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[[Image:AB Keeled Scales.jpg|thumb|Keeled scales on a [[Colubridae|colubrid]] snake, ''[[Amphiesma stolatum]]'']]
[[Image:AB Keeled Scales.jpg|thumb|Keeled scales on a [[Colubridae|colubrid]] snake, ''[[Amphiesma stolatum]]'']]
'''Keeled scales''' refer to [[reptile]] scales that, rather than being smooth, have a ridge down the center that may or may not extend to the tip of the scale,<ref name="C&L04">Campbell JA, Lamar WW. 2004. The Venomous Reptiles of the Western Hemisphere. Comstock Publishing Associates, Ithaca and London. 870 pp. 1500 plates. {{ISBN|0-8014-4141-2}}.</ref> making them rough to the touch. According to Street's (1979) description of European [[lizard]]s and [[snake]]s, in those that have keeled scales the keels are usually stronger in male specimens and are consistently arranged according to the species of reptiles, even though many others do not have them. With European lizards, the dorsal scales are usually well keeled, while those on the flanks are more weakly keeled and those on the belly smooth.<ref name="Str79">Street D. 1979. The Reptiles of Northern and Central Europe. London: B.T. Batsford Ltd. 268 pp. {{ISBN|0-7134-1374-3}}.</ref>
'''Keeled scales''' refer to [[reptile]] scales that, rather than being smooth, have a ridge down the center that may or may not extend to the tip of the scale,<ref name="C&L04">[[Jonathan A. Campbell|Campbell JA]], [[William Wylly Lamar|Lamar WW]] (2004). ''The Venomous Reptiles of the Western Hemisphere''. Ithaca and London: Comstock Publishing Associates. 870 pp. 1,500 plates. {{ISBN|0-8014-4141-2}}.</ref> making them rough to the touch. According to Street's (1979) description of European [[lizard]]s and [[snake]]s, in those that have keeled scales the keels are usually stronger in male specimens and are consistently arranged according to the species of reptiles, even though many others do not have them. With European lizards, the dorsal scales are usually well keeled, while those on the flanks are more weakly keeled and those on the belly smooth.<ref name="Str79">[[Donald Street|Street D]] (1979). ''The Reptiles of Northern and Central Europe''. London: B.T. Batsford Ltd. 268 pp. {{ISBN|0-7134-1374-3}}.</ref>


Klauber (1997), describes how the keels on the scales of [[Crotalus|rattlesnakes]] are particularly strong mid-dorsally, but gradually weaken on the lateral rows with the ventral scales being smooth. He stated that the function of the keels was uncertain, but that since they reduced shininess, and thus made it easier for the animals to conceal themselves, it afforded them an evolutionary advantage.<ref name="Kla97">Klauber LM. 1997. Rattlesnakes: Their Habitats, Life Histories, and Influence on Mankind. Second Edition. First published in 1956, 1972. University of California Press, Berkeley. {{ISBN|0-520-21056-5}}.</ref>
Klauber (1997), describes how the keels on the scales of [[Crotalus|rattlesnakes]] are particularly strong mid-dorsally, but gradually weaken on the lateral rows with the ventral scales being smooth. He stated that the function of the keels was uncertain, but that since they reduced shininess, and thus made it easier for the animals to conceal themselves, it afforded them an evolutionary advantage.<ref name="Kla97">[[Laurence Monroe Klauber|Klauber LM]] (1997). ''Rattlesnakes: Their Habitats, Life Histories, and Influence on Mankind''. Second Edition. First published in 1956, 1972. Berkeley: University of California Press. {{ISBN|0-520-21056-5}}.</ref>




In some [[Viperinae|vipers]], most notably those of the genus ''[[Echis]]'', the lateral scales are not only keeled, but the keels have minute serrations. The snakes use this in a warning/threat display: the body is arranged into a series of parallel C-shaped (counterlooped) coils that they rub together continuously to produce a sizzling sound, rather like water on a hot plate. This method of making sound is called [[stridulation]].<ref name="Mal03">Mallow D, Ludwig D, Nilson G. 2003. True Vipers: Natural History and Toxinology of Old World Vipers. Malabar, Florida: Krieger Publishing Company. 359 pp. {{ISBN|0-89464-877-2}}.</ref>
In some [[Viperinae|vipers]], most notably those of the genus ''[[Echis]]'', the lateral scales are not only keeled, but the keels have minute serrations. The snakes use this in a warning/threat display: the body is arranged into a series of parallel C-shaped (counterlooped) coils that they rub together continuously to produce a sizzling sound, rather like water on a hot plate. This method of making sound is called [[stridulation]].<ref name="Mal03">[[David Mallow (herpetologist)|Mallow D]], [[David Ludwig (herpetologist)|Ludwig D]], [[Göran Nilson|Nilson G]] (2003). ''True Vipers: Natural History and Toxinology of Old World Vipers''. Malabar, Florida: Krieger Publishing Company. 359 pp. {{ISBN|0-89464-877-2}}.</ref>


==Gallery==
==Gallery==
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Image:Montivipera xanthina.JPG|[[Ottoman viper]] shows typical non-reflective appearance of reptiles with keeled scales
Image:Montivipera xanthina.JPG|[[Ottoman viper]] shows typical non-reflective appearance of reptiles with keeled scales
Image:Crotalus horridus (5).jpg|Keeled scales on ''[[Crotalus horridus]]''
Image:Crotalus horridus (5).jpg|Keeled scales on ''[[Crotalus horridus]]''
Image:Echis carinatus head sal.jpg|[[Echis carinatus]]
Image:Echis carinatus head sal.jpg|''[[Echis carinatus]]''
Image:Bothropoides_neuwiedi_-_Jardim_Zoológico_de_Brasília_-_DSC09973.JPG|[[Bothrops neuwiedi]]
Image:Bothropoides_neuwiedi_-_Jardim_Zoológico_de_Brasília_-_DSC09973.JPG|''[[Bothrops neuwiedi]]''
</gallery>
</gallery>


Revision as of 11:23, 25 May 2020

Keeled scales on a colubrid snake, Amphiesma stolatum

Keeled scales refer to reptile scales that, rather than being smooth, have a ridge down the center that may or may not extend to the tip of the scale,[1] making them rough to the touch. According to Street's (1979) description of European lizards and snakes, in those that have keeled scales the keels are usually stronger in male specimens and are consistently arranged according to the species of reptiles, even though many others do not have them. With European lizards, the dorsal scales are usually well keeled, while those on the flanks are more weakly keeled and those on the belly smooth.[2]

Klauber (1997), describes how the keels on the scales of rattlesnakes are particularly strong mid-dorsally, but gradually weaken on the lateral rows with the ventral scales being smooth. He stated that the function of the keels was uncertain, but that since they reduced shininess, and thus made it easier for the animals to conceal themselves, it afforded them an evolutionary advantage.[3]


In some vipers, most notably those of the genus Echis, the lateral scales are not only keeled, but the keels have minute serrations. The snakes use this in a warning/threat display: the body is arranged into a series of parallel C-shaped (counterlooped) coils that they rub together continuously to produce a sizzling sound, rather like water on a hot plate. This method of making sound is called stridulation.[4]

References

  1. ^ Campbell JA, Lamar WW (2004). The Venomous Reptiles of the Western Hemisphere. Ithaca and London: Comstock Publishing Associates. 870 pp. 1,500 plates. ISBN 0-8014-4141-2.
  2. ^ Street D (1979). The Reptiles of Northern and Central Europe. London: B.T. Batsford Ltd. 268 pp. ISBN 0-7134-1374-3.
  3. ^ Klauber LM (1997). Rattlesnakes: Their Habitats, Life Histories, and Influence on Mankind. Second Edition. First published in 1956, 1972. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-21056-5.
  4. ^ Mallow D, Ludwig D, Nilson G (2003). True Vipers: Natural History and Toxinology of Old World Vipers. Malabar, Florida: Krieger Publishing Company. 359 pp. ISBN 0-89464-877-2.
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