Speech shadowing: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Technique of speech repetition}} |
{{Short description|Technique of speech repetition}} |
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'''Speech shadowing''' is a [[Psycholinguistics|psycholinguistic]] experimental technique in which subjects repeat speech at a delay to the onset of hearing the phrase.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Marslen-Wilson|first=William D.|date=1985|title=Speech shadowing and speech comprehension|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-6393(85)90036-6|journal=Speech Communication|volume=4|issue=1-3|pages=55–73|doi=10.1016/0167-6393(85)90036-6|issn=0167-6393|via=}}</ref> The time between hearing the speech and responding, is how long |
'''Speech shadowing''' is a [[Psycholinguistics|psycholinguistic]] experimental technique in which subjects repeat speech at a delay to the onset of hearing the phrase.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Marslen-Wilson|first=William D.|date=1985|title=Speech shadowing and speech comprehension|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-6393(85)90036-6|journal=Speech Communication|volume=4|issue=1-3|pages=55–73|doi=10.1016/0167-6393(85)90036-6|issn=0167-6393|via=}}</ref> The time between hearing the speech and responding, is how long the brain takes to process speech. While a person is asked to repeat words, they automatically process the syntax and semantics of the words spoken.<ref name="Marslen2">{{Cite journal|last1=Marslen-Wilson|first1=W.|year=1973|title=Linguistic structure and speech shadowing at very short latencies|journal=Nature|volume=244|issue=5417|pages=522–523|bibcode=1973Natur.244..522M|doi=10.1038/244522a0|pmid=4621131}}</ref> Words repeated during the practice of shadowing imitate the parlance of the overheard words more than the same words read aloud by that subject.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shockley|first=Kevin|last2=Sabadini|first2=Laura|last3=Fowler|first3=Carol|date=2004-05-01|title=Imitation in shadowing words|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/8427002|journal=Perception & Psychophysics|volume=66|issue=3|pages=422–9|doi=10.3758/BF03194890|pmid=15283067|doi-access=free}}</ref> Speech shadowing is also used as an interpreting and translating method, as well as in language learning.<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal|last=Luo|first=Dean|last2=Minematsu|first2=Nobuaki|last3=Yamauchi|first3=Yutaka|last4=Hirose|first4=Keikichi|date=December 2008|title=Automatic Assessment of Language Proficiency through Shadowing|journal=2008 6th International Symposium on Chinese Spoken Language Processing|publisher=IEEE|pages=1–4|doi=10.1109/chinsl.2008.ecp.22|isbn=978-1-4244-2942-4}}</ref><ref name=":02" /> |
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The reaction time between hearing a word and repeating it has been recorded at 250 ms for a standardised test .<ref name="Marslen2" /> However, for people with strongly left dominant brains, the reaction time has been recorded at 150 ms .<ref name="Chistovich2">{{Cite journal|last1=Marslen-Wilson|first1=W. D.|year=1985|title=Speech shadowing and speech comprehension|journal=Speech Communication|volume=4|issue=1–3|pages=55–73|doi=10.1016/0167-6393(85)90036-6|pmc=|pmid=}}</ref> Functional imaging finds that the shadowing of non-words<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Peschke|first1=C.|last2=Ziegler|first2=W.|last3=Kappes|first3=J.|last4=Baumgaertner|first4=A.|year=2009|title=Auditory–motor integration during fast repetition: The neuronal correlates of shadowing|journal=NeuroImage|volume=47|issue=1|pages=392–402|doi=10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.03.061|pmc=|pmid=19345269}}</ref> occurs through the dorsal stream. This area links auditory and motor representations of speech through a pathway that starts in the superior temporal cortex, extends to the inferior parietal cortex and ends with the posterior inferior frontal cortex (Broca's area).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hickok|first1=G.|last2=Poeppel|first2=D.|year=2004|title=Dorsal and ventral streams: A framework for understanding aspects of the functional anatomy of language|journal=Cognition|volume=92|issue=1–2|pages=67–99|doi=10.1016/j.cognition.2003.10.011|pmc=|pmid=15037127}}</ref> |
The reaction time between hearing a word and repeating it has been recorded at 250 ms for a standardised test .<ref name="Marslen2" /> However, for people with strongly left dominant brains, the reaction time has been recorded at 150 ms .<ref name="Chistovich2">{{Cite journal|last1=Marslen-Wilson|first1=W. D.|year=1985|title=Speech shadowing and speech comprehension|journal=Speech Communication|volume=4|issue=1–3|pages=55–73|doi=10.1016/0167-6393(85)90036-6|pmc=|pmid=}}</ref> Functional imaging finds that the shadowing of non-words<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Peschke|first1=C.|last2=Ziegler|first2=W.|last3=Kappes|first3=J.|last4=Baumgaertner|first4=A.|year=2009|title=Auditory–motor integration during fast repetition: The neuronal correlates of shadowing|journal=NeuroImage|volume=47|issue=1|pages=392–402|doi=10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.03.061|pmc=|pmid=19345269}}</ref> occurs through the dorsal stream. This area links auditory and motor representations of speech through a pathway that starts in the superior temporal cortex, extends to the inferior parietal cortex and ends with the posterior inferior frontal cortex (Broca's area).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hickok|first1=G.|last2=Poeppel|first2=D.|year=2004|title=Dorsal and ventral streams: A framework for understanding aspects of the functional anatomy of language|journal=Cognition|volume=92|issue=1–2|pages=67–99|doi=10.1016/j.cognition.2003.10.011|pmc=|pmid=15037127}}</ref> |
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Revision as of 15:33, 28 May 2020
Speech shadowing is a psycholinguistic experimental technique in which subjects repeat speech at a delay to the onset of hearing the phrase.[1] The time between hearing the speech and responding, is how long the brain takes to process speech. While a person is asked to repeat words, they automatically process the syntax and semantics of the words spoken.[2] Words repeated during the practice of shadowing imitate the parlance of the overheard words more than the same words read aloud by that subject.[3] Speech shadowing is also used as an interpreting and translating method, as well as in language learning.[4][4]
The reaction time between hearing a word and repeating it has been recorded at 250 ms for a standardised test .[2] However, for people with strongly left dominant brains, the reaction time has been recorded at 150 ms .[5] Functional imaging finds that the shadowing of non-words[6] occurs through the dorsal stream. This area links auditory and motor representations of speech through a pathway that starts in the superior temporal cortex, extends to the inferior parietal cortex and ends with the posterior inferior frontal cortex (Broca's area).[7]
Speech shadowing was first used as a research technique by the Leningrad Group led by Valerij Kozhevnikov and Ludmilla Chistovich in the late 1950s.[5][8] It has also been used with research on speech perception[2] and stuttering.[9]
History
Lenigrad group
The Lenigrad group was interested in the time difference between the articulation and perception of speech. The speech shadowing technique was formulated to measure this difference.[10] To measure the initiation of speech, an artificial palate was placed in the speaker’s mouth. When the tongue moved to begin pronunciation and touched the plate, the measurement of reaction time began.[10]
The experiment concluded that the reaction time for consonants was consistently shorter than the reaction time to any vowel. The reaction time to a vowel depended on the consonant that came before it.[10] This supported the phoneme as being the most basic unit of speech registered by the brain, rather than a syllable. The phoneme is the smallest distinguishable unit of sound, but the smallest unit to that has assigned meaning is a consonant-vowel syllable.[10]
Experimental applications
The speech shadowing technique is used in dichotic listening tests. The first one to apply this technique was E. Colin Cherry in 1953.[11] During dichotic listening tests, subjects are presented with two different messages, one in their right ear and one in their left. The participants are then asked to focus on one of the two messages, as this is where the speech shadowing technique is used. Participants are instructed to shadow the attended message by repeating it out loud with a delay of a few seconds between hearing a word and repeating the word. The speech shadowing technique is significant for these experiments because it ensures that the subjects are attending to the desired message.[12] Various other stimuli are then presented to the other ear, and subjects are afterwards queried on what they can recall from the other message.[13]
Through the use of speech shadowing, attention, specifically divided attention, has also been studied and tested.[14][15][16][14] Results from an experiment where participants were tasked with speech shadowing words and phrases from a speaker while in a simulated driving experience suggested that our attention may be impaired.[15] Demonstrating that speaking and/or listening while performing another cognitive task, such as driving will impair one’s ability to drive safely.[15]
These experiments with speech shadowing strongly suggest a relationship between location of sound and the amount of attention speech shadowing requires. If the words or phrases come from an area not at the target for attention, (e.g. from beside the driver), speech shadowing tends to be more distracting. On the other hand, if the words or phrases come from the general direction of the main target it is easier to perform speech shadowing accurately and drive safely.[15] This is mainly because the technique of shadowing requires more cognitive activity than simple listening and speaking.
Language Learning
When learning a foreign language, shadowing has proven to be an effective way of practicing listening and speaking with the intent to improve the learners’ ability[16] and follows the interactionist's perspective of language development.[17] When using speech shadowing in a learning setting, how well one does gets a score, so that the learner knows where they are and how much improvement can be made. However, because of the nature of speech shadowing, it has proven difficult to come to a consensus of what an accurate scoring system would look like. The learner would often slur words and skip sounds all together in order to keep up with the pace of the words or phrases that they are to repeat.[18] Automatic scores using alignment-based and clustering-based scoring techniques were designed and implemented. These new scoring techniques demonstrate improved learning of a foreign language through the practice of speech shadowing.[16]
Language Interpretation
Interpreters also use the speech shadowing technique, with modifications to the delivery and expected result.[19] The first difference is that the shadowing response is chosen to be delivered in a different language to the initial vocalisation of the phrase. The phrase is also not translated verbatim. Languages do not carry parallel words of meaning, so the role of an interpreter is to place emphasis on semantics during translation.[19] Speech shadowing is incredibly important for interpreters, because if they are to wait for the person speaking to pause for them to interpret, then they would be completely under control of the speaker for pacing. The listeners would end up only getting large amounts of information rushed in between pauses, instead of a steady, conversation-like flow.
See also
Footnotes
- ^ Marslen-Wilson, William D. (1985). "Speech shadowing and speech comprehension". Speech Communication. 4 (1–3): 55–73. doi:10.1016/0167-6393(85)90036-6. ISSN 0167-6393.
- ^ a b c Marslen-Wilson, W. (1973). "Linguistic structure and speech shadowing at very short latencies". Nature. 244 (5417): 522–523. Bibcode:1973Natur.244..522M. doi:10.1038/244522a0. PMID 4621131.
- ^ Shockley, Kevin; Sabadini, Laura; Fowler, Carol (2004-05-01). "Imitation in shadowing words". Perception & Psychophysics. 66 (3): 422–9. doi:10.3758/BF03194890. PMID 15283067.
- ^ a b Luo, Dean; Minematsu, Nobuaki; Yamauchi, Yutaka; Hirose, Keikichi (December 2008). "Automatic Assessment of Language Proficiency through Shadowing". 2008 6th International Symposium on Chinese Spoken Language Processing. IEEE: 1–4. doi:10.1109/chinsl.2008.ecp.22. ISBN 978-1-4244-2942-4.
- ^ a b Marslen-Wilson, W. D. (1985). "Speech shadowing and speech comprehension". Speech Communication. 4 (1–3): 55–73. doi:10.1016/0167-6393(85)90036-6.
- ^ Peschke, C.; Ziegler, W.; Kappes, J.; Baumgaertner, A. (2009). "Auditory–motor integration during fast repetition: The neuronal correlates of shadowing". NeuroImage. 47 (1): 392–402. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.03.061. PMID 19345269.
- ^ Hickok, G.; Poeppel, D. (2004). "Dorsal and ventral streams: A framework for understanding aspects of the functional anatomy of language". Cognition. 92 (1–2): 67–99. doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2003.10.011. PMID 15037127.
- ^ Chistovich, L. A.; Pickett, J. M.; Porter, R. J. (1998). "Speech research at the I. P. Pavlov Institute in Leningrad/St. Petersburg". The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 103 (5): 3024. Bibcode:1998ASAJ..103.3024C. doi:10.1121/1.422540.
- ^ Harbison Jr, D. C.; Porter Jr, R. J.; Tobey, E. A. (1989). "Shadowed and simple reaction times in stutterers and nonstutterers". The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 86 (4): 1277–1284. Bibcode:1989ASAJ...86.1277H. doi:10.1121/1.398742. PMID 2808903.
- ^ a b c d Pickett, J.M. (1985). "Shadows, echoes and auditory analysis of speech". Speech Communication. 4 (1–3): 19–30. doi:10.1016/0167-6393(85)90033-0. ISSN 0167-6393.
- ^ Cherry 1953, p. 976.
- ^ Goldstein, B. (2011). Cognitive Psychology: Connecting Mind, Research, and Everyday Experience--with coglab manual. (3rd ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
- ^ Cherry 1953, p. 977-979.
- ^ a b Luo, Dean; Minematsu, Nobuaki; Yamauchi, Yutaka; Hirose, Keikichi (December 2008). "Automatic Assessment of Language Proficiency through Shadowing". 2008 6th International Symposium on Chinese Spoken Language Processing. IEEE: 1–4. doi:10.1109/chinsl.2008.ecp.22. ISBN 978-1-4244-2942-4.
- ^ a b c d Spence, Charles; Read, Liliana (May 2003). "Speech Shadowing While Driving". Psychological Science. 14 (3): 251–256. doi:10.1111/1467-9280.02439. ISSN 0956-7976. PMID 12741749.
- ^ a b c Martinsen, Rob; Montgomery, Cherice; Willardson, Véronique (2017-11-24). "The Effectiveness of Video-Based Shadowing and Tracking Pronunciation Exercises for Foreign Language Learners". Foreign Language Annals. 50 (4): 661–680. doi:10.1111/flan.12306. ISSN 0015-718X.
- ^ Berk, Laura E. (2018). Development through the lifespan (Seventh ed.). Hoboken, NJ. ISBN 978-0-13-441969-5. OCLC 946161390.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Dean, Lou (December 2007). "Automatic pronunciation evaluation of language learners' utterances generated through shadowing". Interspeech 2008. 9.
- ^ a b Lambert, Sylvie (2002-09-30). "Shadowing". Meta. 37 (2): 263–273. doi:10.7202/003378ar. ISSN 1492-1421.
Bibliography
- Bailly, G. (2002). "Close shadowing natural versus synthetic speech". International Journal of Speech Technology. 6 (1): 11–19. doi:10.1023/A:1021091720511.
{{cite journal}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Cherry, E.Colin (1953). "Some Experiments on the Recognition of Speech, with One and with Two Ears". The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 25 (5): 975–979. Bibcode:1953ASAJ...25..975C. doi:10.1121/1.1907229. hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-002A-F750-3.
{{cite journal}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Marslen-Wilson, William; Tyler, Lorraine Komisarjevsky (1980). "The temporal structure of spoken language understanding". Cognition. 8 (1): 1–71. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.299.7676. doi:10.1016/0010-0277(80)90015-3. PMID 7363578.
{{cite journal}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Moray, Neville (1959). "Attention in dichotic listening: Affective cues and the influence of instructions". Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology. 11 (1): 56–60. doi:10.1080/17470215908416289.
{{cite journal}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help)