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==Bureau of Translators==
==Bureau of Translators==
Subordinated to the Hanlin Academy was the Bureau of Translators ({{zh|s=四夷館/四译館|p=Sìyí Guǎn/Sìyì Guǎn|w=Szu<sup>4</sup>-i<sup>2</sup> Kuan<sup>3</sup>/Szu<sup>4</sup>-i<sup>4</sup> Kuan<sup>3</sup>}}).<ref>Wild, Norman. 1945. "Materials for the Study of the Ssŭ I Kuan 四 夷 譯 館 (bureau of Translators)". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London 11 (3). Cambridge University Press: 617–40. https://www.jstor.org/stable/609340.</ref> Founded by the [[Ming dynasty]] in 1407, after the first expedition of [[Zheng He]] to the Indian Ocean, the Bureau dealt with the memorials delivered by foreign ambassadors and trained foreign language specialists. It included departments for many languages<ref>http://www.lib.cam.ac.uk/mulu/fb645.html</ref> such as the [[Jurchen language|Jurchen]],<ref name="Ko1855">{{cite book|author=Shou-p'ing Wu Ko|title=Translation (by A. Wylie) of the Ts'ing wan k'e mung, a Chinese grammar of the Manchu Tartar language (by Woo Kĭh Show-ping, revised and ed. by Ching Ming-yuen Pei-ho) with intr. notes on Manchu literature|url=https://books.google.com/?id=fdAOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR19&dq=The+use+of+these+alphabets+seem+to+have+outlived+the+dynasty,+for+a+college+was+established+the+special+study+of+the+in+1407,+during+the+Ming#v=onepage|year=1855|pages=xix–}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Translation of the Ts'ing wan k'e mung, a Chinese Grammar of the Manchu Tartar Language; with introductory notes on Manchu Literature: (translated by A. Wylie.)|url=https://books.google.com/?id=v6k-AAAAcAAJ&pg=PR19&dq=The+use+of+these+alphabets+seem+to+have+outlived+the+dynasty,+for+a+college+was+established+the+special+study+of+the+in+1407,+during+the+Ming#v=onepage|year=1855|publisher=Mission Press|pages=xix–}}</ref><ref>de Lacouperie, Terrien. 1889. "The Djurtchen of Mandshuria: Their Name, Language, and Literature". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland 21 (2). Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland: 1. https://www.jstor.org/stable/25208941.</ref> "Tartar" ([[Mongolian language|Mongol]]),<ref name="Rossabi2014">{{cite book|author=Morris Rossabi|title=From Yuan to Modern China and Mongolia: The Writings of Morris Rossabi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GXejBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA98&lpg=PA98#v=onepage&q&f=false|date=28 November 2014|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-28529-3|pages=98–}}</ref><ref name="Ko1855 2">{{cite book|author=Shou-p'ing Wu Ko|title=Translation (by A. Wylie) of the Ts'ing wan k'e mung, a Chinese grammar of the Manchu Tartar language (by Woo Kĭh Show-ping, revised and ed. by Ching Ming-yuen Pei-ho) with intr. notes on Manchu literature|url=https://books.google.com/?id=fdAOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR26&dq=termed+1407+certain+number+of+students+were+appointed+by+imperial+authority+instructed+in+knowledge+writing+language+tribes#v=onepage|year=1855|pages=xxvi–}}</ref><ref name="WylieCordier1897 2">{{cite book|author1=Alexander Wylie|author2=Henri Cordier|title=Chinese Researches|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.279856|quote=termed 1407 certain number of students were appointed by imperial authority instructed in knowledge writing language tribes.|year=1897|pages=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.279856/page/n546 261]–}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Translation of the Ts'ing wan k'e mung, a Chinese Grammar of the Manchu Tartar Language; with introductory notes on Manchu Literature: (translated by A. Wylie.)|url=https://books.google.com/?id=v6k-AAAAcAAJ&pg=PR26&dq=termed+1407+certain+number+of+students+were+appointed+by+imperial+authority+instructed+in+knowledge+writing+language+tribes#v=onepage|year=1855|publisher=Mission Press|pages=xxvi–}}</ref> [[Korean language|Korean]],<ref>Ogura, S.. 1926. "A Corean Vocabulary". Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London 4 (1). Cambridge University Press: 1–10. https://www.jstor.org/stable/607397.</ref> [[Ryukyuan language|Ryukyuan]], [[Japanese language|Japanese]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mai |first1=Yun |title=漢語歷史音韻研究中的 一些方法問題 [Some Methodological Problems in Chinese Phonetics] |journal=浙江大学汉语史研究中心简报 [The Briefing News of Research Center for History of Chinese Language] |date=2005 |volume=18 |issue=2 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Chichi_Chu/publication/261862126__16-signed/links/00463535a7b0edccfd000000.pdf |accessdate=24 May 2020}}</ref>
Subordinated to the Hanlin Academy was the Bureau of Translators ({{zh|s=四夷館/四译館|p=Sìyí Guǎn/Sìyì Guǎn|w=Szu<sup>4</sup>-i<sup>2</sup> Kuan<sup>3</sup>/Szu<sup>4</sup>-i<sup>4</sup> Kuan<sup>3</sup>}}).<ref>Wild, Norman. 1945. "Materials for the Study of the Ssŭ I Kuan 四 夷 譯 館 (bureau of Translators)". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London 11 (3). Cambridge University Press: 617–40. https://www.jstor.org/stable/609340.</ref> Founded by the [[Ming dynasty]] in 1407, after the first expedition of [[Zheng He]] to the Indian Ocean, the Bureau dealt with the memorials delivered by foreign ambassadors and trained foreign language specialists. It included departments for many languages<ref>http://www.lib.cam.ac.uk/mulu/fb645.html</ref> such as the [[Jurchen language|Jurchen]],<ref name="Ko1855">{{cite book|author=Shou-p'ing Wu Ko|title=Translation (by A. Wylie) of the Ts'ing wan k'e mung, a Chinese grammar of the Manchu Tartar language (by Woo Kĭh Show-ping, revised and ed. by Ching Ming-yuen Pei-ho) with intr. notes on Manchu literature|url=https://books.google.com/?id=fdAOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR19&dq=The+use+of+these+alphabets+seem+to+have+outlived+the+dynasty,+for+a+college+was+established+the+special+study+of+the+in+1407,+during+the+Ming#v=onepage|year=1855|pages=xix–}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Translation of the Ts'ing wan k'e mung, a Chinese Grammar of the Manchu Tartar Language; with introductory notes on Manchu Literature: (translated by A. Wylie.)|url=https://books.google.com/?id=v6k-AAAAcAAJ&pg=PR19&dq=The+use+of+these+alphabets+seem+to+have+outlived+the+dynasty,+for+a+college+was+established+the+special+study+of+the+in+1407,+during+the+Ming#v=onepage|year=1855|publisher=Mission Press|pages=xix–}}</ref><ref>de Lacouperie, Terrien. 1889. "The Djurtchen of Mandshuria: Their Name, Language, and Literature". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland 21 (2). Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland: 1. https://www.jstor.org/stable/25208941.</ref> "Tartar" ([[Mongolian language|Mongol]]),<ref name="Rossabi2014">{{cite book|author=Morris Rossabi|title=From Yuan to Modern China and Mongolia: The Writings of Morris Rossabi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GXejBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA98&lpg=PA98#v=onepage&q&f=false|date=28 November 2014|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-28529-3|pages=98–}}</ref><ref name="Ko1855 2">{{cite book|author=Shou-p'ing Wu Ko|title=Translation (by A. Wylie) of the Ts'ing wan k'e mung, a Chinese grammar of the Manchu Tartar language (by Woo Kĭh Show-ping, revised and ed. by Ching Ming-yuen Pei-ho) with intr. notes on Manchu literature|url=https://books.google.com/?id=fdAOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR26&dq=termed+1407+certain+number+of+students+were+appointed+by+imperial+authority+instructed+in+knowledge+writing+language+tribes#v=onepage|year=1855|pages=xxvi–}}</ref><ref name="WylieCordier1897 2">{{cite book|author1=Alexander Wylie|author2=Henri Cordier|title=Chinese Researches|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.279856|quote=termed 1407 certain number of students were appointed by imperial authority instructed in knowledge writing language tribes.|year=1897|pages=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.279856/page/n546 261]–}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Translation of the Ts'ing wan k'e mung, a Chinese Grammar of the Manchu Tartar Language; with introductory notes on Manchu Literature: (translated by A. Wylie.)|url=https://books.google.com/?id=v6k-AAAAcAAJ&pg=PR26&dq=termed+1407+certain+number+of+students+were+appointed+by+imperial+authority+instructed+in+knowledge+writing+language+tribes#v=onepage|year=1855|publisher=Mission Press|pages=xxvi–}}</ref> [[Korean language|Korean]],<ref>Ogura, S.. 1926. "A Corean Vocabulary". Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London 4 (1). Cambridge University Press: 1–10. https://www.jstor.org/stable/607397.</ref> [[Ryukyuan language|Ryukyuan]], [[Japanese language|Japanese]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mai |first1=Yun |title=漢語歷史音韻研究中的 一些方法問題 [Some Methodological Problems in Chinese Phonetics] |journal=浙江大学汉语史研究中心简报 [The Briefing News of Research Center for History of Chinese Language] |date=2005 |volume=18 |issue=2 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Chichi_Chu/publication/261862126__16-signed/links/00463535a7b0edccfd000000.pdf |accessdate=24 May 2020}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite conference |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261862126 |title=中國翻譯史學會論文投稿： 16世紀日本譯語的出版及傳抄 |first=Chichu |last=Chiu |date=21 December 2012 |conference=書寫中國翻譯史：第五屆中國譯學新芽研討會 [Writing Chinese Translation History: Fifth Young Researchers’ Conference on Chinese Translation Studies] |access-date= 24 May 2020 |language= zh |trans-title=The Publishing and Writing of Chinese-Japanese Dictionary in the 16th Century }}</ref> [[Classical Tibetan|Tibetan]],<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Lotze |first=Johannes S. |date=2016 |title=Translation of Empire: Mongol Legacy, Language Policy, and the Early Ming World Order, 1368-1453 |type=PhD |url=https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/files/64901158/FULL_TEXT.PDF |access-date=24 May 2020}}</ref> "[[Hui people|Huihui]]" (the "Muslim" language, [[Persian language|Persian]])<ref name="Rossabi2014"/><ref>Hecker, Felicia J.. 1993. "A Fifteenth-century Chinese Diplomat in Herat". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 3 (1). Cambridge University Press: 91–93. https://www.jstor.org/stable/25182641?seq=7.</ref><ref name="Rossabi2014 1">{{cite book|author=Morris Rossabi|title=From Yuan to Modern China and Mongolia: The Writings of Morris Rossabi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GXejBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA94&lpg=PA94#v=onepage&q&f=false|date=28 November 2014|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-28529-3|pages=94–}}</ref><ref>[http://www.sino-platonic.org/complete/spp110_wuzong_emperor.pdf p. 5.]</ref> [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]]<ref name="khoavanhoc.edu.vn">{{Cite web |url=http://khoavanhoc.edu.vn/attachments/455_Shimizu%20Masaaki%20-%20tailieu.pdf |title=Thông báo về việc các GS Nhật Bản sang trao đổi khoa học, tham gia đào tạo cao học Hán Nôm |access-date=2016-01-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309125348/http://khoavanhoc.edu.vn/attachments/455_Shimizu%20Masaaki%20-%20tailieu.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-09 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and [[Burmese language|Burmese]] languages,<ref name="khoavanhoc.edu.vn"/><ref>http://c.sou-yun.com/eBooks/四庫之外/華夷譯語%20明%20火原潔撰/二.pdf</ref> as well as for the languages of the "various barbarian tribes" (''Bai yi'' 百夷, i.e., [[Shan people|Shan]] ethnic groups on China's southwestern borders), "Gaochang" (people of [[Turfan]], i.e. [[Old Uyghur language]]),<ref name="Rossabi2014"/><ref name="Rossabi2014 1"/><ref name="CommitteeGoodrich1976">{{cite book|author1=Association for Asian Studies. Ming Biographical History Project Committee|author2=Luther Carrington Goodrich|title=Dictionary of Ming biography, 1368–1644|url=https://books.google.com/?id=gFMYAAAAIAAJ&q=uighur|date=15 October 1976|publisher=Columbia University Press|pages=1042, 1126}}</ref><ref name="Klaproth1985">{{cite book|author=Heinrich Julius Klaproth|title=Abhandlung über die Sprache und Schrift der Uiguren|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pK6WaWJsxC8C&pg=PA6#v=onepage&q&f=false|date=January 1985|publisher=Buske Verlag|isbn=978-3-87118-710-0|pages=6–}}</ref><ref name="Klaproth1820">{{cite book|author=Heinrich Julius Klaproth|title=Abhandlungen über die Sprache und Schrift der Uiguren|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_EKZFAAAAcAAJ|year=1820|pages=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_EKZFAAAAcAAJ/page/n33 6]–}}</ref><ref name="Klaproth1820 2">{{cite book|author=Heinrich Julius von Klaproth|title=Abhandlung über die Sprache und Schrift der Uiguren, nebst einem Wörterverzeichnisse und anderen uigurischen Sprachproben (etc.)|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_jz9JAAAAcAAJ|year=1820|publisher=Königl. Dr.|pages=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_jz9JAAAAcAAJ/page/n57 6]–}}</ref><ref name="Klaproth1812">{{cite book|author=Heinrich Julius Klaproth|title=Abhandlung über die Sprache und Schrift der Uiguren|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5o9FAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA41#v=onepage&q&f=false|year=1812|pages=41–}}</ref> and ''Xitian'' (西天; ([[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]], spoken in India)). In 1511 and 1579 departments for the languages of ''Ba bai'' (八百; [[Lao language|Lao]]) and [[Thai language|Thai]] were added, respectively.<ref>{{citation
<ref>{{cite conference |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261862126 |title=中國翻譯史學會論文投稿： 16世紀日本譯語的出版及傳抄 |first=Chichu |last=Chiu |date=21 December 2012 |conference=書寫中國翻譯史：第五屆中國譯學新芽研討會 [Writing Chinese Translation History: Fifth Young Researchers’ Conference on Chinese Translation Studies] |access-date= 24 May 2020 |language= zh |trans-title=The Publishing and Writing of Chinese-Japanese Dictionary in the 16th Century }}</ref> [[Classical Tibetan|Tibetan]],<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Lotze |first=Johannes S. |date=2016 |title=Translation of Empire: Mongol Legacy, Language Policy, and the Early Ming World Order, 1368-1453 |type=PhD |url=https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/files/64901158/FULL_TEXT.PDF |access-date=24 May 2020}}</ref> "[[Hui people|Huihui]]" (the "Muslim" language, [[Persian language|Persian]])<ref name="Rossabi2014"/><ref>Hecker, Felicia J.. 1993. "A Fifteenth-century Chinese Diplomat in Herat". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 3 (1). Cambridge University Press: 91–93. https://www.jstor.org/stable/25182641?seq=7.</ref><ref name="Rossabi2014 1">{{cite book|author=Morris Rossabi|title=From Yuan to Modern China and Mongolia: The Writings of Morris Rossabi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GXejBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA94&lpg=PA94#v=onepage&q&f=false|date=28 November 2014|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-28529-3|pages=94–}}</ref><ref>[http://www.sino-platonic.org/complete/spp110_wuzong_emperor.pdf p. 5.]</ref> [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]]<ref name="khoavanhoc.edu.vn">{{Cite web |url=http://khoavanhoc.edu.vn/attachments/455_Shimizu%20Masaaki%20-%20tailieu.pdf |title=Thông báo về việc các GS Nhật Bản sang trao đổi khoa học, tham gia đào tạo cao học Hán Nôm |access-date=2016-01-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309125348/http://khoavanhoc.edu.vn/attachments/455_Shimizu%20Masaaki%20-%20tailieu.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-09 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and [[Burmese language|Burmese]] languages,<ref name="khoavanhoc.edu.vn"/><ref>http://c.sou-yun.com/eBooks/四庫之外/華夷譯語%20明%20火原潔撰/二.pdf</ref> as well as for the languages of the "various barbarian tribes" (''Bai yi'' 百夷, i.e., [[Shan people|Shan]] ethnic groups on China's southwestern borders), "Gaochang" (people of [[Turfan]], i.e. [[Old Uyghur language]]),<ref name="Rossabi2014"/><ref name="Rossabi2014 1"/><ref name="CommitteeGoodrich1976">{{cite book|author1=Association for Asian Studies. Ming Biographical History Project Committee|author2=Luther Carrington Goodrich|title=Dictionary of Ming biography, 1368–1644|url=https://books.google.com/?id=gFMYAAAAIAAJ&q=uighur|date=15 October 1976|publisher=Columbia University Press|pages=1042, 1126}}</ref><ref name="Klaproth1985">{{cite book|author=Heinrich Julius Klaproth|title=Abhandlung über die Sprache und Schrift der Uiguren|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pK6WaWJsxC8C&pg=PA6#v=onepage&q&f=false|date=January 1985|publisher=Buske Verlag|isbn=978-3-87118-710-0|pages=6–}}</ref><ref name="Klaproth1820">{{cite book|author=Heinrich Julius Klaproth|title=Abhandlungen über die Sprache und Schrift der Uiguren|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_EKZFAAAAcAAJ|year=1820|pages=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_EKZFAAAAcAAJ/page/n6 6]–}}</ref><ref name="Klaproth1820 2">{{cite book|author=Heinrich Julius von Klaproth|title=Abhandlung über die Sprache und Schrift der Uiguren, nebst einem Wörterverzeichnisse und anderen uigurischen Sprachproben (etc.)|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_jz9JAAAAcAAJ|year=1820|publisher=Königl. Dr.|pages=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_jz9JAAAAcAAJ/page/n12 6]–}}</ref><ref name="Klaproth1812">{{cite book|author=Heinrich Julius Klaproth|title=Abhandlung über die Sprache und Schrift der Uiguren|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5o9FAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA41#v=onepage&q&f=false|year=1812|pages=41–}}</ref> and ''Xitian'' (西天; ([[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]], spoken in India)). In 1511 and 1579 departments for the languages of ''Ba bai'' (八百; [[Lao language|Lao]]) and [[Thai language|Thai]] were added, respectively.<ref>{{citation
|title=Materials for the Study of the Ssŭ i Kuan 四夷(譯)館 (Bureau of Translators)
|title=Materials for the Study of the Ssŭ i Kuan 四夷(譯)館 (Bureau of Translators)
|author=Norman Wild|journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London
|author=Norman Wild|journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London

Revision as of 01:18, 12 June 2020

Hanlin Academy
翰林院
ActiveTang dynasty, reign of Emperor Xuanzong–1911
FounderEmperor Xuanzong
Location
Chang'an, Luoyang, Beijing, Nanjing
Hanlin Academy
Chinese翰林院
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinHànlín Yuàn

The Hanlin Academy was an academic and administrative institution founded in the eighth-century Tang China by Emperor Xuanzong in Chang'an.

Membership in the academy was confined to an elite group of scholars, who performed secretarial and literary tasks for the court. One of its main duties was to decide on an interpretation of the Chinese classics. This formed the basis of the Imperial examinations, which aspiring bureaucrats had to pass to attain higher level posts. Painters working for the court were also attached to the academy.

Academy members

Some of the more famous academicians of Hanlin were:

  • Li Bai (701–762) – Poet
  • Bai Juyi (772–846) – Poet
  • Yan Shu (991–1055) – Poet, calligrapher, (prime minister, 1042)
  • Ouyang Xiu (1007–1072) – Historian
  • Shen Kuo (1031–1095) – Chancellor
  • Zhang Zeduan (1085–1145) – Painter
  • Zhao Mengfu (1254–1322) – Painter, calligrapher, poet (rector, 1314–1320)
  • Huang Zicheng (1350–1402) – Imperial scholar
  • Li Dongyang (1447–1516) – Imperial officer, poet, served as 'Grand Historian'
  • Ni Yuanlu (1593–1644) – Calligrapher, painter, high-ranking official
  • Wu Renchen (1628–1689) – Historian and mathematician
  • Zhang Tingyu (1672–1755) – Politician and historian
  • Ji Xiaolan (1724–1805) – Scholar, poet (Editor in Chief of the Siku Quanshu)
  • Yao Nai (1731–1815) – Scholar
  • Gao E (1738–1815) – Scholar and editor
  • He Changling (1785–1848) – Scholar and official
  • Zeng Guofan (1811–1872) – Scholar and later key military official
  • Chen Lanbin (1816–1895) – Diplomat (ambassador to the U.S., Spain and Peru)
  • Weng Tonghe (1830–1904) – Imperial Tutor
  • Cai Yuanpei (1868–1940) – Educator
  • Qu Hongji (1850–1918) – Politician

Bureau of Translators

Subordinated to the Hanlin Academy was the Bureau of Translators (Chinese: 四夷館/四译館; pinyin: Sìyí Guǎn/Sìyì Guǎn; Wade–Giles: Szu4-i2 Kuan3/Szu4-i4 Kuan3).[1] Founded by the Ming dynasty in 1407, after the first expedition of Zheng He to the Indian Ocean, the Bureau dealt with the memorials delivered by foreign ambassadors and trained foreign language specialists. It included departments for many languages[2] such as the Jurchen,[3][4][5] "Tartar" (Mongol),[6][7][8][9] Korean,[10] Ryukyuan, Japanese,[11] [12] Tibetan,[13] "Huihui" (the "Muslim" language, Persian)[6][14][15][16] Vietnamese[17] and Burmese languages,[17][18] as well as for the languages of the "various barbarian tribes" (Bai yi 百夷, i.e., Shan ethnic groups on China's southwestern borders), "Gaochang" (people of Turfan, i.e. Old Uyghur language),[6][15][19][20][21][22][23] and Xitian (西天; (Sanskrit, spoken in India)). In 1511 and 1579 departments for the languages of Ba bai (八百; Lao) and Thai were added, respectively.[24] A Malay language vocabulary (Manlajia Guan Yiyu) 滿剌加館譯語 (Words-list of Melaka Kingdom) for the Malay spoken in the Malacca Sultanate was compiled.[25][26][27][28][29] A Cham language vocabulary 占城館 was created for the language spoken in the Champa Kingdom.[30][31]

When the Qing dynasty revived the Ming Siyiguan 四夷館, the Manchus, who "were sensitive to references to barbarians", changed the name from yi 夷 "barbarian" to yi 彝 "Yi people", and changed the Shan exonym from Baiyi 百夷 "hundred barbarians" to Baiyi 百譯 "hundred translations".[32]

The later Tongwen Guan set up by the Qing dynasty for translating western languages was subordinated to the Zongli Yamen and not the Hanlin.

1900 fire

The Hanlin Academy in 1744, after a renovation under the Qianlong Emperor

The Beijing Hanlin Academy and its library were severely damaged in a fire during the siege of the Foreign Legations in Peking (now known as Beijing) in 1900 by the Kansu Braves while fighting against the Eight-Nation Alliance. On June 24, the fire spread to the Academy:

The old buildings burned like tinder with a roar which drowned the steady rattle of musketry as Tung Fu-shiang's Moslems fired wildly through the smoke from upper windows.

Some of the incendiaries were shot down, but the buildings were an inferno and the old trees standing round them blazed like torches.

An attempt was made to save the famous Yung Lo Ta Tien, but heaps of volumes had been destroyed, so the attempt was given up.

— eyewitness Lancelot Giles, son of Herbert Giles[33]

Many ancient texts were destroyed by the flames.[34]

The Academy operated continuously until its closure during the 1911 Xinhai Revolution.

See also

References

  1. ^ Wild, Norman. 1945. "Materials for the Study of the Ssŭ I Kuan 四 夷 譯 館 (bureau of Translators)". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London 11 (3). Cambridge University Press: 617–40. https://www.jstor.org/stable/609340.
  2. ^ http://www.lib.cam.ac.uk/mulu/fb645.html
  3. ^ Shou-p'ing Wu Ko (1855). Translation (by A. Wylie) of the Ts'ing wan k'e mung, a Chinese grammar of the Manchu Tartar language (by Woo Kĭh Show-ping, revised and ed. by Ching Ming-yuen Pei-ho) with intr. notes on Manchu literature. pp. xix–.
  4. ^ Translation of the Ts'ing wan k'e mung, a Chinese Grammar of the Manchu Tartar Language; with introductory notes on Manchu Literature: (translated by A. Wylie.). Mission Press. 1855. pp. xix–.
  5. ^ de Lacouperie, Terrien. 1889. "The Djurtchen of Mandshuria: Their Name, Language, and Literature". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland 21 (2). Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland: 1. https://www.jstor.org/stable/25208941.
  6. ^ a b c Morris Rossabi (28 November 2014). From Yuan to Modern China and Mongolia: The Writings of Morris Rossabi. BRILL. pp. 98–. ISBN 978-90-04-28529-3.
  7. ^ Shou-p'ing Wu Ko (1855). Translation (by A. Wylie) of the Ts'ing wan k'e mung, a Chinese grammar of the Manchu Tartar language (by Woo Kĭh Show-ping, revised and ed. by Ching Ming-yuen Pei-ho) with intr. notes on Manchu literature. pp. xxvi–.
  8. ^ Alexander Wylie; Henri Cordier (1897). Chinese Researches. pp. 261–. termed 1407 certain number of students were appointed by imperial authority instructed in knowledge writing language tribes.
  9. ^ Translation of the Ts'ing wan k'e mung, a Chinese Grammar of the Manchu Tartar Language; with introductory notes on Manchu Literature: (translated by A. Wylie.). Mission Press. 1855. pp. xxvi–.
  10. ^ Ogura, S.. 1926. "A Corean Vocabulary". Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London 4 (1). Cambridge University Press: 1–10. https://www.jstor.org/stable/607397.
  11. ^ Mai, Yun (2005). "漢語歷史音韻研究中的 一些方法問題 [Some Methodological Problems in Chinese Phonetics]" (PDF). 浙江大学汉语史研究中心简报 [The Briefing News of Research Center for History of Chinese Language]. 18 (2). Retrieved 24 May 2020.
  12. ^ Chiu, Chichu (21 December 2012). 中國翻譯史學會論文投稿： 16世紀日本譯語的出版及傳抄 [The Publishing and Writing of Chinese-Japanese Dictionary in the 16th Century]. 書寫中國翻譯史：第五屆中國譯學新芽研討會 [Writing Chinese Translation History: Fifth Young Researchers’ Conference on Chinese Translation Studies] (in Chinese). Retrieved 24 May 2020.
  13. ^ Lotze, Johannes S. (2016). Translation of Empire: Mongol Legacy, Language Policy, and the Early Ming World Order, 1368-1453 (PDF) (PhD). Retrieved 24 May 2020.
  14. ^ Hecker, Felicia J.. 1993. "A Fifteenth-century Chinese Diplomat in Herat". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 3 (1). Cambridge University Press: 91–93. https://www.jstor.org/stable/25182641?seq=7.
  15. ^ a b Morris Rossabi (28 November 2014). From Yuan to Modern China and Mongolia: The Writings of Morris Rossabi. BRILL. pp. 94–. ISBN 978-90-04-28529-3.
  16. ^ p. 5.
  17. ^ a b "Thông báo về việc các GS Nhật Bản sang trao đổi khoa học, tham gia đào tạo cao học Hán Nôm" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-09. Retrieved 2016-01-22.
  18. ^ http://c.sou-yun.com/eBooks/四庫之外/華夷譯語%20明%20火原潔撰/二.pdf
  19. ^ Association for Asian Studies. Ming Biographical History Project Committee; Luther Carrington Goodrich (15 October 1976). Dictionary of Ming biography, 1368–1644. Columbia University Press. pp. 1042, 1126.
  20. ^ Heinrich Julius Klaproth (January 1985). Abhandlung über die Sprache und Schrift der Uiguren. Buske Verlag. pp. 6–. ISBN 978-3-87118-710-0.
  21. ^ Heinrich Julius Klaproth (1820). Abhandlungen über die Sprache und Schrift der Uiguren. pp. 6–.
  22. ^ Heinrich Julius von Klaproth (1820). Abhandlung über die Sprache und Schrift der Uiguren, nebst einem Wörterverzeichnisse und anderen uigurischen Sprachproben (etc.). Königl. Dr. pp. 6–.
  23. ^ Heinrich Julius Klaproth (1812). Abhandlung über die Sprache und Schrift der Uiguren. pp. 41–.
  24. ^ Norman Wild (1945), "Materials for the Study of the Ssŭ i Kuan 四夷(譯)館 (Bureau of Translators)", Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, 11 (3): 617–640, doi:10.1017/s0041977x00072311, JSTOR 609340; pp. 617-618.
  25. ^ Vladimir Braginsky (18 March 2014). Classical Civilizations of South-East Asia. Routledge. pp. 366–. ISBN 978-1-136-84879-7.
  26. ^ Edwards, E. D., and C. O. Blagden. 1931. "A Chinese Vocabulary of Malacca Malay Words and Phrases Collected Between A. D. 1403 and 1511 (?)". Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London 6 (3). [Cambridge University Press, School of Oriental and African Studies]: 715–49. https://www.jstor.org/stable/607205.
  27. ^ C. O. B.. 1939. "Corrigenda and Addenda: A Chinese Vocabulary of Malacca Malay Words and Phrases Collected Between A. D. 1403 and 1511 (?)". Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London 10 (1). Cambridge University Press. https://www.jstor.org/stable/607921.
  28. ^ Phyllis Ghim-Lian Chew (7 December 2012). A Sociolinguistic History of Early Identities in Singapore: From Colonialism to Nationalism. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 79–. ISBN 978-1-137-01233-3.
  29. ^ Donald F. Lach (15 January 2010). Asia in the Making of Europe, Volume II: A Century of Wonder. Book 3: The Scholarly Disciplines. University of Chicago Press. pp. 493–. ISBN 978-0-226-46713-9.
  30. ^ Edwards, E. D., and C. O. Blagden. 1939. "A Chinese Vocabulary of Cham Words and Phrases". Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London 10 (1). Cambridge University Press: 53–91. https://www.jstor.org/stable/607926.
  31. ^ Vladimir Braginsky (18 March 2014). Classical Civilizations of South-East Asia. Routledge. pp. 398–. ISBN 978-1-136-84879-7.
  32. ^ Wild (1945), p. 620.
  33. ^ "BOXER REBELLION // CHINA 1900". HISTORIK ORDERS, LTD WEBSITE. Archived from the original on February 12, 2005. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
  34. ^ Diana Preston (1999). The Boxer Rebellion: The Dramatic Story of China's War on Foreigners That Shook the World in the Summer of 1900. pp. 138–140. ISBN 0-8027-1361-0.

Further reading

Foreign language vocabularies

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