356.
• Sears, David (2007). The Last Epic Naval Battle-Voices of Leyte. Greenwood Publishing Group Inc. ISBN 978-0275985202.
• Thomas, Evan (2006). Sea of Thunder. Simon & Schulster. ISBN 978-0743252218.
• Y'Blood, William T. (2012). THE LITTLE GIANTS: U.S. Escort Carriers Against Japan. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1557509802.

External links

• USS Gambier Bay (CVE-73) & Composite Squadron VC-10 official website
• USS Gambier Bay (CVE-73) & Composite Squadron VC-10 association website
• Building the Gambier Bay (CVE-73) in 1/72 Scale article by Bill Waldorf
• Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships Gambier Bay
• NavSource Online: Escort Carrier Photo Archive USS Gambier Bay (CVE-73)
• The Battle Off Samar - Taffy III at Leyte Gulf website by Robert Jon Cox
• Donation of model to USS Midway
• The Ship Has Sunk and the Sharks are Hungry The account of survivor Earl Bagley
• DANFS - Naval History and Heritage Command
• Naval History and Heritage Command - National Museum of the U.S. Navy
• Naval History and Heritage Command - National Museum of the U.S. Navy