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Coordinates: 45°30′44.44″N 073°32′44.84″W / 45.5123444°N 73.5457889°W / 45.5123444; -73.5457889
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The '''Montreal Clock Tower''', also known as the Sailor’s Memorial Clock and Tour de l’Horlodge in French, is located in the borough of Ville-Marie and is situated in the Old Port of Montreal.<ref>“Clock Tower,” Parks Canada Directory of Federal Heritage Designations, accessed April 20, 2020 <nowiki>https://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/dfhd/page_fhbro_eng.aspx?id=7469</nowiki></ref><ref>“Tour de l’Horloge, ” A View on Cities, accessed April 21, 2020, <nowiki>http://www.aviewoncities.com/montreal/tourdelhorloge.htm</nowiki></ref> The construction of the tower began in 1919, and was finished in 1922.<ref>“Clock Tower,” Parks Canada Directory of Federal Heritage Designations, accessed April 20, 2020 <nowiki>https://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/dfhd/page_fhbro_eng.aspx?id=7469</nowiki></ref>
The '''Montreal Clock Tower''', also known as the Sailor’s Memorial Clock and Tour de l’Horlodge in French, is located in the borough of Ville-Marie and is situated in the [[Old Port of Montreal]].<ref>“Clock Tower,” Parks Canada Directory of Federal Heritage Designations, accessed April 20, 2020 <nowiki>https://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/dfhd/page_fhbro_eng.aspx?id=7469</nowiki></ref><ref>“Tour de l’Horloge, ” A View on Cities, accessed April 21, 2020, <nowiki>http://www.aviewoncities.com/montreal/tourdelhorloge.htm</nowiki></ref> The construction of the tower began in 1919, and was finished in 1922.<ref>“Clock Tower,” Parks Canada Directory of Federal Heritage Designations, accessed April 20, 2020 <nowiki>https://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/dfhd/page_fhbro_eng.aspx?id=7469</nowiki></ref>


The Clock Tower is 148 ft (45m) tall with 192 steps from the bottom to the top of the tower.<ref>Leonard Panaggio, “Montreal Clock Tower,” ''Sea Classics'' 44 no. 8 (2011): 5</ref>It has 3 observation stops along the staircase and is the outside walls of the Clock Tower are white in colour.<ref>Leonard Panaggio, “Montreal Clock Tower,” ''Sea Classics'' 44 no. 8 (2011): 5</ref> The structure consists of the principle tower as well as a smaller tower that is 39 ft tall (12m) and architecturally similar to the main tower.<ref>“Clock Tower,” Parks Canada Directory of Federal Heritage Designations, accessed April 20, 2020 <nowiki>https://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/dfhd/page_fhbro_eng.aspx?id=7469</nowiki></ref> The two towers are connected by a white 42 ft (12m) curtain wall.<ref>“Clock Tower,” Parks Canada Directory of Federal Heritage Designations, accessed April 20, 2020 <nowiki>https://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/dfhd/page_fhbro_eng.aspx?id=7469</nowiki></ref><ref>“Tour de l’Horloge, ” A View on Cities, accessed April 21, 2020, <nowiki>http://www.aviewoncities.com/montreal/tourdelhorloge.htm</nowiki></ref> The tower consists of 4 translucent clock faces.<ref>Leonard Panaggio, “Montreal Clock Tower,” ''Sea Classics'' 44 no. 8 (2011): 5</ref> These are each 12 ft (3.6m) in diameter and were designed by the English engineering firm, Gillett & Johnson.<ref>Leonard Panaggio, “Montreal Clock Tower,” ''Sea Classics'' 44 no. 8 (2011): 5</ref>
The Clock Tower is 148 ft (45m) tall with 192 steps from the bottom to the top of the tower.<ref>Leonard Panaggio, “Montreal Clock Tower,” ''Sea Classics'' 44 no. 8 (2011): 5</ref>It has 3 observation stops along the staircase and is the outside walls of the Clock Tower are white in colour.<ref>Leonard Panaggio, “Montreal Clock Tower,” ''Sea Classics'' 44 no. 8 (2011): 5</ref> The structure consists of the principle tower as well as a smaller tower that is 39 ft tall (12m) and architecturally similar to the main tower.<ref>“Clock Tower,” Parks Canada Directory of Federal Heritage Designations, accessed April 20, 2020 <nowiki>https://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/dfhd/page_fhbro_eng.aspx?id=7469</nowiki></ref> The two towers are connected by a white 42 ft (12m) curtain wall.<ref>“Clock Tower,” Parks Canada Directory of Federal Heritage Designations, accessed April 20, 2020 <nowiki>https://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/dfhd/page_fhbro_eng.aspx?id=7469</nowiki></ref><ref>“Tour de l’Horloge, ” A View on Cities, accessed April 21, 2020, <nowiki>http://www.aviewoncities.com/montreal/tourdelhorloge.htm</nowiki></ref> The tower consists of 4 translucent clock faces.<ref>Leonard Panaggio, “Montreal Clock Tower,” ''Sea Classics'' 44 no. 8 (2011): 5</ref> These are each 12 ft (3.6m) in diameter and were designed by the English engineering firm, [[Gillett & Johnston|Gillett & Johnson]].<ref>Leonard Panaggio, “Montreal Clock Tower,” ''Sea Classics'' 44 no. 8 (2011): 5</ref>


The building of the Montreal clock tower was directed by the Montreal Harbor Commission.<ref>Leonard Panaggio, “Montreal Clock Tower,” ''Sea Classics'' 44 no. 8 (2011): 5</ref> The commission which was formed in the year 1830 to oversea the infrastructural development of the Old Port of Montreal and was replaced by the National Harbours Board in 1936.<ref>"Timeline and Detailed History," Port Montreal, accessed May 29, 2020, <nowiki>https://www.port-montreal.com/en/the-port-of-montreal/about-the-port/the-port-of-montreal-through-history/timeline-and-detailed-history</nowiki></ref> The tower marks the entrance to the Old Port of Montreal and its erection was dedicated to the seamen who died in World War I.<ref>"Timeline and Detailed History," Port Montreal, accessed May 29, 2020, <nowiki>https://www.port-montreal.com/en/the-port-of-montreal/about-the-port/the-port-of-montreal-through-history/timeline-and-detailed-history</nowiki></ref> It is a symbol of the Port’s economic contribution through grain exportation to the city of Montreal during the era of the Clock Tower’s construction.<ref>“Clock Tower,” Parks Canada Directory of Federal Heritage Designations, accessed April 20, 2020 <nowiki>https://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/dfhd/page_fhbro_eng.aspx?id=7469</nowiki></ref>
The building of the Montreal clock tower was directed by the Montreal Harbor Commission.<ref>Leonard Panaggio, “Montreal Clock Tower,” ''Sea Classics'' 44 no. 8 (2011): 5</ref> The commission which was formed in the year 1830 to oversea the infrastructural development of the Old Port of Montreal and was replaced by the [[National Harbours Board]] in 1936.<ref>"Timeline and Detailed History," Port Montreal, accessed May 29, 2020, <nowiki>https://www.port-montreal.com/en/the-port-of-montreal/about-the-port/the-port-of-montreal-through-history/timeline-and-detailed-history</nowiki></ref> The tower marks the entrance to the Old Port of Montreal and its erection was dedicated to the seamen who died in [[World War I]].<ref>"Timeline and Detailed History," Port Montreal, accessed May 29, 2020, <nowiki>https://www.port-montreal.com/en/the-port-of-montreal/about-the-port/the-port-of-montreal-through-history/timeline-and-detailed-history</nowiki></ref> It is a symbol of the Port’s economic contribution through grain exportation to the city of Montreal during the era of the Clock Tower’s construction.<ref>“Clock Tower,” Parks Canada Directory of Federal Heritage Designations, accessed April 20, 2020 <nowiki>https://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/dfhd/page_fhbro_eng.aspx?id=7469</nowiki></ref>


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== History ==
== History ==
Construction of the Montreal Clock Tower took 3 years, beginning in 1919 and ending in 1922.<ref>“Clock Tower,” Parks Canada Directory of Federal Heritage Designations, accessed April 20, 2020 <nowiki>https://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/dfhd/page_fhbro_eng.aspx?id=7469</nowiki></ref> In 1919, The Prince of Whales began the construction by laying the first piece for the foundation of the Clock Tower.<ref>Leonard Panaggio, “Montreal Clock Tower,” ''Sea Classics'' 44 no. 8 (2011): 5</ref> The grain sheds previously concealed by the curtain wall connecting the main clock tower and the smaller tower were removed in the 1970s.<ref>“Clock Tower,” Parks Canada Directory of Federal Heritage Designations, accessed April 20, 2020 <nowiki>https://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/dfhd/page_fhbro_eng.aspx?id=7469</nowiki></ref> The actual Clock Tower structure was designed by Montreal engineer, Paul Leclaire.<ref>“Clock Tower,” Parks Canada Directory of Federal Heritage Designations, accessed April 20, 2020 <nowiki>https://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/dfhd/page_fhbro_eng.aspx?id=7469</nowiki></ref> The mechanism in the clock tower was designed by the English engineering firm, Gillett & Johnson, who used a similar design to the Big Ben.<ref>“Clock Tower,” Parks Canada Directory of Federal Heritage Designations, accessed April 20, 2020 <nowiki>https://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/dfhd/page_fhbro_eng.aspx?id=7469</nowiki></ref> Originally called Gillett & Bland, the firm Gillett & Johnson have designed and constructed more than 14,000 clock mechanisms in their Croydon, England factory.<ref>"History," Gillett & Johnston, accessed May 29, 2020, https://www.gillettjohnston.co.uk/about/history/</ref> The mechanism for the Montreal Clock Tower was one of these. The clock faces are operated by 4 interlocking gears that move each individual clock in unison.<ref>“No time to lose: Custodian of the clocks has a busy schedule” ''The Gazette,'' October 27, 2008, <nowiki>https://web.archive.org/web/20121105152050/http://www.canada.com/montrealgazette/news/story.html?id=340d9df9-64a6-4280-b47e-98ee2365db7b&k=25536</nowiki></ref>
Construction of the Montreal Clock Tower took 3 years, beginning in 1919 and ending in 1922.<ref>“Clock Tower,” Parks Canada Directory of Federal Heritage Designations, accessed April 20, 2020 <nowiki>https://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/dfhd/page_fhbro_eng.aspx?id=7469</nowiki></ref> In 1919, [[Prince of Wales|The Prince of Whales]] began the construction by laying the first piece for the foundation of the Clock Tower.<ref>Leonard Panaggio, “Montreal Clock Tower,” ''Sea Classics'' 44 no. 8 (2011): 5</ref> The grain sheds previously concealed by the curtain wall connecting the main clock tower and the smaller tower were removed in the 1970s.<ref>“Clock Tower,” Parks Canada Directory of Federal Heritage Designations, accessed April 20, 2020 <nowiki>https://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/dfhd/page_fhbro_eng.aspx?id=7469</nowiki></ref> The actual Clock Tower structure was designed by Montreal engineer, Paul Leclaire.<ref>“Clock Tower,” Parks Canada Directory of Federal Heritage Designations, accessed April 20, 2020 <nowiki>https://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/dfhd/page_fhbro_eng.aspx?id=7469</nowiki></ref> The mechanism in the clock tower was designed by the English engineering firm, Gillett & Johnson, who used a similar design to the [[Big Ben]].<ref>“Clock Tower,” Parks Canada Directory of Federal Heritage Designations, accessed April 20, 2020 <nowiki>https://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/dfhd/page_fhbro_eng.aspx?id=7469</nowiki></ref> Originally called Gillett & Bland, the firm Gillett & Johnson have designed and constructed more than 14,000 clock mechanisms in their Croydon, England factory.<ref>"History," Gillett & Johnston, accessed May 29, 2020, https://www.gillettjohnston.co.uk/about/history/</ref> The mechanism for the Montreal Clock Tower was one of these. The clock faces are operated by 4 interlocking gears that move each individual clock in unison.<ref>“No time to lose: Custodian of the clocks has a busy schedule” ''The Gazette,'' October 27, 2008, <nowiki>https://web.archive.org/web/20121105152050/http://www.canada.com/montrealgazette/news/story.html?id=340d9df9-64a6-4280-b47e-98ee2365db7b&k=25536</nowiki></ref>


The owner of the tower is the Old Port Society, which was developed to manage tourism within the area.<ref>“Clock Tower,” Parks Canada Directory of Federal Heritage Designations, accessed April 20, 2020 <nowiki>https://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/dfhd/page_fhbro_eng.aspx?id=7469</nowiki></ref> The Old Port Society made the Clock Tower a tourist interpretation centre in 1980.<ref>“Clock Tower,” Parks Canada Directory of Federal Heritage Designations, accessed April 20, 2020 <nowiki>https://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/dfhd/page_fhbro_eng.aspx?id=7469</nowiki></ref> In 1984, the Old Port Society society restored the Clock Tower, costing $2.5 million.<ref>Leonard Panaggio, “Montreal Clock Tower,” ''Sea Classics'' 44 no. 8 (2011): 5</ref> The restoration included painting the steel surfaces and installing a new ventilation system.<ref>Leonard Panaggio, “Montreal Clock Tower,” ''Sea Classics'' 44 no. 8 (2011): 5</ref>
The owner of the tower is the Old Port Society, which was developed to manage tourism within the area.<ref>“Clock Tower,” Parks Canada Directory of Federal Heritage Designations, accessed April 20, 2020 <nowiki>https://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/dfhd/page_fhbro_eng.aspx?id=7469</nowiki></ref> The Old Port Society made the Clock Tower a tourist interpretation centre in 1980.<ref>“Clock Tower,” Parks Canada Directory of Federal Heritage Designations, accessed April 20, 2020 <nowiki>https://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/dfhd/page_fhbro_eng.aspx?id=7469</nowiki></ref> In 1984, the Old Port Society society restored the Clock Tower, costing $2.5 million.<ref>Leonard Panaggio, “Montreal Clock Tower,” ''Sea Classics'' 44 no. 8 (2011): 5</ref> The restoration included painting the steel surfaces and installing a new ventilation system.<ref>Leonard Panaggio, “Montreal Clock Tower,” ''Sea Classics'' 44 no. 8 (2011): 5</ref>
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=== Environmental ===
=== Environmental ===
The Montreal Clock Tower was announced as a Classified Federal Heritage Building as determined by the Federal Heritage Buildings Review Office (FHBRO) in 1996, due to its visual aesthetics as well as its historical and environmental values.<ref>“Clock Tower,” Parks Canada Directory of Federal Heritage Designations, accessed April 20, 2020 <nowiki>https://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/dfhd/page_fhbro_eng.aspx?id=7469</nowiki></ref> The custodian for the tower is the Public Works and Government Services Canada.<ref>“Clock Tower,” Parks Canada Directory of Federal Heritage Designations, accessed April 20, 2020 <nowiki>https://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/dfhd/page_fhbro_eng.aspx?id=7469</nowiki></ref> The FHBRO considers the Clock Tower to be environmentally valuable and an important Montreal landmark as it was a central point for the redevelopment of the Old Port of Montreal in 1990.<ref>“Clock Tower,” Parks Canada Directory of Federal Heritage Designations, accessed April 20, 2020 <nowiki>https://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/dfhd/page_fhbro_eng.aspx?id=7469</nowiki></ref> This redevelopment was directed by award-winning architects from the firm, Cardinal Hardy and Associates.<ref>“Clock Tower,” Parks Canada Directory of Federal Heritage Designations, accessed April 20, 2020 <nowiki>https://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/dfhd/page_fhbro_eng.aspx?id=7469</nowiki></ref> The tower is situated opposite Clock Tower Beach, or Plage de l’Horloge in French.<ref>Nancy Dunton and Helen Malkin, “Old Montreal/Old Port/Faubourg Quebec” in ''A Guidebook to Contemporary Architecture in Montreal.'' (Douglas and McIntyre, 2016), 119.</ref> The beach is swim free and takes up 3.2 acres of land.<ref>“Montreal Clock Tower Beach,” About Travel, accessed 23, 2020, <nowiki>https://web.archive.org/web/20150530115100/http://montreal.about.com/od/seasonalattractions/ss/montreal-clock-tower-beach-old-port-urban.htm</nowiki></ref>
The Montreal Clock Tower was announced as a Classified Federal Heritage Building as determined by the [[Federal Heritage Buildings Review Office]] (FHBRO) in 1996, due to its visual aesthetics as well as its historical and environmental values.<ref>“Clock Tower,” Parks Canada Directory of Federal Heritage Designations, accessed April 20, 2020 <nowiki>https://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/dfhd/page_fhbro_eng.aspx?id=7469</nowiki></ref> The custodian for the tower is the Public Works and Government Services Canada.<ref>“Clock Tower,” Parks Canada Directory of Federal Heritage Designations, accessed April 20, 2020 <nowiki>https://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/dfhd/page_fhbro_eng.aspx?id=7469</nowiki></ref> The FHBRO considers the Clock Tower to be environmentally valuable and an important Montreal landmark as it was a central point for the redevelopment of the Old Port of Montreal in 1990.<ref>“Clock Tower,” Parks Canada Directory of Federal Heritage Designations, accessed April 20, 2020 <nowiki>https://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/dfhd/page_fhbro_eng.aspx?id=7469</nowiki></ref> This redevelopment was directed by award-winning architects from the firm, Cardinal Hardy and Associates.<ref>“Clock Tower,” Parks Canada Directory of Federal Heritage Designations, accessed April 20, 2020 <nowiki>https://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/dfhd/page_fhbro_eng.aspx?id=7469</nowiki></ref> The tower is situated opposite [[Clock Tower Beach]], or Plage de l’Horloge in French.<ref>Nancy Dunton and Helen Malkin, “Old Montreal/Old Port/Faubourg Quebec” in ''A Guidebook to Contemporary Architecture in Montreal.'' (Douglas and McIntyre, 2016), 119.</ref> The beach is swim free and takes up 3.2 acres of land.<ref>“Montreal Clock Tower Beach,” About Travel, accessed 23, 2020, <nowiki>https://web.archive.org/web/20150530115100/http://montreal.about.com/od/seasonalattractions/ss/montreal-clock-tower-beach-old-port-urban.htm</nowiki></ref>


=== Historical ===
=== Historical ===
The FHBRO determined the Montreal Clock Tower to be historically valuable due to its association with the role of the Old Port of Montreal in maritime transportation and grain exportation.<ref>“Clock Tower,” Parks Canada Directory of Federal Heritage Designations, accessed April 20, 2020 <nowiki>https://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/dfhd/page_fhbro_eng.aspx?id=7469</nowiki></ref> The role of the Old Port in relation to grain exportation and cargo was classified as second in Northern America during the Clock Tower’s construction.<ref>“Clock Tower,” Parks Canada Directory of Federal Heritage Designations, accessed April 20, 2020 <nowiki>https://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/dfhd/page_fhbro_eng.aspx?id=7469</nowiki></ref> The Port’s exportation made it a large contributor to the economic growth of Montreal as a city.<ref>“Clock Tower,” Parks Canada Directory of Federal Heritage Designations, accessed April 20, 2020 <nowiki>https://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/dfhd/page_fhbro_eng.aspx?id=7469</nowiki></ref> New trees now grow where the grain sheds used for the storage of exporting goods once were.<ref>“Clock Tower,” Parks Canada Directory of Federal Heritage Designations, accessed April 20, 2020 <nowiki>https://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/dfhd/page_fhbro_eng.aspx?id=7469</nowiki></ref>In relation to maritime transportation, the Old Port of Montreal was used as an exit and entry point for seamen during the First World War.<ref>“Clock Tower,” Parks Canada Directory of Federal Heritage Designations, accessed April 20, 2020 <nowiki>https://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/dfhd/page_fhbro_eng.aspx?id=7469</nowiki></ref> The construction of the Clock Tower was dedicated to lost seamen during the First World War.<ref>“Clock Tower,” Parks Canada Directory of Federal Heritage Designations, accessed April 20, 2020 <nowiki>https://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/dfhd/page_fhbro_eng.aspx?id=7469</nowiki></ref>
The FHBRO determined the Montreal Clock Tower to be historically valuable due to its association with the role of the Old Port of Montreal in maritime transportation and grain exportation.<ref>“Clock Tower,” Parks Canada Directory of Federal Heritage Designations, accessed April 20, 2020 <nowiki>https://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/dfhd/page_fhbro_eng.aspx?id=7469</nowiki></ref> The role of the Old Port in relation to grain exportation and cargo was classified as second in Northern America during the Clock Tower’s construction.<ref>“Clock Tower,” Parks Canada Directory of Federal Heritage Designations, accessed April 20, 2020 <nowiki>https://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/dfhd/page_fhbro_eng.aspx?id=7469</nowiki></ref> The Port’s exportation made it a large contributor to the economic growth of Montreal as a city.<ref>“Clock Tower,” Parks Canada Directory of Federal Heritage Designations, accessed April 20, 2020 <nowiki>https://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/dfhd/page_fhbro_eng.aspx?id=7469</nowiki></ref> New trees now grow where the grain sheds used for the storage of exporting goods once were.<ref>“Clock Tower,” Parks Canada Directory of Federal Heritage Designations, accessed April 20, 2020 <nowiki>https://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/dfhd/page_fhbro_eng.aspx?id=7469</nowiki></ref>In relation to maritime transportation, the Old Port of Montreal was used as an exit and entry point for seamen during the First World War.<ref>“Clock Tower,” Parks Canada Directory of Federal Heritage Designations, accessed April 20, 2020 <nowiki>https://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/dfhd/page_fhbro_eng.aspx?id=7469</nowiki></ref> The construction of the Clock Tower was dedicated to lost seamen during the First World War.<ref>“Clock Tower,” Parks Canada Directory of Federal Heritage Designations, accessed April 20, 2020 <nowiki>https://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/dfhd/page_fhbro_eng.aspx?id=7469</nowiki></ref>
=== Architectural ===
=== Architectural ===
The FHBRO considers the Montreal Clock Tower to be architecturally aesthetic due to its Beaux-Arts style.<ref>“Clock Tower,” Parks Canada Directory of Federal Heritage Designations, accessed April 20, 2020 <nowiki>https://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/dfhd/page_fhbro_eng.aspx?id=7469</nowiki></ref>This style of architecture is defined as an expression of nature’s beauty through a method of fine art and detail.<ref>Danielle Lories, “Kant, the fine arts and their means of expression,” ''Art and Medium 1: the medium of art'' 17 (2016): 6. <nowiki>https://journals.openedition.org/appareil/2282</nowiki></ref> The FHBRO notes that the Clock Tower’s shape and decorative features adhere to the Beaux-Arts style and are also practical.<ref>“Clock Tower,” Parks Canada Directory of Federal Heritage Designations, accessed April 20, 2020 <nowiki>https://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/dfhd/page_fhbro_eng.aspx?id=7469</nowiki></ref> The Clock Tower was constructed through a method of light masonry, by which the entire infrastructure is constructed as individual sections, and then joined at the end.<ref>“Clock Tower,” Parks Canada Directory of Federal Heritage Designations, accessed April 20, 2020 <nowiki>https://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/dfhd/page_fhbro_eng.aspx?id=7469</nowiki></ref> This included separated building of the main clock tower, the smaller tower and the conjoining curtain wall. This building process made the Clock Tower light in weight and high in the quality of material used, allowing it to be supported by the wharf that is was built on without fault.<ref>“Clock Tower,” Parks Canada Directory of Federal Heritage Designations, accessed April 20, 2020 <nowiki>https://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/dfhd/page_fhbro_eng.aspx?id=7469</nowiki></ref>
The FHBRO considers the Montreal Clock Tower to be architecturally aesthetic due to its [[Beaux-Arts architecture|Beaux-Arts style]].<ref>“Clock Tower,” Parks Canada Directory of Federal Heritage Designations, accessed April 20, 2020 <nowiki>https://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/dfhd/page_fhbro_eng.aspx?id=7469</nowiki></ref>This style of architecture is defined as an expression of nature’s beauty through a method of fine art and detail.<ref>Danielle Lories, “Kant, the fine arts and their means of expression,” ''Art and Medium 1: the medium of art'' 17 (2016): 6. <nowiki>https://journals.openedition.org/appareil/2282</nowiki></ref> The FHBRO notes that the Clock Tower’s shape and decorative features adhere to the Beaux-Arts style and are also practical.<ref>“Clock Tower,” Parks Canada Directory of Federal Heritage Designations, accessed April 20, 2020 <nowiki>https://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/dfhd/page_fhbro_eng.aspx?id=7469</nowiki></ref> The Clock Tower was constructed through a method of light masonry, by which the entire infrastructure is constructed as individual sections, and then joined at the end.<ref>“Clock Tower,” Parks Canada Directory of Federal Heritage Designations, accessed April 20, 2020 <nowiki>https://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/dfhd/page_fhbro_eng.aspx?id=7469</nowiki></ref> This included separated building of the main clock tower, the smaller tower and the conjoining curtain wall. This building process made the Clock Tower light in weight and high in the quality of material used, allowing it to be supported by the wharf that is was built on without fault.<ref>“Clock Tower,” Parks Canada Directory of Federal Heritage Designations, accessed April 20, 2020 <nowiki>https://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/dfhd/page_fhbro_eng.aspx?id=7469</nowiki></ref>


The Clock Tower is made of concrete and is built on a square base, with each supporting corner at a different height on the ground.<ref>“Clock Tower,” Parks Canada Directory of Federal Heritage Designations, accessed April 20, 2020 <nowiki>https://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/dfhd/page_fhbro_eng.aspx?id=7469</nowiki></ref> The stem of the tower consists of the entrance on the East facing side and signs of an old entrance on the South side, which was formally hidden by the grain sheds.<ref>“Clock Tower,” Parks Canada Directory of Federal Heritage Designations, accessed April 20, 2020 <nowiki>https://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/dfhd/page_fhbro_eng.aspx?id=7469</nowiki></ref> The North facing side has a memorial plaque to the sailors who died during the First World War.<ref>“Clock Tower,” Parks Canada Directory of Federal Heritage Designations, accessed April 20, 2020 <nowiki>https://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/dfhd/page_fhbro_eng.aspx?id=7469</nowiki></ref> The western facing side of the Clock Tower has rectangular columns reaching from the base.<ref>“Clock Tower,” Parks Canada Directory of Federal Heritage Designations, accessed April 20, 2020 <nowiki>https://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/dfhd/page_fhbro_eng.aspx?id=7469</nowiki></ref> The FHBRO considers the sailor’s memorial plaque, the granite placed by the Prince of Wales and the canons featured at the entrance of the Clock Tower to be key architectural elements to be maintained.<ref>“Clock Tower,” Parks Canada Directory of Federal Heritage Designations, accessed April 20, 2020 <nowiki>https://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/dfhd/page_fhbro_eng.aspx?id=7469</nowiki></ref>
The Clock Tower is made of concrete and is built on a square base, with each supporting corner at a different height on the ground.<ref>“Clock Tower,” Parks Canada Directory of Federal Heritage Designations, accessed April 20, 2020 <nowiki>https://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/dfhd/page_fhbro_eng.aspx?id=7469</nowiki></ref> The stem of the tower consists of the entrance on the East facing side and signs of an old entrance on the South side, which was formally hidden by the grain sheds.<ref>“Clock Tower,” Parks Canada Directory of Federal Heritage Designations, accessed April 20, 2020 <nowiki>https://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/dfhd/page_fhbro_eng.aspx?id=7469</nowiki></ref> The North facing side has a memorial plaque to the sailors who died during the First World War.<ref>“Clock Tower,” Parks Canada Directory of Federal Heritage Designations, accessed April 20, 2020 <nowiki>https://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/dfhd/page_fhbro_eng.aspx?id=7469</nowiki></ref> The western facing side of the Clock Tower has rectangular columns reaching from the base.<ref>“Clock Tower,” Parks Canada Directory of Federal Heritage Designations, accessed April 20, 2020 <nowiki>https://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/dfhd/page_fhbro_eng.aspx?id=7469</nowiki></ref> The FHBRO considers the sailor’s memorial plaque, the granite placed by the Prince of Wales and the canons featured at the entrance of the Clock Tower to be key architectural elements to be maintained.<ref>“Clock Tower,” Parks Canada Directory of Federal Heritage Designations, accessed April 20, 2020 <nowiki>https://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/dfhd/page_fhbro_eng.aspx?id=7469</nowiki></ref>
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== Maintenance ==
== Maintenance ==
[[File:Montreal Clock Tower Sailor's Tribute.jpg|thumb|right|Sailors' tribute at the northern base of the Clock Tower.]]
[[File:Montreal Clock Tower Sailor's Tribute.jpg|thumb|right|Sailors' tribute at the northern base of the Clock Tower.]]
The Montreal Clock Tower has a strict maintenance and repair schedule in order to preserve the life of the clock mechanism and ensure that the time displayed is accurate.<ref>“Clock Tower,” Parks Canada Directory of Federal Heritage Designations, accessed April 20, 2020 <nowiki>https://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/dfhd/page_fhbro_eng.aspx?id=7469</nowiki></ref> Currently, professional clockmaker, Daniel Pelletier is responsible for the maintenance of the Clock Tower’s mechanism, as well as the continuous adjustment of the time displayed on each of the four clock faces.<ref>“No time to lose: Custodian of the clocks has a busy schedule” ''The Gazette,'' October 27, 2008, <nowiki>https://web.archive.org/web/20121105152050/http://www.canada.com/montrealgazette/news/story.html?id=340d9df9-64a6-4280-b47e-98ee2365db7b&k=25536</nowiki></ref> Pelletier began working on the Clock Tower in 1986, when the mechanism broke down.<ref>“No time to lose: Custodian of the clocks has a busy schedule” ''The Gazette,'' October 27, 2008, <nowiki>https://web.archive.org/web/20121105152050/http://www.canada.com/montrealgazette/news/story.html?id=340d9df9-64a6-4280-b47e-98ee2365db7b&k=25536</nowiki></ref> In the Spring and Autumn of each year, Pelletier manually adjusts the time displayed the Clock Towers by moving the gears that move the hands on each clock in order to align with daylight savings time.<ref>“No time to lose: Custodian of the clocks has a busy schedule” ''The Gazette,'' October 27, 2008, <nowiki>https://web.archive.org/web/20121105152050/http://www.canada.com/montrealgazette/news/story.html?id=340d9df9-64a6-4280-b47e-98ee2365db7b&k=25536</nowiki></ref> The pendulum that motions the clock mechanism  requires constant maintenance as it breaks more than 5 times a year.<ref>“No time to lose: Custodian of the clocks has a busy schedule” ''The Gazette,'' October 27, 2008, <nowiki>https://web.archive.org/web/20121105152050/http://www.canada.com/montrealgazette/news/story.html?id=340d9df9-64a6-4280-b47e-98ee2365db7b&k=25536</nowiki></ref>
The Montreal Clock Tower has a strict maintenance and repair schedule in order to preserve the life of the clock mechanism and ensure that the time displayed is accurate.<ref>“Clock Tower,” Parks Canada Directory of Federal Heritage Designations, accessed April 20, 2020 <nowiki>https://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/dfhd/page_fhbro_eng.aspx?id=7469</nowiki></ref> Currently, professional clockmaker, Daniel Pelletier is responsible for the maintenance of the Clock Tower’s mechanism, as well as the continuous adjustment of the time displayed on each of the four clock faces.<ref>“No time to lose: Custodian of the clocks has a busy schedule” ''The Gazette,'' October 27, 2008, <nowiki>https://web.archive.org/web/20121105152050/http://www.canada.com/montrealgazette/news/story.html?id=340d9df9-64a6-4280-b47e-98ee2365db7b&k=25536</nowiki></ref> Pelletier began working on the Clock Tower in 1986, when the mechanism broke down.<ref>“No time to lose: Custodian of the clocks has a busy schedule” ''The Gazette,'' October 27, 2008, <nowiki>https://web.archive.org/web/20121105152050/http://www.canada.com/montrealgazette/news/story.html?id=340d9df9-64a6-4280-b47e-98ee2365db7b&k=25536</nowiki></ref> In the Spring and Autumn of each year, Pelletier manually adjusts the time displayed the Clock Towers by moving the gears that move the hands on each clock in order to align with [[Daylight saving time|daylight savings]] time.<ref>“No time to lose: Custodian of the clocks has a busy schedule” ''The Gazette,'' October 27, 2008, <nowiki>https://web.archive.org/web/20121105152050/http://www.canada.com/montrealgazette/news/story.html?id=340d9df9-64a6-4280-b47e-98ee2365db7b&k=25536</nowiki></ref> The pendulum that motions the clock mechanism  requires constant maintenance as it breaks more than 5 times a year.<ref>“No time to lose: Custodian of the clocks has a busy schedule” ''The Gazette,'' October 27, 2008, <nowiki>https://web.archive.org/web/20121105152050/http://www.canada.com/montrealgazette/news/story.html?id=340d9df9-64a6-4280-b47e-98ee2365db7b&k=25536</nowiki></ref>


The mechanism and gears within the Montreal Clock Tower structure require ongoing maintenance due to the high temperatures in Montreal during Summer and well as the cold climate during the Winter months.<ref>“No time to lose: Custodian of the clocks has a busy schedule” ''The Gazette,'' October 27, 2008, <nowiki>https://web.archive.org/web/20121105152050/http://www.canada.com/montrealgazette/news/story.html?id=340d9df9-64a6-4280-b47e-98ee2365db7b&k=25536</nowiki></ref> Due to the high amount of human contact with the Clock Tower and its mechanism, tourism creates a build up of dust and particles, creating a larger need for ongoing maintenance.<ref>“No time to lose: Custodian of the clocks has a busy schedule” ''The Gazette,'' October 27, 2008, <nowiki>https://web.archive.org/web/20121105152050/http://www.canada.com/montrealgazette/news/story.html?id=340d9df9-64a6-4280-b47e-98ee2365db7b&k=25536</nowiki></ref>The Federal Heritage Buildings Review Office concludes that constant and technical observation of the clock mechanism, as well as the inspection of the lights behind each clock face is essential to preserve the heritage of the landmark.<ref>“Clock Tower,” Parks Canada Directory of Federal Heritage Designations, accessed April 20, 2020 <nowiki>https://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/dfhd/page_fhbro_eng.aspx?id=7469</nowiki></ref>  
The mechanism and gears within the Montreal Clock Tower structure require ongoing maintenance due to the high temperatures in Montreal during Summer and well as the cold climate during the Winter months.<ref>“No time to lose: Custodian of the clocks has a busy schedule” ''The Gazette,'' October 27, 2008, <nowiki>https://web.archive.org/web/20121105152050/http://www.canada.com/montrealgazette/news/story.html?id=340d9df9-64a6-4280-b47e-98ee2365db7b&k=25536</nowiki></ref> Due to the high amount of human contact with the Clock Tower and its mechanism, tourism creates a build up of dust and particles, creating a larger need for ongoing maintenance.<ref>“No time to lose: Custodian of the clocks has a busy schedule” ''The Gazette,'' October 27, 2008, <nowiki>https://web.archive.org/web/20121105152050/http://www.canada.com/montrealgazette/news/story.html?id=340d9df9-64a6-4280-b47e-98ee2365db7b&k=25536</nowiki></ref>The Federal Heritage Buildings Review Office concludes that constant and technical observation of the clock mechanism, as well as the inspection of the lights behind each clock face is essential to preserve the heritage of the landmark.<ref>“Clock Tower,” Parks Canada Directory of Federal Heritage Designations, accessed April 20, 2020 <nowiki>https://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/dfhd/page_fhbro_eng.aspx?id=7469</nowiki></ref>  

Revision as of 07:22, 29 May 2020


Montreal Clock Tower
The tower and Jacques Cartier Bridge
Map
45°30′44.44″N 073°32′44.84″W / 45.5123444°N 73.5457889°W / 45.5123444; -73.5457889
LocationOld Port of Montreal
Height45 metres (148 ft)
Beginning dateOctober 31, 1919
Completion date1922
Dedicated toCanadian sailors who died in World War I
audio of the clock mechansism (with the hum of air conditioning in the background)
recorded August 2017

The Montreal Clock Tower, also known as the Sailor’s Memorial Clock and Tour de l’Horlodge in French, is located in the borough of Ville-Marie and is situated in the Old Port of Montreal.[1][2] The construction of the tower began in 1919, and was finished in 1922.[3]

The Clock Tower is 148 ft (45m) tall with 192 steps from the bottom to the top of the tower.[4]It has 3 observation stops along the staircase and is the outside walls of the Clock Tower are white in colour.[5] The structure consists of the principle tower as well as a smaller tower that is 39 ft tall (12m) and architecturally similar to the main tower.[6] The two towers are connected by a white 42 ft (12m) curtain wall.[7][8] The tower consists of 4 translucent clock faces.[9] These are each 12 ft (3.6m) in diameter and were designed by the English engineering firm, Gillett & Johnson.[10]

The building of the Montreal clock tower was directed by the Montreal Harbor Commission.[11] The commission which was formed in the year 1830 to oversea the infrastructural development of the Old Port of Montreal and was replaced by the National Harbours Board in 1936.[12] The tower marks the entrance to the Old Port of Montreal and its erection was dedicated to the seamen who died in World War I.[13] It is a symbol of the Port’s economic contribution through grain exportation to the city of Montreal during the era of the Clock Tower’s construction.[14]

History

Construction of the Montreal Clock Tower took 3 years, beginning in 1919 and ending in 1922.[15] In 1919, The Prince of Whales began the construction by laying the first piece for the foundation of the Clock Tower.[16] The grain sheds previously concealed by the curtain wall connecting the main clock tower and the smaller tower were removed in the 1970s.[17] The actual Clock Tower structure was designed by Montreal engineer, Paul Leclaire.[18] The mechanism in the clock tower was designed by the English engineering firm, Gillett & Johnson, who used a similar design to the Big Ben.[19] Originally called Gillett & Bland, the firm Gillett & Johnson have designed and constructed more than 14,000 clock mechanisms in their Croydon, England factory.[20] The mechanism for the Montreal Clock Tower was one of these. The clock faces are operated by 4 interlocking gears that move each individual clock in unison.[21]

The owner of the tower is the Old Port Society, which was developed to manage tourism within the area.[22] The Old Port Society made the Clock Tower a tourist interpretation centre in 1980.[23] In 1984, the Old Port Society society restored the Clock Tower, costing $2.5 million.[24] The restoration included painting the steel surfaces and installing a new ventilation system.[25]

Heritage Value

Southern viewpoint of the Montreal Clock Tower

Environmental

The Montreal Clock Tower was announced as a Classified Federal Heritage Building as determined by the Federal Heritage Buildings Review Office (FHBRO) in 1996, due to its visual aesthetics as well as its historical and environmental values.[26] The custodian for the tower is the Public Works and Government Services Canada.[27] The FHBRO considers the Clock Tower to be environmentally valuable and an important Montreal landmark as it was a central point for the redevelopment of the Old Port of Montreal in 1990.[28] This redevelopment was directed by award-winning architects from the firm, Cardinal Hardy and Associates.[29] The tower is situated opposite Clock Tower Beach, or Plage de l’Horloge in French.[30] The beach is swim free and takes up 3.2 acres of land.[31]

Historical

The FHBRO determined the Montreal Clock Tower to be historically valuable due to its association with the role of the Old Port of Montreal in maritime transportation and grain exportation.[32] The role of the Old Port in relation to grain exportation and cargo was classified as second in Northern America during the Clock Tower’s construction.[33] The Port’s exportation made it a large contributor to the economic growth of Montreal as a city.[34] New trees now grow where the grain sheds used for the storage of exporting goods once were.[35]In relation to maritime transportation, the Old Port of Montreal was used as an exit and entry point for seamen during the First World War.[36] The construction of the Clock Tower was dedicated to lost seamen during the First World War.[37]

Architectural

The FHBRO considers the Montreal Clock Tower to be architecturally aesthetic due to its Beaux-Arts style.[38]This style of architecture is defined as an expression of nature’s beauty through a method of fine art and detail.[39] The FHBRO notes that the Clock Tower’s shape and decorative features adhere to the Beaux-Arts style and are also practical.[40] The Clock Tower was constructed through a method of light masonry, by which the entire infrastructure is constructed as individual sections, and then joined at the end.[41] This included separated building of the main clock tower, the smaller tower and the conjoining curtain wall. This building process made the Clock Tower light in weight and high in the quality of material used, allowing it to be supported by the wharf that is was built on without fault.[42]

The Clock Tower is made of concrete and is built on a square base, with each supporting corner at a different height on the ground.[43] The stem of the tower consists of the entrance on the East facing side and signs of an old entrance on the South side, which was formally hidden by the grain sheds.[44] The North facing side has a memorial plaque to the sailors who died during the First World War.[45] The western facing side of the Clock Tower has rectangular columns reaching from the base.[46] The FHBRO considers the sailor’s memorial plaque, the granite placed by the Prince of Wales and the canons featured at the entrance of the Clock Tower to be key architectural elements to be maintained.[47]

The upper portion of the tower features 4 clock faces, with columns and rectangular openings below the northern, eastern and western facing clocks.[48] The southern face features rectangular openings in no particular pattern.[49] Further below these, the Clock Tower has smooth concrete walls that extend to the base.[50] Each corner of the concrete walls features a rectangular pillar with an eagle on top. Central to the upper portion of the Clock Tower is an observation deck. The smaller tower features corner pilasters and is linked to the main tower by the concrete curtain wall.[51]

Maintenance

Sailors' tribute at the northern base of the Clock Tower.

The Montreal Clock Tower has a strict maintenance and repair schedule in order to preserve the life of the clock mechanism and ensure that the time displayed is accurate.[52] Currently, professional clockmaker, Daniel Pelletier is responsible for the maintenance of the Clock Tower’s mechanism, as well as the continuous adjustment of the time displayed on each of the four clock faces.[53] Pelletier began working on the Clock Tower in 1986, when the mechanism broke down.[54] In the Spring and Autumn of each year, Pelletier manually adjusts the time displayed the Clock Towers by moving the gears that move the hands on each clock in order to align with daylight savings time.[55] The pendulum that motions the clock mechanism  requires constant maintenance as it breaks more than 5 times a year.[56]

The mechanism and gears within the Montreal Clock Tower structure require ongoing maintenance due to the high temperatures in Montreal during Summer and well as the cold climate during the Winter months.[57] Due to the high amount of human contact with the Clock Tower and its mechanism, tourism creates a build up of dust and particles, creating a larger need for ongoing maintenance.[58]The Federal Heritage Buildings Review Office concludes that constant and technical observation of the clock mechanism, as well as the inspection of the lights behind each clock face is essential to preserve the heritage of the landmark.[59]  

The FHBRO notes that the exterior of the Clock Tower also requires constant maintenance in order to preserve the architecturally aesthetic qualities of the landmark.[60] The FHBRO concludes that this process should include up keeping the trees behind the curtain wall, painting the exterior walls and the preservation of the memorial plaque on the northern facing side.[61] In 2002, the Old Port of Montreal undertook major maintenance to the Clock Tower and installed a ventilation system and painted exposed steel surfaces.[62] Major restoration on the Clock Tower also took place in 1984.[63]

Tourism

In 1984, the Montreal Clock Tower was converted into a tourist interpretation centre following a restoration of the landmark.[64] The Old Port Corporation manages tourism for the Old Port of Montreal.[65]

National and International tourism awards won by the Old Port Corporation:[66]
Year Award Description
2006 Zagat-Survey First Prize most popular tourist destination in Montreal
2005 Grand Prix du Tourisme Quebecois Tourism worker of the year, Montreal region Chantale Moisan
2000 Provincial Winner Attraction Canada Old Port of Montreal


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References

  1. ^ “Clock Tower,” Parks Canada Directory of Federal Heritage Designations, accessed April 20, 2020 https://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/dfhd/page_fhbro_eng.aspx?id=7469
  2. ^ “Tour de l’Horloge, ” A View on Cities, accessed April 21, 2020, http://www.aviewoncities.com/montreal/tourdelhorloge.htm
  3. ^ “Clock Tower,” Parks Canada Directory of Federal Heritage Designations, accessed April 20, 2020 https://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/dfhd/page_fhbro_eng.aspx?id=7469
  4. ^ Leonard Panaggio, “Montreal Clock Tower,” Sea Classics 44 no. 8 (2011): 5
  5. ^ Leonard Panaggio, “Montreal Clock Tower,” Sea Classics 44 no. 8 (2011): 5
  6. ^ “Clock Tower,” Parks Canada Directory of Federal Heritage Designations, accessed April 20, 2020 https://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/dfhd/page_fhbro_eng.aspx?id=7469
  7. ^ “Clock Tower,” Parks Canada Directory of Federal Heritage Designations, accessed April 20, 2020 https://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/dfhd/page_fhbro_eng.aspx?id=7469
  8. ^ “Tour de l’Horloge, ” A View on Cities, accessed April 21, 2020, http://www.aviewoncities.com/montreal/tourdelhorloge.htm
  9. ^ Leonard Panaggio, “Montreal Clock Tower,” Sea Classics 44 no. 8 (2011): 5
  10. ^ Leonard Panaggio, “Montreal Clock Tower,” Sea Classics 44 no. 8 (2011): 5
  11. ^ Leonard Panaggio, “Montreal Clock Tower,” Sea Classics 44 no. 8 (2011): 5
  12. ^ "Timeline and Detailed History," Port Montreal, accessed May 29, 2020, https://www.port-montreal.com/en/the-port-of-montreal/about-the-port/the-port-of-montreal-through-history/timeline-and-detailed-history
  13. ^ "Timeline and Detailed History," Port Montreal, accessed May 29, 2020, https://www.port-montreal.com/en/the-port-of-montreal/about-the-port/the-port-of-montreal-through-history/timeline-and-detailed-history
  14. ^ “Clock Tower,” Parks Canada Directory of Federal Heritage Designations, accessed April 20, 2020 https://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/dfhd/page_fhbro_eng.aspx?id=7469
  15. ^ “Clock Tower,” Parks Canada Directory of Federal Heritage Designations, accessed April 20, 2020 https://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/dfhd/page_fhbro_eng.aspx?id=7469
  16. ^ Leonard Panaggio, “Montreal Clock Tower,” Sea Classics 44 no. 8 (2011): 5
  17. ^ “Clock Tower,” Parks Canada Directory of Federal Heritage Designations, accessed April 20, 2020 https://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/dfhd/page_fhbro_eng.aspx?id=7469
  18. ^ “Clock Tower,” Parks Canada Directory of Federal Heritage Designations, accessed April 20, 2020 https://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/dfhd/page_fhbro_eng.aspx?id=7469
  19. ^ “Clock Tower,” Parks Canada Directory of Federal Heritage Designations, accessed April 20, 2020 https://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/dfhd/page_fhbro_eng.aspx?id=7469
  20. ^ "History," Gillett & Johnston, accessed May 29, 2020, https://www.gillettjohnston.co.uk/about/history/
  21. ^ “No time to lose: Custodian of the clocks has a busy schedule” The Gazette, October 27, 2008, https://web.archive.org/web/20121105152050/http://www.canada.com/montrealgazette/news/story.html?id=340d9df9-64a6-4280-b47e-98ee2365db7b&k=25536
  22. ^ “Clock Tower,” Parks Canada Directory of Federal Heritage Designations, accessed April 20, 2020 https://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/dfhd/page_fhbro_eng.aspx?id=7469
  23. ^ “Clock Tower,” Parks Canada Directory of Federal Heritage Designations, accessed April 20, 2020 https://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/dfhd/page_fhbro_eng.aspx?id=7469
  24. ^ Leonard Panaggio, “Montreal Clock Tower,” Sea Classics 44 no. 8 (2011): 5
  25. ^ Leonard Panaggio, “Montreal Clock Tower,” Sea Classics 44 no. 8 (2011): 5
  26. ^ “Clock Tower,” Parks Canada Directory of Federal Heritage Designations, accessed April 20, 2020 https://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/dfhd/page_fhbro_eng.aspx?id=7469
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  30. ^ Nancy Dunton and Helen Malkin, “Old Montreal/Old Port/Faubourg Quebec” in A Guidebook to Contemporary Architecture in Montreal. (Douglas and McIntyre, 2016), 119.
  31. ^ “Montreal Clock Tower Beach,” About Travel, accessed 23, 2020, https://web.archive.org/web/20150530115100/http://montreal.about.com/od/seasonalattractions/ss/montreal-clock-tower-beach-old-port-urban.htm
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  33. ^ “Clock Tower,” Parks Canada Directory of Federal Heritage Designations, accessed April 20, 2020 https://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/dfhd/page_fhbro_eng.aspx?id=7469
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  36. ^ “Clock Tower,” Parks Canada Directory of Federal Heritage Designations, accessed April 20, 2020 https://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/dfhd/page_fhbro_eng.aspx?id=7469
  37. ^ “Clock Tower,” Parks Canada Directory of Federal Heritage Designations, accessed April 20, 2020 https://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/dfhd/page_fhbro_eng.aspx?id=7469
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  39. ^ Danielle Lories, “Kant, the fine arts and their means of expression,” Art and Medium 1: the medium of art 17 (2016): 6. https://journals.openedition.org/appareil/2282
  40. ^ “Clock Tower,” Parks Canada Directory of Federal Heritage Designations, accessed April 20, 2020 https://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/dfhd/page_fhbro_eng.aspx?id=7469
  41. ^ “Clock Tower,” Parks Canada Directory of Federal Heritage Designations, accessed April 20, 2020 https://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/dfhd/page_fhbro_eng.aspx?id=7469
  42. ^ “Clock Tower,” Parks Canada Directory of Federal Heritage Designations, accessed April 20, 2020 https://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/dfhd/page_fhbro_eng.aspx?id=7469
  43. ^ “Clock Tower,” Parks Canada Directory of Federal Heritage Designations, accessed April 20, 2020 https://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/dfhd/page_fhbro_eng.aspx?id=7469
  44. ^ “Clock Tower,” Parks Canada Directory of Federal Heritage Designations, accessed April 20, 2020 https://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/dfhd/page_fhbro_eng.aspx?id=7469
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  46. ^ “Clock Tower,” Parks Canada Directory of Federal Heritage Designations, accessed April 20, 2020 https://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/dfhd/page_fhbro_eng.aspx?id=7469
  47. ^ “Clock Tower,” Parks Canada Directory of Federal Heritage Designations, accessed April 20, 2020 https://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/dfhd/page_fhbro_eng.aspx?id=7469
  48. ^ “Clock Tower,” Parks Canada Directory of Federal Heritage Designations, accessed April 20, 2020 https://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/dfhd/page_fhbro_eng.aspx?id=7469
  49. ^ “Clock Tower,” Parks Canada Directory of Federal Heritage Designations, accessed April 20, 2020 https://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/dfhd/page_fhbro_eng.aspx?id=7469
  50. ^ “Clock Tower,” Parks Canada Directory of Federal Heritage Designations, accessed April 20, 2020 https://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/dfhd/page_fhbro_eng.aspx?id=7469
  51. ^ “Clock Tower,” Parks Canada Directory of Federal Heritage Designations, accessed April 20, 2020 https://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/dfhd/page_fhbro_eng.aspx?id=7469
  52. ^ “Clock Tower,” Parks Canada Directory of Federal Heritage Designations, accessed April 20, 2020 https://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/dfhd/page_fhbro_eng.aspx?id=7469
  53. ^ “No time to lose: Custodian of the clocks has a busy schedule” The Gazette, October 27, 2008, https://web.archive.org/web/20121105152050/http://www.canada.com/montrealgazette/news/story.html?id=340d9df9-64a6-4280-b47e-98ee2365db7b&k=25536
  54. ^ “No time to lose: Custodian of the clocks has a busy schedule” The Gazette, October 27, 2008, https://web.archive.org/web/20121105152050/http://www.canada.com/montrealgazette/news/story.html?id=340d9df9-64a6-4280-b47e-98ee2365db7b&k=25536
  55. ^ “No time to lose: Custodian of the clocks has a busy schedule” The Gazette, October 27, 2008, https://web.archive.org/web/20121105152050/http://www.canada.com/montrealgazette/news/story.html?id=340d9df9-64a6-4280-b47e-98ee2365db7b&k=25536
  56. ^ “No time to lose: Custodian of the clocks has a busy schedule” The Gazette, October 27, 2008, https://web.archive.org/web/20121105152050/http://www.canada.com/montrealgazette/news/story.html?id=340d9df9-64a6-4280-b47e-98ee2365db7b&k=25536
  57. ^ “No time to lose: Custodian of the clocks has a busy schedule” The Gazette, October 27, 2008, https://web.archive.org/web/20121105152050/http://www.canada.com/montrealgazette/news/story.html?id=340d9df9-64a6-4280-b47e-98ee2365db7b&k=25536
  58. ^ “No time to lose: Custodian of the clocks has a busy schedule” The Gazette, October 27, 2008, https://web.archive.org/web/20121105152050/http://www.canada.com/montrealgazette/news/story.html?id=340d9df9-64a6-4280-b47e-98ee2365db7b&k=25536
  59. ^ “Clock Tower,” Parks Canada Directory of Federal Heritage Designations, accessed April 20, 2020 https://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/dfhd/page_fhbro_eng.aspx?id=7469
  60. ^ “Clock Tower,” Parks Canada Directory of Federal Heritage Designations, accessed April 20, 2020 https://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/dfhd/page_fhbro_eng.aspx?id=7469
  61. ^ “Clock Tower,” Parks Canada Directory of Federal Heritage Designations, accessed April 20, 2020 https://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/dfhd/page_fhbro_eng.aspx?id=7469
  62. ^ Leonard Panaggio, “Montreal Clock Tower,” Sea Classics 44 no. 8 (2011): 5
  63. ^ Leonard Panaggio, “Montreal Clock Tower,” Sea Classics 44 no. 8 (2011): 5
  64. ^ Leonard Panaggio, “Montreal Clock Tower,” Sea Classics 44 no. 8 (2011): 5
  65. ^ "Awards and Distinctions," Old Port Montreal, accessed May 29, 2020, https://www.oldportcorporation.com/awards-and-distinctions
  66. ^ "Awards and Distinctions," Old Port Montreal, accessed May 29, 2020, https://www.oldportcorporation.com/awards-and-distinctions
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