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'''Ecomafia''' is an Italian [[neologism]] for criminal activities related to organized crime which cause damage to the environment. The term was coined by the Italian environmentalist organization [[Legambiente]] in 1994, and has since seen widespread use.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The case of "ECO-MAFIA" explained: An Italian Legal Perspective|url=https://siriusglobal.org/the-environmental-organized-crime-and-the-ecomafia-an-italian-perspective/|website=siriusglobal.org|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-06}}</ref> As of 2012, an estimated 30% of Italy's waste is disposed of illegally by organized crime syndicates.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Italy's Eco Mafia|url=https://emagazine.com/italys-eco-mafia/|last=MacDonald|first=Christine|date=2012-03-01|website=Emagazine.com|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-06}}</ref> The [[United Nations Environment Programme]] estimated that criminal organizations earned approximately $20-30 billion USD from environmental crimes.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Walters|first=Reece|title=Crime, Justice and Social Democracy|chapter=Eco Mafia and Environmental Crime|date=2013|work=Crime, Justice and Social Democracy: International Perspectives|pages=281–294|editor-last=Carrington|editor-first=Kerry|series=Critical Criminological Perspectives|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|language=en|doi=10.1057/9781137008695_19|isbn=978-1-137-00869-5|editor2-last=Ball|editor2-first=Matthew|editor3-last=O’Brien|editor3-first=Erin|editor4-last=Tauri|editor4-first=Juan Marcellus}}</ref> |
'''Ecomafia''' is an Italian [[neologism]] for criminal activities related to organized crime which cause damage to the environment. The term was coined by the Italian environmentalist organization [[Legambiente]] in 1994, and has since seen widespread use.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The case of "ECO-MAFIA" explained: An Italian Legal Perspective|url=https://siriusglobal.org/the-environmental-organized-crime-and-the-ecomafia-an-italian-perspective/|website=siriusglobal.org|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-06}}</ref> As of 2012, an estimated 30% of Italy's waste is disposed of illegally by organized crime syndicates.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Italy's Eco Mafia|url=https://emagazine.com/italys-eco-mafia/|last=MacDonald|first=Christine|date=2012-03-01|website=Emagazine.com|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-06}}</ref> The [[United Nations Environment Programme]] estimated that criminal organizations earned approximately $20-30 billion USD from environmental crimes.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Walters|first=Reece|title=Crime, Justice and Social Democracy|chapter=Eco Mafia and Environmental Crime|date=2013|work=Crime, Justice and Social Democracy: International Perspectives|pages=281–294|editor-last=Carrington|editor-first=Kerry|series=Critical Criminological Perspectives|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|language=en|doi=10.1057/9781137008695_19|isbn=978-1-137-00869-5|editor2-last=Ball|editor2-first=Matthew|editor3-last=O’Brien|editor3-first=Erin|editor4-last=Tauri|editor4-first=Juan Marcellus}}</ref> |
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*{{cite book|author1=Laurenz Volkmann|author2=Nancy Grimm|author3=Ines Detmers|author4=Katrin Thomson|title=Local Natures, Global Responsibilities: Ecocritical Perspectives on the New English Literatures|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nor89dshR3QC&pg=PA49|year=2010|publisher=[[Rodopi (publisher)|Rodopi]]|isbn=90-420-2812-2|pages=31–50}} |
*{{cite book|author1=Laurenz Volkmann|author2=Nancy Grimm|author3=Ines Detmers|author4=Katrin Thomson|title=Local Natures, Global Responsibilities: Ecocritical Perspectives on the New English Literatures|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nor89dshR3QC&pg=PA49|year=2010|publisher=[[Rodopi (publisher)|Rodopi]]|isbn=90-420-2812-2|pages=31–50}} |
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*{{cite book|author1=Toine Spapens|author2=Rob White|author3=Wim Huisman|title=Environmental Crime in Transnational Context: Global Issues in Green Enforcement and Criminology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4KZTDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA283|date=10 June 2016|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-14227-0|pages=268–285|chapter=Organized Crime and Illegal Waste Disposal in Campania}} |
*{{cite book|author1=Toine Spapens|author2=Rob White|author3=Wim Huisman|title=Environmental Crime in Transnational Context: Global Issues in Green Enforcement and Criminology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4KZTDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA283|date=10 June 2016|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-14227-0|pages=268–285|chapter=Organized Crime and Illegal Waste Disposal in Campania}} |
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[[Category:Mafia]] |
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[[Category:Environmental issues]] |
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[[Category:Crime in Italy]] |
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[[Category:Neologisms]] |
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Revision as of 18:02, 10 May 2020
Ecomafia is an Italian neologism for criminal activities related to organized crime which cause damage to the environment. The term was coined by the Italian environmentalist organization Legambiente in 1994, and has since seen widespread use.[1] As of 2012, an estimated 30% of Italy's waste is disposed of illegally by organized crime syndicates.[2] The United Nations Environment Programme estimated that criminal organizations earned approximately $20-30 billion USD from environmental crimes.[3]
Activities
The primary activities involved in which the ecomafia is involved are the illegal trafficking and disposal of waste, illegal construction, and the trafficking of exotic animals and stolen art.[4]
Impact
The unsafe disposal of waste in lakes and grazing land around the Caserta region of Italy have contributed to rising levels of toxins in the dairy and agricultural produce of the region, which forced Italian authorities to declare certain regions off-limits for grazing.[5]
Police operations
In 2015, environmental police discovered a dump containing industrial waste, medical waste, asbestos, and building materials behind a house in Casa di Principe connected to the Camorra organized crime syndicate. The region of Caserta, where the dump was found, has been associated with the ecomafia since the 1980s when illegal dumping began. The region became known as the "Land of Fires" because of the common criminal practice of burning toxic waste to dispose of it.[6]
References
- ^ "The case of "ECO-MAFIA" explained: An Italian Legal Perspective". siriusglobal.org. Retrieved 2020-05-06.
- ^ MacDonald, Christine (2012-03-01). "Italy's Eco Mafia". Emagazine.com. Retrieved 2020-05-06.
- ^ Walters, Reece (2013). "Eco Mafia and Environmental Crime". In Carrington, Kerry; Ball, Matthew; O’Brien, Erin; Tauri, Juan Marcellus (eds.). Crime, Justice and Social Democracy. Critical Criminological Perspectives. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 281–294. doi:10.1057/9781137008695_19. ISBN 978-1-137-00869-5.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help) - ^ "The case of "ECO-MAFIA" explained: An Italian Legal Perspective". siriusglobal.org. Retrieved 2020-05-06.
- ^ "Toxic scandal in mozzarella country". the Guardian. 2004-10-13. Retrieved 2020-05-06.
- ^ "Toxic waste: An international business which benefits the Eco-Mafia". 10 July 2015.
Further reading
- Elena Post (2013). ""Trash Is Gold": Documenting the Ecomafia and Campania's Waste Crisis". Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature and Environment. 20 (3): 597–621.
- Serenella Iovino (28 January 2016). Ecocriticism and Italy: Ecology, Resistance, and Liberation. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4725-7166-3.
- Laurenz Volkmann; Nancy Grimm; Ines Detmers; Katrin Thomson (2010). Local Natures, Global Responsibilities: Ecocritical Perspectives on the New English Literatures. Rodopi. pp. 31–50. ISBN 90-420-2812-2.
- Toine Spapens; Rob White; Wim Huisman (10 June 2016). "Organized Crime and Illegal Waste Disposal in Campania". Environmental Crime in Transnational Context: Global Issues in Green Enforcement and Criminology. Routledge. pp. 268–285. ISBN 978-1-317-14227-0.