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|[[Crowdspring]]||{{USA}}||An online platform for creative services<ref name="Pounds2012-06-28">{{cite news |last=Pounds |first=Marcia Heroux |date=2012-06-28 |title=Freelance gigs growing for South Florida workers |url=https://www.sun-sentinel.com/business/fl-xpm-2012-06-28-fl-south-florida-online-freelancers-20120617-story.html |newspaper=[[Sun-Sentinel]] |accessdate=2019-10-07 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007053920/https://www.sun-sentinel.com/business/fl-xpm-2012-06-28-fl-south-florida-online-freelancers-20120617-story.html |archivedate=2019-10-07 }}</ref>
|[[Crowdspring]]||{{USA}}||An online platform for creative services<ref name="Pounds2012-06-28">{{cite news |last=Pounds |first=Marcia Heroux |date=2012-06-28 |title=Freelance gigs growing for South Florida workers |url=https://www.sun-sentinel.com/business/fl-xpm-2012-06-28-fl-south-florida-online-freelancers-20120617-story.html |newspaper=[[Sun-Sentinel]] |accessdate=2019-10-07 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007053920/https://www.sun-sentinel.com/business/fl-xpm-2012-06-28-fl-south-florida-online-freelancers-20120617-story.html |archivedate=2019-10-07 }}</ref>
|}
|}

⚫
* [[99designs]], an online platform to connect graphic designers and clients<ref name="Bonoli2019-03-13">{{cite news |last=Bonoli |first=Giuliano |date=2019-03-13 |title=Ensuring economic security in the gig economy |url=https://www.businesstimes.com.sg/opinion/ensuring-economic-security-in-the-gig-economy |newspaper=[[Business Times (Singapore)|Business Times]] |accessdate=2019-10-07 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007053351/https://www.businesstimes.com.sg/opinion/ensuring-economic-security-in-the-gig-economy |archivedate=2019-10-07 }}</ref>

⚫
* [[Fiverr]], an online marketplace for freelance services<ref name="Sraders2019-06-13">{{cite news |last=Sraders |first=Anne |date=2019-06-13 |title=Fiverr IPO: What to Know About the Company Capitalizing on the Millennial Gig Economy |url=https://fortune.com/2019/06/13/fiverr-ipo-gig-economy/ |newspaper=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]] |accessdate=2019-09-23 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190923060228/https://fortune.com/2019/06/13/fiverr-ipo-gig-economy/ |archivedate=2019-09-23 }}</ref>

⚫
* [[Tongal]], an online platform that connects businesses in need of creative work with writers and directors<ref name="Schwartz2016-02-29">{{cite news |last1=Schwartz |first1=Jeff |last2=Bohdal-Spiegelhoff |first2=Udo |last3=Gretczko |first3=Michael |last4=Sloan |first4=Nathan |date=2016-02-29 |title=The gig economy: Distraction or disruption? |url=https://www2.deloitte.com/us/en/insights/focus/human-capital-trends/2016/gig-economy-freelance-workforce.html |publisher=[[Deloitte]] |accessdate=2019-10-07 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007074420/https://www2.deloitte.com/us/en/insights/focus/human-capital-trends/2016/gig-economy-freelance-workforce.html |archivedate=2019-10-07 }}</ref>


====Home services====
====Home services====
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===Unsorted===
===Unsorted===

⚫
* [[99designs]], an online platform to connect graphic designers and clients<ref name="Bonoli2019-03-13">{{cite news |last=Bonoli |first=Giuliano |date=2019-03-13 |title=Ensuring economic security in the gig economy |url=https://www.businesstimes.com.sg/opinion/ensuring-economic-security-in-the-gig-economy |newspaper=[[Business Times (Singapore)|Business Times]] |accessdate=2019-10-07 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007053351/https://www.businesstimes.com.sg/opinion/ensuring-economic-security-in-the-gig-economy |archivedate=2019-10-07 }}</ref>
* [[Addison Lee]], a minicab firm<ref name="Booth2017-08-02">{{cite news |last=Booth |first=Robert |date=2017-08-02 |title=Addison Lee suffers latest defeat in legal row over gig economy rights |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2017/aug/02/addison-lee-suffers-latest-defeat-in-legal-row-over-gig-economy-rights |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |accessdate=2019-09-23 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190923010534/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2017/aug/02/addison-lee-suffers-latest-defeat-in-legal-row-over-gig-economy-rights |archivedate=2019-09-23 }}</ref>
* [[Addison Lee]], a minicab firm<ref name="Booth2017-08-02">{{cite news |last=Booth |first=Robert |date=2017-08-02 |title=Addison Lee suffers latest defeat in legal row over gig economy rights |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2017/aug/02/addison-lee-suffers-latest-defeat-in-legal-row-over-gig-economy-rights |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |accessdate=2019-09-23 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190923010534/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2017/aug/02/addison-lee-suffers-latest-defeat-in-legal-row-over-gig-economy-rights |archivedate=2019-09-23 }}</ref>


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* [[Field Nation]], an online marketplace that matches IT and other freelancers with corporate clients<ref name="LaPonsie2018-06-01">{{cite news |last=LaPonsie |first=Maryalene |date=2018-06-01 |title=10 Cities Where Gig Workers Can Flourish |url=https://money.usnews.com/money/personal-finance/saving-and-budgeting/articles/2018-06-01/10-cities-where-gig-workers-can-flourish |newspaper=[[U.S. News & World Report]] |accessdate=2019-09-30 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930064057/https://money.usnews.com/money/personal-finance/saving-and-budgeting/articles/2018-06-01/10-cities-where-gig-workers-can-flourish |archivedate=2019-09-30 }}</ref>
* [[Field Nation]], an online marketplace that matches IT and other freelancers with corporate clients<ref name="LaPonsie2018-06-01">{{cite news |last=LaPonsie |first=Maryalene |date=2018-06-01 |title=10 Cities Where Gig Workers Can Flourish |url=https://money.usnews.com/money/personal-finance/saving-and-budgeting/articles/2018-06-01/10-cities-where-gig-workers-can-flourish |newspaper=[[U.S. News & World Report]] |accessdate=2019-09-30 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930064057/https://money.usnews.com/money/personal-finance/saving-and-budgeting/articles/2018-06-01/10-cities-where-gig-workers-can-flourish |archivedate=2019-09-30 }}</ref>



⚫
* [[Fiverr]], an online marketplace for freelance services<ref name="Sraders2019-06-13">{{cite news |last=Sraders |first=Anne |date=2019-06-13 |title=Fiverr IPO: What to Know About the Company Capitalizing on the Millennial Gig Economy |url=https://fortune.com/2019/06/13/fiverr-ipo-gig-economy/ |newspaper=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]] |accessdate=2019-09-23 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190923060228/https://fortune.com/2019/06/13/fiverr-ipo-gig-economy/ |archivedate=2019-09-23 }}</ref>




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* [[TaskRabbit]], a on-demand freelance site<ref name="Kalleberg2016"/>
* [[TaskRabbit]], a on-demand freelance site<ref name="Kalleberg2016"/>
* [[Thumbtack (website)|Thumbtack]], an online platform that connects people to professionals<ref name="Dreyfuss2019-02-22">{{cite news |last=Dreyfuss |first=Emily |date=2019-02-22 |title=Thumbtack Tries Bridging the Benefits Gap for Gig Workers |url=https://www.wired.com/story/thumbtack-alia-benefits-gap-gig-workers/ |newspaper=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |accessdate=2019-09-29 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190929085033/https://www.wired.com/story/thumbtack-alia-benefits-gap-gig-workers/ |archivedate=2019-09-29 }}</ref><ref name="Anzilotti2019-02-19">{{cite news |last=Anzilotti |first=Eillie |date=2019-02-19 |title=Gig economy platform Thumbtack is helping its users get benefits |url=https://www.fastcompany.com/90308307/gig-economy-platform-thumbtack-is-helping-its-users-get-benefits |newspaper=[[Fast Company]] |accessdate=2019-09-29 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190929085158/https://www.fastcompany.com/90308307/gig-economy-platform-thumbtack-is-helping-its-users-get-benefits |archivedate=2019-09-29 }}</ref>
* [[Thumbtack (website)|Thumbtack]], an online platform that connects people to professionals<ref name="Dreyfuss2019-02-22">{{cite news |last=Dreyfuss |first=Emily |date=2019-02-22 |title=Thumbtack Tries Bridging the Benefits Gap for Gig Workers |url=https://www.wired.com/story/thumbtack-alia-benefits-gap-gig-workers/ |newspaper=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |accessdate=2019-09-29 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190929085033/https://www.wired.com/story/thumbtack-alia-benefits-gap-gig-workers/ |archivedate=2019-09-29 }}</ref><ref name="Anzilotti2019-02-19">{{cite news |last=Anzilotti |first=Eillie |date=2019-02-19 |title=Gig economy platform Thumbtack is helping its users get benefits |url=https://www.fastcompany.com/90308307/gig-economy-platform-thumbtack-is-helping-its-users-get-benefits |newspaper=[[Fast Company]] |accessdate=2019-09-29 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190929085158/https://www.fastcompany.com/90308307/gig-economy-platform-thumbtack-is-helping-its-users-get-benefits |archivedate=2019-09-29 }}</ref>

⚫
* [[Tongal]], an online platform that connects businesses in need of creative work with writers and directors<ref name="Schwartz2016-02-29">{{cite news |last1=Schwartz |first1=Jeff |last2=Bohdal-Spiegelhoff |first2=Udo |last3=Gretczko |first3=Michael |last4=Sloan |first4=Nathan |date=2016-02-29 |title=The gig economy: Distraction or disruption? |url=https://www2.deloitte.com/us/en/insights/focus/human-capital-trends/2016/gig-economy-freelance-workforce.html |publisher=[[Deloitte]] |accessdate=2019-10-07 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007074420/https://www2.deloitte.com/us/en/insights/focus/human-capital-trends/2016/gig-economy-freelance-workforce.html |archivedate=2019-10-07 }}</ref>


* [[Turo (car rental)|Turo]], an online carsharing platform<ref name="Marks2018-12-06">{{cite news |last=Marks |first=Gene |date=2018-12-06 |title=Is the gig economy all it's cracked up to be? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2018/dec/06/is-the-gig-economy-what-it-has-been-cracked-up-to-be |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |accessdate=2019-09-30 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930033916/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2018/dec/06/is-the-gig-economy-what-it-has-been-cracked-up-to-be |archivedate=2019-09-30 }}</ref><ref name="Said2019-01-25">{{cite news |last=Said |first=Carolyn |date=2019-01-25 |title=Furloughed federal workers turn to gig work |url=https://www.sfchronicle.com/business/article/Furloughed-federal-workers-turn-to-gig-work-13545207.php |newspaper=[[San Francisco Chronicle]] |accessdate=2019-09-30 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930041054/https://www.sfchronicle.com/business/article/Furloughed-federal-workers-turn-to-gig-work-13545207.php |archivedate=2019-09-30 }}</ref>
* [[Turo (car rental)|Turo]], an online carsharing platform<ref name="Marks2018-12-06">{{cite news |last=Marks |first=Gene |date=2018-12-06 |title=Is the gig economy all it's cracked up to be? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2018/dec/06/is-the-gig-economy-what-it-has-been-cracked-up-to-be |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |accessdate=2019-09-30 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930033916/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2018/dec/06/is-the-gig-economy-what-it-has-been-cracked-up-to-be |archivedate=2019-09-30 }}</ref><ref name="Said2019-01-25">{{cite news |last=Said |first=Carolyn |date=2019-01-25 |title=Furloughed federal workers turn to gig work |url=https://www.sfchronicle.com/business/article/Furloughed-federal-workers-turn-to-gig-work-13545207.php |newspaper=[[San Francisco Chronicle]] |accessdate=2019-09-30 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930041054/https://www.sfchronicle.com/business/article/Furloughed-federal-workers-turn-to-gig-work-13545207.php |archivedate=2019-09-30 }}</ref>

Revision as of 00:56, 4 July 2020

List of gig economy companies

Accomodation

Company Based in Description
Airbnb  United States[a] An online home rental service[1][2][3]
CouchSurfing  United States[a] An online home rental service[4]
FlipKey  United States An online home rental marketplace[5][6]
Onefinestay  United Kingdom[a] An online rental service[7]
Vrbo/HomeAway  United States[a] An online home rental service.[8][9][6] In July 2020, HomeAway was merged with Vrbo.[10]
Xiaozhu  China An online short-term home and apartment rental platform[11]

Caregiving

Company Based in Description
Care.com  United States[a] An online platform for hiring caregivers[12][13]
Heal.com  United States An online platform that allows doctors to perform house calls[14][15]
Pager  United States An online platform that connects healthcare providers and patients[14]
Sittercity.com  United States An online platform for hiring caregivers[16]
Soothe  United States[a] An online massage service provider[17][18]
Talkspace  United States An online platform to connect to therapists[19]
UrbanSitter  United States An online babysitter company[20]

Delivery

Company Based in Description
Amazon Flex  United States[a] An online delivery service[21]
Cargomatic  United States An online delivery platform that connects drivers with customers[22]
CitySprint  United Kingdom A courier service[23][24]
Deliv  United States An online delivery service[25][26]
DPDgroup  France[a] An online parcel delivery service[27]
Dunzo  India An online delivery service[28]
eCourier  United Kingdom A courier service[29]
ekart  India A courier service[30]
GoPuff  United States A convenience store delivery service[31]
Hermes Group  Germany[b] An online delivery company[32][33]
Rappi  Colombia[c] an online delivery service[34][35][36][37]
Shipt  United States An online delivery service[38][39]
Shyp  United States Was a courier service company. Now dissolved.[40]
UK Mail  United Kingdom An online parcel delivery service[27][41]
Yodel  United Kingdom An online parcel delivery service[27][41]

Grocery

Company Based in Description
Farmdrop  United Kingdom An online grocer with food sourced from local farmers[42]
The Food Assembly  France[b] An online farmers' market[43]
Instacart  United States[d] An Internet-based grocery delivery service[21]

Food

Company Based in Description
Deliveroo  United Kingdom[a] An online food delivery company[44][45][46]
DoorDash  United States Online food delivery[47]
Drizly  United States[d] An alcohol delivery service[48]
EatStreet  United States An online food ordering service[49]
Ele.me  China An online food delivery service[50]
Foodora  Germany[a] An online food delivery service[51][52]
Foodpanda  Germany[a] An online food delivery platform[53]
Glovo  Spain[a] An online food delivery service[54][55]
Grubhub  United States Online food delivery[56]
Just Eat  United Kingdom[a] Online takeaway food delivery[46][57]
Munchery  United States Was an online food delivery service[58]
Postmates  United States Delivers restaurant-prepared meals and other goods[2]
Seamless  United States An online food delivery service. Now a subsidiary of Grubhub[59]
SkipTheDishes  Canada An online restaurant ordering and food delivery company[60][61]
Swiggy  India An online food delivery platform[28][62][63][64]
Uber Eats  United States[a] An online food delivery platform[55]
Zomato  India[a] An online food delivery platform[28]

Education

Company Based in Description
VIPKid  China An online platform for Chinese students to receive lessons from fluent English-speaking teachers[65]

Freelancing platforms

Company Based in Description
Airtasker  Australia An online marketplace for outsourcing tasks[66]
Amazon Mechanical Turk  United States An online crowdsourcing website for performing tasks[67]
Figure Eight Inc.  United States An online work platform to complete tasks[21]
Freelancer.com  Australia[a] An online freelancing platform[21]
Hello Alfred  United States An online platform for completing tasks[68]
InnoCentive  United States An online platform where problem solvers can receive monetary rewards from organizations[69][70]

Business and Technical services

Company Based in Description
Andela  United States[a] An online platform for training software programmers in Africa and connecting them with clients[71][72]
Catalant  United States[a] A matchmaking platform for office work. Was formerly known as HourlyNerd[73][74]
Expert360  Australia An online platform for matching independent business consultants with clients [75]
Field Agent  United States[a] A platform for retailers to request in-store information from users[26]
Gigster  United States An online platform to complete software projects[76][77]
Kaggle  United States An online platform for data science competitions[75][70]
Managed by Q  United States An online office management platform company[47]
PeoplePerHour  United Kingdom An online freelancing platform[78]
Shiftgig  United States An online staffing firm[79]
Toptal  United States[a] An online freelancing platform[80]
Upwork  United States[a] An online freelancing platform[21]
Zopa  United Kingdom an online peer-to-peer lending market[81]

Creative services

Company Based in Description
 United States
Crowdspring  United States An online platform for creative services[82]
  • 99designs, an online platform to connect graphic designers and clients[83]
  • Fiverr, an online marketplace for freelance services[84]
  • Tongal, an online platform that connects businesses in need of creative work with writers and directors[85]

Home services

Company Based in Description
 United States
 United States
Company Based in Description
 United States
 United States

Retail

Company Based in Description
 United States
 United States

Transportation and Parking

Company Based in Description
 United States
 United States

Unsorted









  • Etsy, an online marketplace for handmade goods[107]


  • Field Nation, an online marketplace that matches IT and other freelancers with corporate clients[108]




  • Hailo, an online transportation network company[114]
  • Handy, an online home services company[21]


  • Juno, an online transportation network company[47]
  • JustPark, an online platform that matches drivers with parking spaces[106]





  • Spin, an online scooter sharing platform[125]




  • Via, an online transportation network company[56]


  • Wag, an online dog-walking service[56]
  • Wingz, an online transportation network company[133]


Notes

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Service available worldwide in several different countries.
  2. ^ a b Service currently only available in select European countries.
  3. ^ Service currently only available in South America
  4. ^ a b Service currently only available in USA and Canada.

References

  1. ^ Ravenelle (2019), p. 166
  2. ^ a b Gelles, David (2018-11-06). "Give Gig Economy Workers Equity? The S.E.C. Is Considering It". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2019-09-23. Retrieved 2019-09-23.
  3. ^ Meyer, David (2019-04-30). "Why Airbnb Could Escape the Uber Trap in Europe". Fortune. Archived from the original on 2020-03-28. Retrieved 2020-03-28. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; 2019-10-04 suggested (help)
  4. ^ Sanders, Donald E.; Pattison, Patricia (2016-10-01). "Worker Characterization in a Gig Economy Viewed through an Uber Centric Lens". Southern Law Journal. 26 (1). Archived from the original on 2019-10-07. Retrieved 2019-10-07 – via Questia Online Library.
  5. ^ Peng, Jenny (2015-07-22). "Asia must get to grips with Airbnb and the growing 'gig economy' to make business competition fair". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 2019-09-29. Retrieved 2019-09-29.
  6. ^ a b Pagano (2017)
  7. ^ Mulcahy (2016), p. 160
  8. ^ Udell & Woodill (2019)
  9. ^ Overly, Steven (2016-10-13). "Uber and Airbnb helped expand the gig economy. These researchers think they've measured how much". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 2019-09-29. Retrieved 2019-09-29.
  10. ^ "This July, HomeAway is becoming Vrbo — a single brand giving families even more ways to travel better together". homeaway.com. 2020-07-01. Retrieved 2020-07-02.
  11. ^ Jing, Meng (2017-02-26). "Pots of gold await in China's gig economy: how mobile technology is transforming the world's biggest jobs market". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 2019-09-23. Retrieved 2019-09-23.
  12. ^ Scheiber, Noam (2016-09-14). "Care.com Creates a $500 Limited Benefit for Gig-Economy Workers". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2019-09-29. Retrieved 2019-09-29.
  13. ^ Kessler, Sarah (2018-06-13). "The future of work will raise difficult questions. Are we prepared to confront them?". Quartz. Archived from the original on 2019-09-29. Retrieved 2019-09-29.
  14. ^ a b Fishman (2018)
  15. ^ Hinchliffe, Emma (2016-10-18). "Heal raises $26.9 million for at-home doctor visits". Mashable. Archived from the original on 2019-09-30. Retrieved 2019-09-30.
  16. ^ Said, Carolyn (2017-11-22). "Nonprofit offers free course on how to do gig work". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on 2019-10-07. Retrieved 2019-10-07.
  17. ^ Bass, Debra D. (2016-06-24). "Massage on-demand app comes to St. Louis". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Archived from the original on 2020-02-16. Retrieved 2020-02-16.
  18. ^ Wen, Tiffanie (2018-02-02). "The entourages of the travel elite". BBC Online. Archived from the original on 2020-02-16. Retrieved 2020-02-16.
  19. ^ Flynn, Kerry (2015-09-21). "Social media 'rehab': Is a 24/7 texting helpline really the best?". The Independent. Archived from the original on 2019-09-29. Retrieved 2019-09-29.
  20. ^ Gee, Kelsey (2017-08-08). "In a Job Market This Good, Who Needs to Work in the Gig Economy?". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 2017-08-08. Retrieved 2019-09-23.
  21. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Cite error: The named reference Kalleberg2016 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  22. ^ Ward, Marguerite (2015-08-03). "How apps are transforming US trucking". CNBC. Archived from the original on 2019-09-30. Retrieved 2019-09-30.
  23. ^ Butler, Sarah (2018-09-26). "Uber and CitySprint among gig economy firms to face parliament". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 2019-09-23. Retrieved 2019-09-23.
  24. ^ Chapman, Ben (2018-04-06). "Gig economy union files £200,000 holiday pay claim against courier company CitySprint". The Independent. Archived from the original on 2019-09-23. Retrieved 2019-09-23.
  25. ^ Said, Carolyn (2019-06-22). "Deliv switching California couriers to employees – 'start of a wave'". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on 2019-09-30. Retrieved 2019-09-30.
  26. ^ a b Mims, Christophoer (2019-05-04). "In a Tight Labor Market, Gig Workers Get Harder to Please". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 2019-09-30. Retrieved 2019-09-30.
  27. ^ a b c "DPD improves workers' rights after driver's death". BBC Online. 2018-03-26. Archived from the original on 2019-09-30. Retrieved 2019-09-30.
  28. ^ a b c Rao, Mohit M (2019-08-30). "The 'gig' economy is creating lakhs of jobs, but workers don't see a future". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 2019-09-30. Retrieved 2019-09-30.
  29. ^ Booth, Robert (2017-05-12). "Royal Mail firm launches review after admitting it denied courier benefits: eCourier says it wrongly classified Demille Flanore as an independent contractor, thus denying him holiday and sick pay". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 2019-09-23. Retrieved 2019-09-23.
  30. ^ a b Lomas, Natasha (2019-03-26). "Flipkart ranked highly for 'fairness' of working conditions in India gig platform study". TechCrunch. Archived from the original on 2019-09-30. Retrieved 2019-09-30.
  31. ^ Cowan, Emery (2018-03-26). "The good and the bad of gig work in Flagstaff". Arizona Daily Sun. Archived from the original on 2019-09-23. Retrieved 2019-09-23.
  32. ^ a b Hall (2019), p. 164
  33. ^ Wright, Robert (2019-02-03). "Hermes couriers awarded union recognition in gig economy first". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 2019-09-23. Retrieved 2019-09-23.
  34. ^ Bandeira, Luiza (2019-07-02). "The gig economy is a double-edged sword for migrant workers: Is this the model for an economy that breeds unicorns?". BBC Online. Archived from the original on 2020-02-16. Retrieved 2020-02-16.
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