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{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2011}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox city Japan
{{Infobox city Japan
| name = Taiji
| name = Taiji
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{{nihongo|'''Taiji'''|太地町|Taiji-chō}} is a [[List of towns in Japan|town]] located in [[Higashimuro District, Wakayama|Higashimuro District]], [[Wakayama Prefecture]], [[Japan]].
{{nihongo|'''Taiji'''|太地町|Taiji-chō}} is a [[List of towns in Japan|town]] located in [[Higashimuro District, Wakayama|Higashimuro District]], [[Wakayama Prefecture]], [[Japan]].


As of March 31, 2011, the town had an estimated [[population]] of 3,428<ref>[http://www.town.taiji.wakayama.jp/tyousei/%E5%A4%AA%E5%9C%B0%E7%94%BA%E7%B5%A6%E4%B8%8E%E3%83%BB%E5%AE%9A%E5%93%A1%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E3%81%AB%E3%81%A4%E3%81%84%E3%81%A6%EF%BC%88%E5%B9%B3%E6%88%9024%E5%B9%B4%E5%BA%A6%EF%BC%89%281%29.pdf Taiji Town Hall statistics].</ref> and a [[population density]] of 541 persons per km<sup>2</sup>. The total area is 5.96&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>. Taiji is the smallest local government by area in Wakayama Prefecture because, unlike others, it has not experienced a merger since 1889, when the village of Moriura was merged into Taiji. Taiji shares its entire overland border with the town of [[Nachikatsuura, Wakayama|Nachikatsuura]] and faces the [[Pacific Ocean]].
As of 31 March 2011, the town had an estimated [[population]] of 3,428<ref>[http://www.town.taiji.wakayama.jp/tyousei/%E5%A4%AA%E5%9C%B0%E7%94%BA%E7%B5%A6%E4%B8%8E%E3%83%BB%E5%AE%9A%E5%93%A1%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E3%81%AB%E3%81%A4%E3%81%84%E3%81%A6%EF%BC%88%E5%B9%B3%E6%88%9024%E5%B9%B4%E5%BA%A6%EF%BC%89%281%29.pdf Taiji Town Hall statistics].</ref> and a [[population density]] of 541 persons per km<sup>2</sup>. The total area is 5.96&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>. Taiji is the smallest local government by area in Wakayama Prefecture because, unlike others, it has not experienced a merger since 1889, when the village of Moriura was merged into Taiji. Taiji shares its entire overland border with the town of [[Nachikatsuura, Wakayama|Nachikatsuura]] and faces the [[Pacific Ocean]].


Taiji has long been well known as a whaling town and spearheaded the development of more sophisticated whaling techniques in the 17th century. In 1988, a ruling by the International Whaling Commission (IWC) caused Taiji to suspend commercial whaling. However, the town continues to hunt small whales and dolphins. [[Taiji dolphin drive hunt|Taiji's annual dolphin hunt]] is a subject of controversy and the town faces continued pressure from protest groups.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/sep/14/dolphin-slaughter-hunting-japan-taiji | work=The Guardian | location=London | title=Dolphin slaughter turns sea red as Japan hunting season returns | first=Justin | last=McCurry | date=2009-09-14 | accessdate=2010-05-24}}</ref>
Taiji has long been well known as a whaling town and spearheaded the development of more sophisticated whaling techniques in the 17th century. In 1988, a ruling by the International Whaling Commission (IWC) caused Taiji to suspend commercial whaling. However, the town continues to hunt small whales and dolphins. [[Taiji dolphin drive hunt|Taiji's annual dolphin hunt]] is a subject of controversy and the town faces continued pressure from protest groups.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/sep/14/dolphin-slaughter-hunting-japan-taiji | work=The Guardian | location=London | title=Dolphin slaughter turns sea red as Japan hunting season returns | first=Justin | last=McCurry | date=2009-09-14 | accessdate=2010-05-24}}</ref>
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== History ==
== History ==
{{See also|Whaling in Japan}}
{{See also|Whaling in Japan}}
Taiji has been primarily known as a whaling town.<ref>Sowa, Frank: [http://rsm.czasopisma.pan.pl/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1187:no-xxiii-2014&catid=61:wydania&Itemid=183 Seaside Communities in Crisis: On the Construction of Collective Identity in a Japanese Whaling Town after the Moratorium], in: ''Annuals of Marine Sociology/Roczniki Socjologii Morskiej'', Jg. XXIII (2014), 21-35.</ref> Japanese traditional whaling techniques were developed here in the 17th century, and the commercial hunting and catching of [[dolphin]]s remains a major source of income for its residents to this day.<ref>{{cite news|last=Harnell |first=Boyd |url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2007/08/01/life/taiji-officials-dolphin-meat-toxic-waste/ |title=Taiji officials: Dolphin meat 'toxic waste' |publisher=The Japan Times Online |date=August 1, 2007 |accessdate=2014-04-26}}</ref> [[Wada Chūbei]] organized the group hunting system (刺手組) and introduced a new handheld harpoon in 1606. [[Wada Kakuemon]], later known as Taiji Kakuemon, invented the whaling net technique called ''Amitori hō'' (網取法) to increase the safety and efficiency of whaling. This method was applied for more than 200 years.
Taiji has been primarily known as a whaling town.<ref>Sowa, Frank: [http://rsm.czasopisma.pan.pl/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1187:no-xxiii-2014&catid=61:wydania&Itemid=183 Seaside Communities in Crisis: On the Construction of Collective Identity in a Japanese Whaling Town after the Moratorium], in: ''Annuals of Marine Sociology/Roczniki Socjologii Morskiej'', Jg. XXIII (2014), 21-35.</ref> Japanese traditional whaling techniques were developed here in the 17th century, and the commercial hunting and catching of [[dolphin]]s remains a major source of income for its residents to this day.<ref>{{cite news|last=Harnell |first=Boyd |url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2007/08/01/life/taiji-officials-dolphin-meat-toxic-waste/ |title=Taiji officials: Dolphin meat 'toxic waste' |publisher=The Japan Times Online |date=1 August 2007 |accessdate=2014-04-26}}</ref> [[Wada Chūbei]] organized the group hunting system (刺手組) and introduced a new handheld harpoon in 1606. [[Wada Kakuemon]], later known as Taiji Kakuemon, invented the whaling net technique called ''Amitori hō'' (網取法) to increase the safety and efficiency of whaling. This method was applied for more than 200 years.


The people of Taiji experienced great loss and economic hardship after an incident in 1878, when a large group of whalers were lost at sea while hunting a whale. The whale was harpooned, but was strong enough to pull the whaling boats out to sea (a "[[Nantucket sleigh ride]]"). Refusing to cut the whale loose until it was too late, many whalers drowned or were otherwise adrift and lost at sea as a result. Around one hundred whalers died in the course of this event.<ref>C. W. Nicol (1979), [http://luna.pos.to/whale/jwa_taiji.html Taiji - Winds of Change], article retrieved 6 February 2008.</ref> After the [[Russo-Japanese War]], Taiji's whaling industry became buoyant again as it became a base for modern whaling. When the practice of [[Whaling in the Antarctic|Antarctic whaling]] started, Taiji provided crews for the whaling fleet.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.simetani.com/old-hogei.htm |script-title=ja:懐かしの商業捕鯨フォトギャラリー |publisher=Simetani.com |date= |accessdate=2014-04-26 |language=ja |trans-title=Commercial whaling photo gallery of nostalgia}}</ref> In 1988, Taiji suspended commercial whaling as a result of a ruling by the [[International Whaling Commission]] (IWC).
The people of Taiji experienced great loss and economic hardship after an incident in 1878, when a large group of whalers were lost at sea while hunting a whale. The whale was harpooned, but was strong enough to pull the whaling boats out to sea (a "[[Nantucket sleigh ride]]"). Refusing to cut the whale loose until it was too late, many whalers drowned or were otherwise adrift and lost at sea as a result. Around one hundred whalers died in the course of this event.<ref>C. W. Nicol (1979), [http://luna.pos.to/whale/jwa_taiji.html Taiji - Winds of Change], article retrieved 6 February 2008.</ref> After the [[Russo-Japanese War]], Taiji's whaling industry became buoyant again as it became a base for modern whaling. When the practice of [[Whaling in the Antarctic|Antarctic whaling]] started, Taiji provided crews for the whaling fleet.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.simetani.com/old-hogei.htm |script-title=ja:懐かしの商業捕鯨フォトギャラリー |publisher=Simetani.com |accessdate=2014-04-26 |language=ja |trans-title=Commercial whaling photo gallery of nostalgia}}</ref> In 1988, Taiji suspended commercial whaling as a result of a ruling by the [[International Whaling Commission]] (IWC).


=== Dolphin drive hunting ===
=== Dolphin drive hunting ===
{{Main article|Taiji dolphin drive hunt}}
{{Main|Taiji dolphin drive hunt}}
Whalers from the town of Taiji continue to hunt small whales such as [[Melon-headed whale|melon-headed]] and [[pilot whales]] as well as dolphins, commercial activities which are not regulated by the [[International Whaling Commission]]. Whalers from Taiji also participate in the annual hunt for [[minke whale]]s<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.simetani.com/taijidayori.htm |script-title=ja:太地便り |publisher=Simetani.com |date= |accessdate=2014-04-26 |language=ja|trans-title=Taiji will share}}</ref> which is sanctioned under IWC regulations for scientific purposes. According to the [[Fisheries Research Agency]], 1,623 dolphins were caught in Wakayama Prefecture; this figure represents about 13% of the total national dolphin catch for that year.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20090825a2.html|last= Matsutani |first= Minoru| title=Taiji told to stop dolphin carnage or sister ties end|date=25 August 2009|publisher=[[The Japan Times]]|accessdate=10 August 2011}}</ref> In 2008, 1,484 dolphins and whales were caught. In 2009, 2,317 dolphins and whales were caught, just under the town's self-imposed quota of 2,400.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.japanprobe.com/2009/09/09/taiji-dolphin-hunt-begins-about-100-dolphins-and-50-pilot-whales-driven-into-cove/ |title=Taiji dolphin hunt begins: about 100 dolphins and 50 pilot whales driven into cove |publisher=Japan Probe |date=9 September 2009 |accessdate=10 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100903092627/http://www.japanprobe.com/2009/09/09/taiji-dolphin-hunt-begins-about-100-dolphins-and-50-pilot-whales-driven-into-cove/ |archivedate=3 September 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
Whalers from the town of Taiji continue to hunt small whales such as [[Melon-headed whale|melon-headed]] and [[pilot whales]] as well as dolphins, commercial activities which are not regulated by the [[International Whaling Commission]]. Whalers from Taiji also participate in the annual hunt for [[minke whale]]s<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.simetani.com/taijidayori.htm |script-title=ja:太地便り |publisher=Simetani.com |accessdate=2014-04-26 |language=ja|trans-title=Taiji will share}}</ref> which is sanctioned under IWC regulations for scientific purposes. According to the [[Fisheries Research Agency]], 1,623 dolphins were caught in Wakayama Prefecture; this figure represents about 13% of the total national dolphin catch for that year.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20090825a2.html|last= Matsutani |first= Minoru| title=Taiji told to stop dolphin carnage or sister ties end|date=25 August 2009|work=[[The Japan Times]]|accessdate=10 August 2011}}</ref> In 2008, 1,484 dolphins and whales were caught. In 2009, 2,317 dolphins and whales were caught, just under the town's self-imposed quota of 2,400.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.japanprobe.com/2009/09/09/taiji-dolphin-hunt-begins-about-100-dolphins-and-50-pilot-whales-driven-into-cove/ |title=Taiji dolphin hunt begins: about 100 dolphins and 50 pilot whales driven into cove |publisher=Japan Probe |date=9 September 2009 |accessdate=10 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100903092627/http://www.japanprobe.com/2009/09/09/taiji-dolphin-hunt-begins-about-100-dolphins-and-50-pilot-whales-driven-into-cove/ |archivedate=3 September 2010}}</ref>


===Documentary===
===Documentary===
[[Taiji dolphin drive hunt|The town's annual dolphin drive hunt]] was featured in the 2009 Oscar-winning documentary ''[[The Cove (film)|The Cove]]''. Some people who appeared in the film, including Taiji assemblyman Hisato Ryono, have stated that the documentary's producers lied to them about the film's intended content.<ref>{{Cite news|last= Alabaster |first= Jay |title= ''Cove'' Oscar Won't End Taiji Dolphin Kill | url= http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20100310a4.html |agency= [[Associated Press]] |newspaper= Japan Times |date= 20 March 2010 |page= 2 |accessdate= }}</ref> Since the film's release, more activists than before, many from outside Japan, have gone to Taiji to observe or protest the annual dolphin slaughter which usually begins in September 1 and continues through the end of February. As a result, the town announced in July 2011 that it was reinforcing its police presence at the cove where the killings take place by operating a 24-hour, 10-man [[kōban]] in order to prevent confrontations between activists and locals.<ref>{{Cite news| title= Taiji to beef up police for hunt |url= http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20110721b2.html | agency= [[Kyodo News]] |newspaper =[[The Japan Times]] |date= 21 July 2011 |page=2 |accessdate= 20 July 2011 }}</ref>
[[Taiji dolphin drive hunt|The town's annual dolphin drive hunt]] was featured in the 2009 Oscar-winning documentary ''[[The Cove (film)|The Cove]]''. Some people who appeared in the film, including Taiji assemblyman Hisato Ryono, have stated that the documentary's producers lied to them about the film's intended content.<ref>{{Cite news|last= Alabaster |first= Jay |title= ''Cove'' Oscar Won't End Taiji Dolphin Kill | url= http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20100310a4.html |agency= [[Associated Press]] |newspaper= Japan Times |date= 20 March 2010 |page= 2 }}</ref> Since the film's release, more activists than before, many from outside Japan, have gone to Taiji to observe or protest the annual dolphin slaughter which usually begins in 1 September and continues through the end of February. As a result, the town announced in July 2011 that it was reinforcing its police presence at the cove where the killings take place by operating a 24-hour, 10-man [[kōban]] in order to prevent confrontations between activists and locals.<ref>{{Cite news| title= Taiji to beef up police for hunt |url= http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20110721b2.html | agency= [[Kyodo News]] |newspaper =[[The Japan Times]] |date= 21 July 2011 |page=2 |accessdate= 20 July 2011 }}</ref>


== Sightseeing ==
== Sightseeing ==
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=== Festivals ===
=== Festivals ===
Taiji's summer festival is called the Taiji Isana Festival that is held annually on 14 August.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.simetani.com/event08.htm |script-title=ja:太地の出来事2008年 |publisher=Simetani.com |date= |accessdate=2014-04-26 |language=ja}}</ref> ''Isana'' is an old Japanese word for whales. Its annual autumn festival is the ''Taiji Kujira Matsuri'' ("Taiji Whale Festival"), held on the first Sunday of November. Both festivals are heavily whale-themed and the attractions include the ''Kujira Odori'' ("whale dance") and the ''Kujira Daiko'' ("whale drumming"). The Kujira Odori is a traditional dance that whalers performed in the past to celebrate a good catch. This dance is unique, as the dancers only move their upper bodies as they dance sitting in whaling boats. It is identified as intangible cultural heritage by Wakayama Prefecture.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.pref.wakayama.lg.jp/prefg/500700/mokuroku/mokuroku/kenminzoku.html |script-title=ja:県指定文化財・民俗文化財 |publisher=Pref.wakayama.lg.jp |accessdate=2014-04-26 |language=ja |trans-title=Folk Cultural Property Prefecture designated cultural property |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090601185345/http://www.pref.wakayama.lg.jp/prefg/500700/mokuroku/mokuroku/kenminzoku.html |archivedate=1 June 2009 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The Kujira Daiko is also traditional and its performance describes a battle between a large whale and small whaling boats.
Taiji's summer festival is called the Taiji Isana Festival that is held annually on 14 August.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.simetani.com/event08.htm |script-title=ja:太地の出来事2008年 |publisher=Simetani.com |accessdate=2014-04-26 |language=ja}}</ref> ''Isana'' is an old Japanese word for whales. Its annual autumn festival is the ''Taiji Kujira Matsuri'' ("Taiji Whale Festival"), held on the first Sunday of November. Both festivals are heavily whale-themed and the attractions include the ''Kujira Odori'' ("whale dance") and the ''Kujira Daiko'' ("whale drumming"). The Kujira Odori is a traditional dance that whalers performed in the past to celebrate a good catch. This dance is unique, as the dancers only move their upper bodies as they dance sitting in whaling boats. It is identified as intangible cultural heritage by Wakayama Prefecture.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.pref.wakayama.lg.jp/prefg/500700/mokuroku/mokuroku/kenminzoku.html |script-title=ja:県指定文化財・民俗文化財 |publisher=Pref.wakayama.lg.jp |accessdate=2014-04-26 |language=ja |trans-title=Folk Cultural Property Prefecture designated cultural property |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090601185345/http://www.pref.wakayama.lg.jp/prefg/500700/mokuroku/mokuroku/kenminzoku.html |archivedate=1 June 2009}}</ref> The Kujira Daiko is also traditional and its performance describes a battle between a large whale and small whaling boats.


== Transportation ==
== Transportation ==
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==Mercury concerns==
==Mercury concerns==
In 2009, hair samples from 1,137 Taiji residents were tested for [[Mercury (element)|mercury]] by the National Institute for [[Minamata disease|Minamata Disease]] (NIMD). The average amount of [[methylmercury]] found in the hair samples was 11.0 parts per million for men and 6.63 ppm for women, compared with an average of 2.47 ppm for men and 1.64 ppm for women in tests conducted in 14 other locations in Japan. From the total population, 182 Taiji residents who showed relatively high mercury levels over 7.2 ppm, including 18 men and 5 women over 50 ppm, underwent further medical testing to check for neurological symptoms of mercury poisoning.<ref>"http://www.nimd.go.jp/kenkyu/report/20100427_taiji_report.pdf"</ref> None of the Taiji residents displayed any of the traditional symptoms of mercury poisoning, according to the Institute.<ref>Matsutani, Minoru, "[http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20100510a1.html Taiji locals test high for mercury: In surprise, experts fail to discover any signs of illness]", ''[[The Japan Times]]'', 10 May 2010, p. 1.</ref><ref>Matsutani, Minoru, "[http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20100510a2.html Most Taiji residents rest easy, refuse to change diet]", ''[[The Japan Times]]'', 10 May 2010, p. 2.</ref> However, the ''Japan Times'' reported that the mortality rate for Taiji and nearby [[Kozagawa]], where dolphin meat is also consumed, is over 50% higher in comparison to some other similarly sized villages in other regions of Japan.<ref>Harnell, Boyd, "[http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/fe20100523a1.html Experts fear Taiji mercury tests are fatally flawed]", ''[[Japan Times]]'', 23 May 2010, p. 12.</ref> However, the study makes no mention of specific causes of death nor does it mention relevant age demographics: as Taiji has 1,225 elderly residents (aged 65 years or older)<ref>{{cite web|title= Taiji, Wakayama |work= Jinko Watcher|language= Japanese |url= http://www.jinko-watch.com/shicho/1422.html|date =2010–2011|accessdate= 14 January 2012 }}</ref> and Kozagawa has 1,531 elderly residents,<ref>{{Citation| title= Kozagawa, Wakayama | work= Jinko Watcher |url= http://www.jinko-watch.com/shicho/1423.html |date= 2010–2011 |accessdate=14 January 2012}}</ref> both towns have more elderly residents, up to twice as many, as towns mentioned in the study, such as [[Hiezu, Tottori|Hiezuson, Tottori]] (699).<ref>{{cite web|title= Hiezuson, Tottori |work= Jinko Watcher | language= Japanese| url= http://www.jinko-watch.com/shicho/1438.html |date= 2010–2011|accessdate= 14 January 2012}}</ref>
In 2009, hair samples from 1,137 Taiji residents were tested for [[Mercury (element)|mercury]] by the National Institute for [[Minamata disease|Minamata Disease]] (NIMD). The average amount of [[methylmercury]] found in the hair samples was 11.0 parts per million for men and 6.63 ppm for women, compared with an average of 2.47 ppm for men and 1.64 ppm for women in tests conducted in 14 other locations in Japan. From the total population, 182 Taiji residents who showed relatively high mercury levels over 7.2 ppm, including 18 men and 5 women over 50 ppm, underwent further medical testing to check for neurological symptoms of mercury poisoning.<ref>"http://www.nimd.go.jp/kenkyu/report/20100427_taiji_report.pdf"</ref> None of the Taiji residents displayed any of the traditional symptoms of mercury poisoning, according to the institute.<ref>Matsutani, Minoru, "[http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20100510a1.html Taiji locals test high for mercury: In surprise, experts fail to discover any signs of illness]", ''[[The Japan Times]]'', 10 May 2010, p. 1.</ref><ref>Matsutani, Minoru, "[http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20100510a2.html Most Taiji residents rest easy, refuse to change diet]", ''[[The Japan Times]]'', 10 May 2010, p. 2.</ref> However, the ''Japan Times'' reported that the mortality rate for Taiji and nearby [[Kozagawa]], where dolphin meat is also consumed, is over 50% higher in comparison to some other similarly sized villages in other regions of Japan.<ref>Harnell, Boyd, "[http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/fe20100523a1.html Experts fear Taiji mercury tests are fatally flawed]", ''[[Japan Times]]'', 23 May 2010, p. 12.</ref> However, the study makes no mention of specific causes of death nor does it mention relevant age demographics: as Taiji has 1,225 elderly residents (aged 65 years or older)<ref>{{cite web|title= Taiji, Wakayama |work= Jinko Watcher|language= Japanese |url= http://www.jinko-watch.com/shicho/1422.html|date =2010–2011|accessdate= 14 January 2012 }}</ref> and Kozagawa has 1,531 elderly residents,<ref>{{Citation| title= Kozagawa, Wakayama | work= Jinko Watcher |url= http://www.jinko-watch.com/shicho/1423.html |date= 2010–2011 |accessdate=14 January 2012}}</ref> both towns have more elderly residents, up to twice as many, as towns mentioned in the study, such as [[Hiezu, Tottori|Hiezuson, Tottori]] (699).<ref>{{cite web|title= Hiezuson, Tottori |work= Jinko Watcher | language= Japanese| url= http://www.jinko-watch.com/shicho/1438.html |date= 2010–2011|accessdate= 14 January 2012}}</ref>


The chief of the NIMD, Kōji Okamoto, said, "We presume that the high mercury concentrations are due to the intake of dolphin and [[whale meat]]. There were not any particular cases of damaged health, but seeing as how there were some especially high concentration levels found, we would like to continue conducting surveys here."<ref>[http://www.yomidr.yomiuri.co.jp/page.jsp?id=24664] [[Yomiuri Shimbun]] 10 May 2010 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727235724/http://www.yomidr.yomiuri.co.jp/page.jsp?id=24664|date=27 July 2011}}</ref>
The chief of the NIMD, Kōji Okamoto, said, "We presume that the high mercury concentrations are due to the intake of dolphin and [[whale meat]]. There were not any particular cases of damaged health, but seeing as how there were some especially high concentration levels found, we would like to continue conducting surveys here."<ref>[http://www.yomidr.yomiuri.co.jp/page.jsp?id=24664] [[Yomiuri Shimbun]] 10 May 2010 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727235724/http://www.yomidr.yomiuri.co.jp/page.jsp?id=24664|date=27 July 2011}}</ref>


NIMD ran further tests in 2010 and 2011. Hair from 700 Taiji residents were tested for mercury; 117 males and 77 females who showed over 10 ppm underwent further neurological tests. Again, no participant displayed any signs of mercury poisoning.<ref>"[http://mytown.asahi.com/wakayama/news.php?k_id=31000001205310003 Taiji residents relieved to hear 'it's safe' again]", ''[[Asahi Shimbun]]'', 31 May 2012.</ref> In August 2012, a research project to investigate the health effects of mercury on children was launched by NIMD.<ref>"[http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/e-japan/wakayama/news/20120806-OYT8T01355.htm Investigation of mercury health effect on elementary school children in Taiji]", ''[[Yomiuri Shinbun]]'', 7 Aug 2012.</ref>
NIMD ran further tests in 2010 and 2011. Hair from 700 Taiji residents were tested for mercury; 117 males and 77 females who showed over 10 ppm underwent further neurological tests. Again, no participant displayed any signs of mercury poisoning.<ref>"[http://mytown.asahi.com/wakayama/news.php?k_id=31000001205310003 Taiji residents relieved to hear 'it's safe' again]", ''[[Asahi Shimbun]]'', 31 May 2012.</ref> In August 2012, a research project to investigate the health effects of mercury on children was launched by NIMD.<ref>"[http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/e-japan/wakayama/news/20120806-OYT8T01355.htm Investigation of mercury health effect on elementary school children in Taiji]", ''[[Yomiuri Shinbun]]'', 7 August 2012.</ref>


== Sister cities ==
== Sister cities ==
* {{flagicon|AUS}} – [[Broome, Western Australia]] (Australia), since 1981; suspended by the Broome city council in August 2009 in protest against the annual dolphin slaughter.<ref name="jt20090825">{{cite news|url=http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20090825a2.html|title=Taiji told to stop dolphin carnage or sister ties end|date=25 August 2009|publisher=[[The Japan Times]]|accessdate=25 August 2009}}</ref> The decision on suspension was reversed in October 2009.<ref name="The Japan Times">{{cite news|title=Australian town embraces Taiji again|date=15 October 2009|accessdate=21 October 2014|work=|publisher=[[The Japan Times]]|url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2009/10/15/national/australian-town-embraces-taiji-again/#.VEbnZHyevv4}}</ref> Historic ties between the two towns date back to the early 1900s when Japan became instrumental in laying the groundwork of Broome's pearling industry.<ref name="The Japan Times"/>
* {{flagicon|AUS}} – [[Broome, Western Australia]] (Australia), since 1981; suspended by the Broome city council in August 2009 in protest against the annual dolphin slaughter.<ref name="jt20090825">{{cite news|url=http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20090825a2.html|title=Taiji told to stop dolphin carnage or sister ties end|date=25 August 2009|work=[[The Japan Times]]|accessdate=25 August 2009}}</ref> The decision on suspension was reversed in October 2009.<ref name="The Japan Times">{{cite news|title=Australian town embraces Taiji again|date=15 October 2009|accessdate=21 October 2014|work=[[The Japan Times]]|url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2009/10/15/national/australian-town-embraces-taiji-again/#.VEbnZHyevv4}}</ref> Historic ties between the two towns date back to the early 1900s when Japan became instrumental in laying the groundwork of Broome's pearling industry.<ref name="The Japan Times"/>
* {{flagicon|JPN}} – [[Hakuba, Nagano]] (Japan), since 1984
* {{flagicon|JPN}} – [[Hakuba, Nagano]] (Japan), since 1984
* {{flagicon|FAR}} – [[Klaksvík]], [[Faroe Islands]], since 2018<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://local.fo/faroe-islands-make-japanese-friends/|title=Faroe Islands make Japanese friends|date=2018-01-22|work=Local.fo|access-date=2018-04-17}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|FAR}} – [[Klaksvík]], [[Faroe Islands]], since 2018<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://local.fo/faroe-islands-make-japanese-friends/|title=Faroe Islands make Japanese friends|date=2018-01-22|work=Local.fo|access-date=2018-04-17}}</ref>

Revision as of 07:36, 15 June 2020

Template:Infobox city Japan

Taiji (太地町, Taiji-chō) is a town located in Higashimuro District, Wakayama Prefecture, Japan.

As of 31 March 2011, the town had an estimated population of 3,428[1] and a population density of 541 persons per km2. The total area is 5.96 km2. Taiji is the smallest local government by area in Wakayama Prefecture because, unlike others, it has not experienced a merger since 1889, when the village of Moriura was merged into Taiji. Taiji shares its entire overland border with the town of Nachikatsuura and faces the Pacific Ocean.

Taiji has long been well known as a whaling town and spearheaded the development of more sophisticated whaling techniques in the 17th century. In 1988, a ruling by the International Whaling Commission (IWC) caused Taiji to suspend commercial whaling. However, the town continues to hunt small whales and dolphins. Taiji's annual dolphin hunt is a subject of controversy and the town faces continued pressure from protest groups.[2]

History

See also: Whaling in Japan

Taiji has been primarily known as a whaling town.[3] Japanese traditional whaling techniques were developed here in the 17th century, and the commercial hunting and catching of dolphins remains a major source of income for its residents to this day.[4] Wada Chūbei organized the group hunting system (刺手組) and introduced a new handheld harpoon in 1606. Wada Kakuemon, later known as Taiji Kakuemon, invented the whaling net technique called Amitori hō (網取法) to increase the safety and efficiency of whaling. This method was applied for more than 200 years.

The people of Taiji experienced great loss and economic hardship after an incident in 1878, when a large group of whalers were lost at sea while hunting a whale. The whale was harpooned, but was strong enough to pull the whaling boats out to sea (a "Nantucket sleigh ride"). Refusing to cut the whale loose until it was too late, many whalers drowned or were otherwise adrift and lost at sea as a result. Around one hundred whalers died in the course of this event.[5] After the Russo-Japanese War, Taiji's whaling industry became buoyant again as it became a base for modern whaling. When the practice of Antarctic whaling started, Taiji provided crews for the whaling fleet.[6] In 1988, Taiji suspended commercial whaling as a result of a ruling by the International Whaling Commission (IWC).

Dolphin drive hunting

Main article: Taiji dolphin drive hunt

Whalers from the town of Taiji continue to hunt small whales such as melon-headed and pilot whales as well as dolphins, commercial activities which are not regulated by the International Whaling Commission. Whalers from Taiji also participate in the annual hunt for minke whales[7] which is sanctioned under IWC regulations for scientific purposes. According to the Fisheries Research Agency, 1,623 dolphins were caught in Wakayama Prefecture; this figure represents about 13% of the total national dolphin catch for that year.[8] In 2008, 1,484 dolphins and whales were caught. In 2009, 2,317 dolphins and whales were caught, just under the town's self-imposed quota of 2,400.[9]

Documentary

The town's annual dolphin drive hunt was featured in the 2009 Oscar-winning documentary The Cove. Some people who appeared in the film, including Taiji assemblyman Hisato Ryono, have stated that the documentary's producers lied to them about the film's intended content.[10] Since the film's release, more activists than before, many from outside Japan, have gone to Taiji to observe or protest the annual dolphin slaughter which usually begins in 1 September and continues through the end of February. As a result, the town announced in July 2011 that it was reinforcing its police presence at the cove where the killings take place by operating a 24-hour, 10-man kōban in order to prevent confrontations between activists and locals.[11]

Sightseeing

Traditional whaling in Taiji, depicted in a maki-e in the Edo period

Museums

  • Taiji Whale Museum opened in 1969. It exhibits more than 1,000 items related to whales and whaling, including skeletal displays of several whale species. It keeps captive dolphins obtained by the Taiji dolphin drive hunt on display and uses the museum as a transfer station prior to distributing animals to dolphinariums worldwide.
  • Hiromitsu Ochiai Baseball Museum commemorates Japanese baseball player Hiromitsu Ochiai who won the Nippon Professional Baseball triple crown three times.
  • Ishigaki Museum commemorates painter Eitaro Ishigaki who hailed from Taiji. His wife Ayako founded the museum in 1991.

Onsens (hot springs)

There are two small-scale onsens (hot springs) in the town:

  • Taiji Onsen
  • Natsusa (or Nassa) Onsen

Festivals

Taiji's summer festival is called the Taiji Isana Festival that is held annually on 14 August.[12] Isana is an old Japanese word for whales. Its annual autumn festival is the Taiji Kujira Matsuri ("Taiji Whale Festival"), held on the first Sunday of November. Both festivals are heavily whale-themed and the attractions include the Kujira Odori ("whale dance") and the Kujira Daiko ("whale drumming"). The Kujira Odori is a traditional dance that whalers performed in the past to celebrate a good catch. This dance is unique, as the dancers only move their upper bodies as they dance sitting in whaling boats. It is identified as intangible cultural heritage by Wakayama Prefecture.[13] The Kujira Daiko is also traditional and its performance describes a battle between a large whale and small whaling boats.

Transportation

Railway

The Kisei Main Line of JR West runs through Taiji. Taiji Station is the only station in the town and is located just outside the Moriura area. A circular bus line connects the station with the tourist areas and the town hall. All Local trains and some Express trains stop at Taiji Station.

Roads

The main roads that run through Taiji are as follows:

Education

  • Taiji Elementary School
  • Taiji Junior High School

There are no high schools or universities.

Mercury concerns

In 2009, hair samples from 1,137 Taiji residents were tested for mercury by the National Institute for Minamata Disease (NIMD). The average amount of methylmercury found in the hair samples was 11.0 parts per million for men and 6.63 ppm for women, compared with an average of 2.47 ppm for men and 1.64 ppm for women in tests conducted in 14 other locations in Japan. From the total population, 182 Taiji residents who showed relatively high mercury levels over 7.2 ppm, including 18 men and 5 women over 50 ppm, underwent further medical testing to check for neurological symptoms of mercury poisoning.[14] None of the Taiji residents displayed any of the traditional symptoms of mercury poisoning, according to the institute.[15][16] However, the Japan Times reported that the mortality rate for Taiji and nearby Kozagawa, where dolphin meat is also consumed, is over 50% higher in comparison to some other similarly sized villages in other regions of Japan.[17] However, the study makes no mention of specific causes of death nor does it mention relevant age demographics: as Taiji has 1,225 elderly residents (aged 65 years or older)[18] and Kozagawa has 1,531 elderly residents,[19] both towns have more elderly residents, up to twice as many, as towns mentioned in the study, such as Hiezuson, Tottori (699).[20]

The chief of the NIMD, Kōji Okamoto, said, "We presume that the high mercury concentrations are due to the intake of dolphin and whale meat. There were not any particular cases of damaged health, but seeing as how there were some especially high concentration levels found, we would like to continue conducting surveys here."[21]

NIMD ran further tests in 2010 and 2011. Hair from 700 Taiji residents were tested for mercury; 117 males and 77 females who showed over 10 ppm underwent further neurological tests. Again, no participant displayed any signs of mercury poisoning.[22] In August 2012, a research project to investigate the health effects of mercury on children was launched by NIMD.[23]

Sister cities

  • Australia – Broome, Western Australia (Australia), since 1981; suspended by the Broome city council in August 2009 in protest against the annual dolphin slaughter.[24] The decision on suspension was reversed in October 2009.[25] Historic ties between the two towns date back to the early 1900s when Japan became instrumental in laying the groundwork of Broome's pearling industry.[25]
  • Japan – Hakuba, Nagano (Japan), since 1984
  • Faroe Islands – Klaksvík, Faroe Islands, since 2018[26]

Notable people

  • Eitaro Ishigaki (1893–1958), an American artist
  • Kiwako Taichi (1943–1992), an actress; originally her surname was pronounced Taiji, but she decided to pronounce it Taichi as a stage name.[27]

See also

References

  1. ^ Taiji Town Hall statistics.
  2. ^ McCurry, Justin (14 September 2009). "Dolphin slaughter turns sea red as Japan hunting season returns". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 24 May 2010.
  3. ^ Sowa, Frank: Seaside Communities in Crisis: On the Construction of Collective Identity in a Japanese Whaling Town after the Moratorium, in: Annuals of Marine Sociology/Roczniki Socjologii Morskiej, Jg. XXIII (2014), 21-35.
  4. ^ Harnell, Boyd (1 August 2007). "Taiji officials: Dolphin meat 'toxic waste'". The Japan Times Online. Retrieved 26 April 2014.
  5. ^ C. W. Nicol (1979), Taiji - Winds of Change, article retrieved 6 February 2008.
  6. ^ 懐かしの商業捕鯨フォトギャラリー [Commercial whaling photo gallery of nostalgia] (in Japanese). Simetani.com. Retrieved 26 April 2014.
  7. ^ 太地便り [Taiji will share] (in Japanese). Simetani.com. Retrieved 26 April 2014.
  8. ^ Matsutani, Minoru (25 August 2009). "Taiji told to stop dolphin carnage or sister ties end". The Japan Times. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
  9. ^ "Taiji dolphin hunt begins: about 100 dolphins and 50 pilot whales driven into cove". Japan Probe. 9 September 2009. Archived from the original on 3 September 2010. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
  10. ^ Alabaster, Jay (20 March 2010). "Cove Oscar Won't End Taiji Dolphin Kill". Japan Times. Associated Press. p. 2.
  11. ^ "Taiji to beef up police for hunt". The Japan Times. Kyodo News. 21 July 2011. p. 2. Retrieved 20 July 2011.
  12. ^ 太地の出来事2008年 (in Japanese). Simetani.com. Retrieved 26 April 2014.
  13. ^ 県指定文化財・民俗文化財 [Folk Cultural Property Prefecture designated cultural property] (in Japanese). Pref.wakayama.lg.jp. Archived from the original on 1 June 2009. Retrieved 26 April 2014.
  14. ^ "http://www.nimd.go.jp/kenkyu/report/20100427_taiji_report.pdf"
  15. ^ Matsutani, Minoru, "Taiji locals test high for mercury: In surprise, experts fail to discover any signs of illness", The Japan Times, 10 May 2010, p. 1.
  16. ^ Matsutani, Minoru, "Most Taiji residents rest easy, refuse to change diet", The Japan Times, 10 May 2010, p. 2.
  17. ^ Harnell, Boyd, "Experts fear Taiji mercury tests are fatally flawed", Japan Times, 23 May 2010, p. 12.
  18. ^ "Taiji, Wakayama". Jinko Watcher (in Japanese). 2010–2011. Retrieved 14 January 2012.
  19. ^ "Kozagawa, Wakayama", Jinko Watcher, 2010–2011, retrieved 14 January 2012
  20. ^ "Hiezuson, Tottori". Jinko Watcher (in Japanese). 2010–2011. Retrieved 14 January 2012.
  21. ^ [1] Yomiuri Shimbun 10 May 2010 Archived 27 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  22. ^ "Taiji residents relieved to hear 'it's safe' again", Asahi Shimbun, 31 May 2012.
  23. ^ "Investigation of mercury health effect on elementary school children in Taiji", Yomiuri Shinbun, 7 August 2012.
  24. ^ "Taiji told to stop dolphin carnage or sister ties end". The Japan Times. 25 August 2009. Retrieved 25 August 2009.
  25. ^ a b "Australian town embraces Taiji again". The Japan Times. 15 October 2009. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  26. ^ "Faroe Islands make Japanese friends". Local.fo. 22 January 2018. Retrieved 17 April 2018.
  27. ^ 吉行淳之介『新面白半分対談』p.146（講談社、1975年）
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