Republic of Winston: Difference between revisions
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The '''"Republic" of Winston''', present-day [[Winston County, Alabama]], was one of several places in the [[Confederate States of America]] where disaffection during the [[American Civil War]] was strong. In Winston County, this opposition became violent and had long-lasting political consequences—deep enough to generate a legend after the war that the county had [[Secession|seceded]] from Alabama.<ref>http://www.history.com/news/history-lists/6-unionist-strongholds-in-the-south-during-the-civil-war</ref><ref name=EofA>{{cite web | author= McRae, David| title=Free State of Winston | url=http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/face/Article.jsp?id=h-1850 | work=Encyclopedia of Alabama | publisher= | date=2008-12-15 | accessdate=2009-05-03}}</ref> |
The informal '''"Republic" of Winston''', or '''Free State of Winston''', an area encompassing the present-day [[Winston County, Alabama|Winston]], [[Cullman County, Alabama|Cullman]] and [[Blount County, Alabama|Blount]] counties of [[Alabama]], was one of several places in the [[Confederate States of America]] where disaffection during the [[American Civil War]] was strong. In Winston County, this opposition became violent and had long-lasting political consequences—deep enough to generate a legend after the war that the county had [[Secession|seceded]] from Alabama.<ref>[http://www.history.com/news/history-lists/6-unionist-strongholds-in-the-south-during-the-civil-war ''6 Unionist Strongholds in the South During the Civil War'']; History.com; webpage; retrieved June 2020</ref><ref name=EofA>{{cite web | author= '''McRae, David'''| title=Free State of Winston | url=http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/face/Article.jsp?id=h-1850 | work=Encyclopedia of Alabama | publisher= | date=2008-12-15 | accessdate=2009-05-03}}</ref> |
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==Background== |
==Background== |
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Winston County is located in the hilly terrain of [[North Alabama]]. At the time of the Civil War Winston County also included the areas that later became [[Cullman County, Alabama|Cullman]] and [[Blount County, Alabama|Blount]] counties. |
Winston County is located in the hilly terrain of [[North Alabama]]. At the time of the Civil War Winston County also included the areas that later became [[Cullman County, Alabama|Cullman]] and [[Blount County, Alabama|Blount]] counties. The area's shallow soil is highly unsuitable for [[plantations in the American South|plantation]]-style agriculture, and thus the county had never been home to many [[Slavery|slaves]]. The [[1860 US Census]] lists only 3,450 white residents in the county and 122 slaves.<ref name="Census">1860 US Census, Winston County, Alabama</ref> Winston's residents were mainly poor farmers.<ref name="Census"/> |
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==Refusal of the Ordinance of Secession== |
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Winston County's representative at the January 1861 Alabama Secession Convention was [[Charles Christopher Sheats]], a 21-year-old school teacher. He refused to sign Alabama's [[ordinance of secession]], even after it had been passed by a vote of 61 to 39. Sheats became so vocal in his opposition that he was finally arrested. On his release, he became a leader of a pro-neutrality group. Later, he would become an open supporter of the Union and spent most of the war in prison.<ref name=Rice>Rice, Charles S. (1994). ''Hard Times: the Civil War in Huntsville and North Alabama'', Old Huntsville Press, pp. 142–43</ref> Many Winston County residents refused induction into the [[Confederate Army]], and some spoke openly of organizing troops to support the Union. The worried state authorities moved to enforce obedience through conscription and loyalty oaths, which only made matters worse. A meeting was held at Looney's Tavern, where a series of resolutions were passed. These stated that the people of Winston County had no desire to take part in the war and intended to support neither side. One resolution declared that if a state could secede from the Union, then a county could secede from the state. Richard Payne, a pro-Confederate, laughed with delight. "Winston County secedes!" he shouted. "Hoorah for the Free State of Winston!" From Payne's remark was born the legend of the "Republic of Winston".<ref name="Rice"/> |
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Winston County's representative at the January 1861 Alabama Secession Convention was [[Charles Christopher Sheats]], a 21-year-old school teacher. He refused to sign Alabama's [[Ordinance of Secession]], even after it had been passed by a vote of 61 to 39. Sheats became so vocal in his opposition that he was eventually arrested. Upon his release, he became a leader of a pro-neutrality group. Later, as a vocal [[Southern Unionist]], he spent much of the war in prison.<ref name=Rice>'''Rice, Charles S.'''; ''Hard Times: The Civil War in Huntsville and North Alabama''; Old Huntsville Press; (1994); pp. 142–143</ref> |
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A meeting was held at Looney's Tavern, where a series of resolutions were passed. These stated that the people of Winston County had no desire to take part in the war and intended to support neither side. One resolution declared that if a state could secede from the Union, then a county could secede from the state. Richard Payne, a pro-Confederate, laughed with delight. "Winston County secedes!" he shouted. "Hoorah for the 'Free State of Winston'!" From Payne's remark was born the legend of the "Republic of Winston."<ref name="Rice"/> Other ares in the South at the time passed similar resolutions, including [[Searcy County, Arkansas]], and [[Jones County, Mississippi]]. The so called "[[State of Scott]]" actually passed an official act of session from the state of [[Tennesee]], with the result that it became a devastated [[Guerrilla warfare|guerrilla war battleground]] during the war.<ref>{{citation | url=http://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/entry.php?rec=1180 | author=''' Binnicker, Margaret D.'''| title=Scott County | work=Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture Encyclopedia | publisher=Tennesseeencyclopedia.net |date= |accessdate=2011-02-08}}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | In April 1862, the [[Union Army]] invaded |
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Many Winston County residents refused induction into the [[Confederate Army]], and some spoke openly of organizing troops to support [[Union (American Civil War)|the Union]]. The worried state authorities moved to enforce obedience to the cause through conscription and loyalty oaths, which only made matters worse.{{Citation needed|date=June 2020}} |
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| ⚫ | Winston County itself |
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==During the war== |
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| ⚫ | In April 1862, the [[Union Army]] invaded northern Alabama. Many of the pro-Union Winston county residents, as well as those from the similarly aligned [[Nickajack]] area on the Tennessee border, enlisted in the Union Army's new [[1st Alabama Cavalry Regiment (Union)|1st Alabama Cavalry Regiment]], commanded by an officer from New York, [[George E. Spencer]]. While the 1st Alabama Cavalry would play an important part in the war, it generally did so outside of Alabama.{{Citation needed|date=June 2020}} |
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| ⚫ | Winston County itself suffered from its own internal war. The [[Confederate Home Guard]]s that had formed in the county were poorly disciplined, and its enlistees often used their uniforms as an excuse to settle old grudges. Men loyal to the Union responded by forming irregular militia bands of their own; by the end of the war, Winston County had been largely devastated by its own people.{{Citation needed|date=June 2020}} |
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==Aftermath== |
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After the war, Winston County became a bastion of the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]] in Alabama, in sharp contrast to the overwhelming support for the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] in the rest of the state.{{Citation needed|date=June 2020}} |
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==Legacy== |
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| ⚫ | Winston's unique history has become the basis of a small tourist industry, which includes an outdoor drama loosely based on the events. A passenger boat named the ''Free State Lady'' plies the waters of the county's Smith Lake. The "Dual Destiny" statue located in Winston county depicts a young soldier dressed half as a Union troop and half as Confederate soldier.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.roadsideamerica.com/tip/15033 |title=Double Springs, Alabama: Dual Destiny Monument |access-date=2018-12-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018082704/https://www.roadsideamerica.com/tip/15033 |archive-date=2018-10-18 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |
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* [[List of To Kill a Mockingbird characters#Miss Caroline Fisher|Miss Caroline Fisher]], Scout's first grade teacher in ''[[To Kill a Mockingbird]]'', is from Winston County, Alabama. |
* [[List of To Kill a Mockingbird characters#Miss Caroline Fisher|Miss Caroline Fisher]], Scout's first grade teacher in ''[[To Kill a Mockingbird]]'', is from Winston County, Alabama. |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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* [[Nickajack]], a similar region in North Alabama and East Tennessee |
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* [[State of Scott]], a similar secession resisting area in North Tennessee |
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* [[Searcy County, Arkansas]], a similar county in Arkansas |
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* [[Jones County, Mississippi]], which also resisted secession |
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* [[Fannin County, Georgia]], which moved from pro-secession to anti-secession stands during the Civil War |
* [[Fannin County, Georgia]], which moved from pro-secession to anti-secession stands during the Civil War |
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* [[Southern Unionist]] |
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==References== |
==References== |
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Revision as of 19:15, 30 June 2020
"Republic" of Winston Informal Winston County, Alabama Formal | |
|---|---|
 Map of Alabama highlighting Winston County as of 1861 | |
| Historical era | American Civil War |
| Population | |
• 1861 | 3,450 (White) 122 (Slave)
|
| Today part of | Winston, Cullman, and Blount counties in Alabama |
The informal "Republic" of Winston, or Free State of Winston, an area encompassing the present-day Winston, Cullman and Blount counties of Alabama, was one of several places in the Confederate States of America where disaffection during the American Civil War was strong. In Winston County, this opposition became violent and had long-lasting political consequences—deep enough to generate a legend after the war that the county had seceded from Alabama.[1][2]
Background
Winston County is located in the hilly terrain of North Alabama. At the time of the Civil War Winston County also included the areas that later became Cullman and Blount counties. The area's shallow soil is highly unsuitable for plantation-style agriculture, and thus the county had never been home to many slaves. The 1860 US Census lists only 3,450 white residents in the county and 122 slaves.[3] Winston's residents were mainly poor farmers.[3]
Refusal of the Ordinance of Secession
Winston County's representative at the January 1861 Alabama Secession Convention was Charles Christopher Sheats, a 21-year-old school teacher. He refused to sign Alabama's Ordinance of Secession, even after it had been passed by a vote of 61 to 39. Sheats became so vocal in his opposition that he was eventually arrested. Upon his release, he became a leader of a pro-neutrality group. Later, as a vocal Southern Unionist, he spent much of the war in prison.[4]
A meeting was held at Looney's Tavern, where a series of resolutions were passed. These stated that the people of Winston County had no desire to take part in the war and intended to support neither side. One resolution declared that if a state could secede from the Union, then a county could secede from the state. Richard Payne, a pro-Confederate, laughed with delight. "Winston County secedes!" he shouted. "Hoorah for the 'Free State of Winston'!" From Payne's remark was born the legend of the "Republic of Winston."[4] Other ares in the South at the time passed similar resolutions, including Searcy County, Arkansas, and Jones County, Mississippi. The so called "State of Scott" actually passed an official act of session from the state of Tennesee, with the result that it became a devastated guerrilla war battleground during the war.[5]
Many Winston County residents refused induction into the Confederate Army, and some spoke openly of organizing troops to support the Union. The worried state authorities moved to enforce obedience to the cause through conscription and loyalty oaths, which only made matters worse.[citation needed]
During the war
In April 1862, the Union Army invaded northern Alabama. Many of the pro-Union Winston county residents, as well as those from the similarly aligned Nickajack area on the Tennessee border, enlisted in the Union Army's new 1st Alabama Cavalry Regiment, commanded by an officer from New York, George E. Spencer. While the 1st Alabama Cavalry would play an important part in the war, it generally did so outside of Alabama.[citation needed]
Winston County itself suffered from its own internal war. The Confederate Home Guards that had formed in the county were poorly disciplined, and its enlistees often used their uniforms as an excuse to settle old grudges. Men loyal to the Union responded by forming irregular militia bands of their own; by the end of the war, Winston County had been largely devastated by its own people.[citation needed]
Aftermath
After the war, Winston County became a bastion of the Republican Party in Alabama, in sharp contrast to the overwhelming support for the Democratic Party in the rest of the state.[citation needed]
Legacy
Winston's unique history has become the basis of a small tourist industry, which includes an outdoor drama loosely based on the events. A passenger boat named the Free State Lady plies the waters of the county's Smith Lake. The "Dual Destiny" statue located in Winston county depicts a young soldier dressed half as a Union troop and half as Confederate soldier.[6]
Popular culture references
- Miss Caroline Fisher, Scout's first grade teacher in To Kill a Mockingbird, is from Winston County, Alabama.
- Tap Roots, a highly fictionalized film based on Winston County's Civil War history
See also
- Fannin County, Georgia, which moved from pro-secession to anti-secession stands during the Civil War
References
- ^ 6 Unionist Strongholds in the South During the Civil War; History.com; webpage; retrieved June 2020
- ^ McRae, David (2008-12-15). "Free State of Winston". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Retrieved 2009-05-03.
- ^ a b 1860 US Census, Winston County, Alabama
- ^ a b Rice, Charles S.; Hard Times: The Civil War in Huntsville and North Alabama; Old Huntsville Press; (1994); pp. 142–143
- ^ Binnicker, Margaret D., "Scott County", Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture Encyclopedia, Tennesseeencyclopedia.net, retrieved 2011-02-08
- ^ "Double Springs, Alabama: Dual Destiny Monument". Archived from the original on 2018-10-18. Retrieved 2018-12-15.
Further reading
- Downing, David C. A South Divided: Portraits of Dissent in the Confederacy. Nashville: Cumberland House, 2007. ISBN 978-1-58182-587-9
- Dodd, Donald B., and Amy Bartlett-Dodd. The Free State of Winston. Charleston, S.C.: Arcadia Publishing, 2000.[ISBN missing]
- Dodd, Donald B., and Wynelle S. Dodd. Winston: An Antebellum and Civil War History of a Hill County of North Alabama. Vol. 4 of Annals of Northwest Alabama, comp. Carl Elliot. Birmingham: Oxmoor Press, 1972.[ISBN missing]
- Winston County Heritage Book Committee. The Heritage of Winston County, Alabama. Clanton, Ala.: Heritage Publishing Consultants, 1998.
- Umphrey, Don. Southerners in Blue: They Defied the Confederacy. Quarry Press, 2002. ISBN 978-0971495814
External links
- The Incident at Looney's Tavern information at the Alabama Department of Archives and History
- Free State of Winston