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|image = Iconography of Australian salsolaceous plants (1889) (20753024951).jpg
|image = Iconography of Australian salsolaceous plants (1889) (20753024951).jpg
|image_caption = From Mueller (1889)<ref name=muell/>
|image_caption = From Mueller (1889)<ref name=muell/>
|image2 = Rhagodia spinescens 1.jpg|thumb
|image2 = Rhagodia spinescens 1.jpg
|image2_caption = Foliage
|image2_caption = Foliage
|status = LC
|status = LC
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|species = spinescens
|species = spinescens
|authority = ([[R.Br.]]) [[Susy Fuentes Bazán|S.Fuentes]] & [[Thomas Borsch|Borsch]]<ref name=PWO/><ref name=fuentes>{{cite journal|last1=Fuentes-Bazan|first1=Susy|last2=Mansion|first2=Guilhem|last3=Borsch|first3=Thomas|title=Towards a species level tree of the globally diverse genus ''Chenopodium'' (Chenopodiaceae)|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|volume=62|issue=1|year=2012|pages=359–374|issn=1055-7903|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2011.10.006|pmid=22051350}} [http://www.sci.sdsu.edu/plants/chenopodium/pdfs/Fuentes-Bazan_etal2012a-Chenopodium-Chenopodiac.pdf pdf]</ref>
|authority = ([[R.Br.]]) [[Susy Fuentes Bazán|S.Fuentes]] & [[Thomas Borsch|Borsch]]<ref name=PWO/><ref name=fuentes>{{cite journal|last1=Fuentes-Bazan|first1=Susy|last2=Mansion|first2=Guilhem|last3=Borsch|first3=Thomas|title=Towards a species level tree of the globally diverse genus ''Chenopodium'' (Chenopodiaceae)|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|volume=62|issue=1|year=2012|pages=359–374|issn=1055-7903|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2011.10.006|pmid=22051350}} [http://www.sci.sdsu.edu/plants/chenopodium/pdfs/Fuentes-Bazan_etal2012a-Chenopodium-Chenopodiac.pdf pdf]</ref>
|synonyms = ''Rhagodia deltophylla'' <small>([[F.Muell.]]) [[A.J.Scott]]</small><br>
|synonyms =
*''Rhagodia deltophylla'' <small>([[F.Muell.]]) [[A.J.Scott]]</small>
''Rhagodia spinescens'' <small>[[R.Br.]]</small>
*''Rhagodia spinescens'' <small>[[R.Br.]]</small>
|synonyms_ref = <ref name=PWO/>
|synonyms_ref = <ref name=PWO/>
|range_map = RhagodiaspinescensDistMap.png
|range_map = RhagodiaspinescensDistMap.png
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==Description==
==Description==
''Chenopodium spinescens'' is a multi-stemmed dense shrub to {{convert|2|m|ft|0}} high, with branches often ending in spines. The leaves are alternate or opposite, and mealy, looking grey-green to almost whitish from their covering of saucer-shaped/spherical hairs.<ref name=ntflora/><ref name=saflora/> The leaf shape is ovate to triangular, and are {{convert|5|-|17|mm|in|1}} long and {{convert|5|-|17|mm|in|1}} wide. The leaf petiole is about half the length of the lamina. Male and female flowers are usually on different plants. The flowers have 5 perianth segments that are tiny and all alike, and 5 stamens. The ripe fruit are red and succulent.<ref name=ntflora/><ref name=saflora/>
''Chenopodium spinescens'' is a multi-stemmed dense shrub to {{convert|2|m|ft|0}} high, with branches often ending in spines. The leaves are alternate or opposite, and mealy, looking grey green to almost whitish from their covering of saucer-shaped/spherical hairs.<ref name=ntflora/><ref name=saflora/> The leaf shape is ovate to triangular, and are {{convert|5|-|17|mm|in|1}} long and {{convert|5|-|17|mm|in|1}} wide. The leaf petiole is about half the length of the lamina. Male and female flowers are usually on different plants. The flowers have five perianth segments that are tiny and all alike, and five stamens. The ripe fruit are red and succulent.<ref name=ntflora/><ref name=saflora/>


The inflorescence is a panicle or spike, with the flowers' perianth being densely mealy on the outside. The male flowers are globular and 0.5–1&nbsp;mm in diameter, with their filaments united into a smooth saucer-shaped disc. The female flowers are larger (about 1&nbsp;mm) and globular to top-shaped.<ref name=saflora/>
The inflorescence is a panicle or spike, with the flowers' perianth being densely mealy on the outside. The male flowers are globular and 0.5–1&nbsp;mm in diameter, with their filaments united into a smooth saucer-shaped disc. The female flowers are larger (about 1&nbsp;mm) and globular to top-shaped.<ref name=saflora/>


The fruit is a depressed globular pink or red succulent berry, and the seed is approximately {{convert|1|mm|in|2}} in diameter with a reticulate coat.<ref name=saflora/><ref name=ntflora/>
The fruit is a depressed globular pink or red succulent berry, and the seed is approximately {{convert|1|mm|in|2}} in diameter with a reticulate coat.<ref name=saflora/><ref name=ntflora/>
In the [[Northern Territory]], it flowers and fruits from February to December,<ref name=ntflora/> while in [[Victoria, Australia|Victoria]], it flowers from January to April.<ref name=vicflora/>
In the [[Northern Territory]], it flowers and fruits from February to December,<ref name=ntflora/> while in [[Victoria, Australia|Victoria]], it flowers from January to April.<ref name=vicflora/>


===Differences from closely related species===
===Differences from closely related species===
<blockquote>
<blockquote>
"''Rhagodia spinescens'' differs from ''[[Rhagodia parabolica|R. parabolica]]'', in having smaller leaves (mostly 5-17 mm long, cf. mostly 15-30 mm long), a narrower inflorescence and a preference for non-rocky sites. It differs from ''[[Rhagodia eremaea|R. eremaea]]'' in having leaves that are alternate or opposite (cf. consistently alternate), often spade-shaped, equal length and width or slightly longer than wide (cf. distinctly long relative to their width), with round saucer-like vesicles on the undersurface (cf. irregular-shaped vesicles) and have a fishy or foetid odour."<ref name=ntflora/></blockquote>
''Rhagodia spinescens'' differs from ''[[Rhagodia parabolica|R. parabolica]]'', in having smaller leaves (mostly 5-17 mm long, cf. mostly 15-30&nbsp;mm long), a narrower inflorescence and a preference for non-rocky sites. It differs from ''[[Rhagodia eremaea|R.&nbsp;eremaea]]'' in having leaves that are alternate or opposite (cf. consistently alternate), often spade-shaped, equal length and width or slightly longer than wide (cf. distinctly long relative to their width), with round saucer-like vesicles on the undersurface (cf. irregular-shaped vesicles) and have a fishy or foetid odour.<ref name=ntflora/></blockquote>


==Taxonomy==
==Taxonomy==
''Chenopodium spinescens'' was first formally described [[R.Br.|Robert Brown]] in 1810 as ''Rhagodia spinescens'' and the description was published in ''[[Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae et Insulae Van Diemen]]''.<ref name=apni/><ref name=brown/> In 2012, [[Susy Fuentes Bazán]] and [[Thomas Borsch]] moved all species of ''Rhagodia'' to ''Chenopodium'' within the broader family, ''Amaranthaceae''.<ref name=fuentes/> a change accepted by Govaerts, ''et. al.''<ref name=PWO/> However, the assignation of this plant to the genus, ''[[Rhagodia]]'', and to the family, ''[[Chenopodiaceae]]'', is the taxonomy accepted by the [[Council of Heads of Australasian Herbaria]] (CHAH),<ref name=accepted/><ref name=apni/>
''Chenopodium spinescens'' was first formally described [[Robert Brown (botanist, born 1773)|Robert Brown]] in 1810 as ''Rhagodia spinescens'' and the description was published in ''[[Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae et Insulae Van Diemen]]''.<ref name=apni/><ref name=brown/> In 2012, [[Susy Fuentes Bazán]] and [[Thomas Borsch]] moved all species of ''Rhagodia'' to ''Chenopodium'' within the broader family, ''Amaranthaceae''.<ref name=fuentes/> a change accepted by Govaerts, et al.<ref name=PWO/> However, the assignation of this plant to the genus, ''[[Rhagodia]]'', and to the family, ''[[Chenopodiaceae]]'', is the taxonomy accepted by the [[Council of Heads of Australasian Herbaria]] (CHAH),<ref name=accepted/><ref name=apni/>


==Habitat==
==Habitat==
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==External links==
==External links==
* [http://avh.ala.org.au/occurrences/search;jsessionid=95E8D004F3F3BEB06D278EE13EF18220?taxa=Rhagodia+spinescens#tab_mapView Occurrence data for ''Rhagodia spinescens'' R.Br.] The Australasian Virtual Herbarium. Retrieved 7 July 2018.
* [http://avh.ala.org.au/occurrences/search;jsessionid=95E8D004F3F3BEB06D278EE13EF18220?taxa=Rhagodia+spinescens#tab_mapView Occurrence data for ''Rhagodia spinescens'' R.Br.] The Australasian Virtual Herbarium. Retrieved 7 July 2018.
* [https://profiles.ala.org.au/opus/foa/profile/Rhagodia%20spinescens (2017) Rhagodia spinescens. In: Flora of Australia. Australian Biological Resources Study, Department of the Environment and Energy, Canberra.]
* [https://profiles.ala.org.au/opus/foa/profile/Rhagodia%20spinescens (2017) ''Rhagodia spinescens''. In: Flora of Australia. Australian Biological Resources Study, Department of the Environment and Energy, Canberra.]
{{Taxonbar|from=Q17246017|from2=Q15553767}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q17246017|from2=Q15553767}}


Revision as of 00:12, 7 July 2020

Chenopodium spinescens
From Mueller (1889)[1]
Foliage
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Order: Caryophyllales
Family: Amaranthaceae
Genus: Chenopodium
Species:
C. spinescens
Binomial name
Chenopodium spinescens
Occurrence data from AVH
Synonyms[3]

Chenopodium spinescens (common names: spiny saltbush, berry saltbush, thorny saltbush, creeping saltbush, hedge saltbush)[5][6] is a species of plant in the family Amaranthaceae, endemic to Australia.[3] It is found in all states and territories of Australia with the exception of Tasmania.[7]

Description

Chenopodium spinescens is a multi-stemmed dense shrub to 2 metres (7 ft) high, with branches often ending in spines. The leaves are alternate or opposite, and mealy, looking grey green to almost whitish from their covering of saucer-shaped/spherical hairs.[2][6] The leaf shape is ovate to triangular, and are 5–17 millimetres (0.2–0.7 in) long and 5–17 millimetres (0.2–0.7 in) wide. The leaf petiole is about half the length of the lamina. Male and female flowers are usually on different plants. The flowers have five perianth segments that are tiny and all alike, and five stamens. The ripe fruit are red and succulent.[2][6]

The inflorescence is a panicle or spike, with the flowers' perianth being densely mealy on the outside. The male flowers are globular and 0.5–1 mm in diameter, with their filaments united into a smooth saucer-shaped disc. The female flowers are larger (about 1 mm) and globular to top-shaped.[6]

The fruit is a depressed globular pink or red succulent berry, and the seed is approximately 1 millimetre (0.04 in) in diameter with a reticulate coat.[6][2] In the Northern Territory, it flowers and fruits from February to December,[2] while in Victoria, it flowers from January to April.[8]

Rhagodia spinescens differs from R. parabolica, in having smaller leaves (mostly 5-17 mm long, cf. mostly 15-30 mm long), a narrower inflorescence and a preference for non-rocky sites. It differs from R. eremaea in having leaves that are alternate or opposite (cf. consistently alternate), often spade-shaped, equal length and width or slightly longer than wide (cf. distinctly long relative to their width), with round saucer-like vesicles on the undersurface (cf. irregular-shaped vesicles) and have a fishy or foetid odour.[2]

Taxonomy

Chenopodium spinescens was first formally described Robert Brown in 1810 as Rhagodia spinescens and the description was published in Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae et Insulae Van Diemen.[9][10] In 2012, Susy Fuentes Bazán and Thomas Borsch moved all species of Rhagodia to Chenopodium within the broader family, Amaranthaceae.[4] a change accepted by Govaerts, et al.[3] However, the assignation of this plant to the genus, Rhagodia, and to the family, Chenopodiaceae, is the taxonomy accepted by the Council of Heads of Australasian Herbaria (CHAH),[11][9]

Habitat

In the Northern Territory, it occurs on sandplains, alluvial plains, intermittent sandy watercourses, on sandy edges of salt lakes, and rarely on gravelly hillslopes.[2] In Victoria, it is usually found on heavy, saline or subsaline soils at the edges of lakes, on flats, and in dune swales.[8]

Distribution

It is found in the IBRA bioregions of Burt Plain, Central Ranges, Channel Country, Coolgardie, Finke, Flinders Lofty Block, Gawler, Great Sandy Desert, Great Victoria Desert, MacDonnell Ranges, Mitchell Grass Downs, Nullarbor, Riverina, Simpson Strzelecki Dunefields, Stony Plains, and Tanami.[2][12] (Bioregions from Victoria, Queensland and New South Wales may not be included.)

Propagation

The advice for propagation is to take soft, current season growth tips from actively growing plants; store and transport wrapped in wet newspaper and sealed in a plastic bag, and plant after trimming cuttings to a length of 5–10 centimetres (2.0–3.9 in) and dipping in 3000 ppm IBA rooting hormone.[2]

References

  1. ^ von Mueller, F.J.H. (1889) Iconography of Salsolaceous Plants XXII R.S. Brain, Government Printer, Melbourne.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i "FloraNT factsheet for Rhagodia spinescens". Flora of the Northern Territory online. Northern Territory Government. Retrieved 7 July 2018.
  3. ^ a b c d "Chenopodium spinescens (R.Br.) S.Fuentes & Borsch". Plants of the World online. Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 7 July 2018.
  4. ^ a b Fuentes-Bazan, Susy; Mansion, Guilhem; Borsch, Thomas (2012). "Towards a species level tree of the globally diverse genus Chenopodium (Chenopodiaceae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 62 (1): 359–374. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2011.10.006. ISSN 1055-7903. PMID 22051350. pdf
  5. ^ Jacobs, S.W.L. (1990) PlantNET Rhagodia spinescens New South Wales flora online. National Herbarium of NSW, Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney. Retrieved 7 July 2018.
  6. ^ a b c d e "efloraSA Fact Sheet Rhagodia spinescens". Electronic Flora of South Australia. Government of South Australia. Retrieved 7 July 2018.
  7. ^ Occurrence data for Rhagodia spinescens R.Br. The Australasian Virtual Herbarium. Retrieved 7 July 2018.
  8. ^ a b "VicFlora Rhagodia spinescens". Flora of Victoria. Royal Botanic Gardens Foundation Victoria. Retrieved 7 July 2018.
  9. ^ a b "APNI Rhagodia spinescens". Australian Plant Name Index. Retrieved 7 July 2018.
  10. ^ Brown, R. (1810) Prodromus florae Novae Hollandiae et insulae Van-Diemen, exhibens characteres plantarum quas annis 1802-1805: 264(408)
  11. ^ "APC Chenopodium spinescens". Australian Plant Census, Commonwealth Heads of Australian Herbaria. Retrieved 7 July 2018.
  12. ^ Florabase Rhagodia spinescens
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