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== Research and contributions ==
== Research and contributions ==
=== Macro processors ===
=== Macro processors ===
McIlroy is considered to be a pioneer of [[macro processor]]s.<ref name="Lay85"/><ref>{{cite journal |author=David Walden |url=https://tug.org/TUGboat/tb35-1/tb109walden.pdf |title=Macro memories, 1964–2013 |year=2014 |journal=[[TUGboat]] |volume=35 |number=1 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Krishnamurthi |first1=Shriram |last2=Felleisen |first2=Matthias |last3=Duba |first3=Bruce F. |editor1=Czarnecki, Krzysztof |editor2=Eisenecker, Ulrich W. |title=From Macros to Reusable Generative Programming |journal=Generative and Component-Based Software Engineering |series=Lecture Notes in Computer Science |year=2000 |volume=1799 |publisher=Springer |location=Berlin, Heidelberg |pages=105–120 |doi=10.1007/3-540-40048-6_9 |isbn=978-3-540-40048-6 |url=http://www.netobjectdays.org/pdf/99/stja/krishna.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20041125195330/http://www.netobjectdays.org/pdf/99/stja/krishna.pdf |archivedate=November 25, 2004 }}</ref> In 1959, together with Douglas E. Eastwood of Bell Labs, he introduced conditional and recursive macros into popular [[Symbolic Assembly Program|SAP]] assembler,<ref name="CSTR99">{{cite web |url=http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/cs/cstr/99.html |archive-url=https://archive.is/20140902215751/http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/cs/cstr/99.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 2, 2014 |title=Computing Science Technical Report No. 99 – A History of Computing Research at Bell Laboratories (1937–1975) |first1=Bernard D. |last1=Holbrook |first2=W. Stanley |last2=Brown |publisher=[[Bell Labs]] |accessdate=February 2, 2020}}</ref> creating what is known as Macro SAP.<ref name="MSAP">{{cite web |title=Macro SAP – Macro compiler modification of SAP |encyclopedia=HOPL: Online Historical Encyclopaedia of Programming Languages |url=http://hopl.murdoch.edu.au/showlanguage.prx?exp=91 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080813125120/http://hopl.murdoch.edu.au/showlanguage.prx?exp=91 |archivedate=August 13, 2008}}</ref> His 1960 paper was also seminal in the area of extending any (including [[high-level programming language|high-level]]) programming languages through macro processors.<ref name="Lay85">{{cite journal |last=Layzell |first=P. |authorlink=Paul Layzell |year=1985 |title=The History of Macro Processors in Programming Language Extensibility |journal=The Computer Journal |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=29–33|doi=10.1093/comjnl/28.1.29 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="CSTR99"/> These contributions started the macro-language tradition at Bell Labs ("everything from L6 and AMBIT to C").<ref name="BellSAP">{{cite web |title=Bell SAP – SAP with conditional and recursive macros |encyclopedia=HOPL: Online Historical Encyclopaedia of Programming Languages |url=http://hopl.murdoch.edu.au/showlanguage.prx?exp=5635 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070821092817/http://hopl.murdoch.edu.au/showlanguage.prx?exp=5635 |archivedate=September 21, 2007}}</ref> McIlroy's macro processing ideas were also the main inspiration for [[TRAC (programming language)|TRAC]] macro processor.<ref name="trac_paper">{{cite book |first1=C.N. |last1=Mooers |authorlink=Calvin Mooers |first2=L.P. |last2=Deutsch |authorlink2=L. Peter Deutsch |chapter=TRAC, A Text-Handling Language |title=Proceeding ACM '65 Proceedings of the 1965 20th national conference |pages=229–246 |year=1965 |doi=10.1145/800197.806048 }}</ref>
McIlroy is considered to be a pioneer of [[macro processor]]s.<ref name="Lay85"/><ref>{{cite journal |author=David Walden |url=https://tug.org/TUGboat/tb35-1/tb109walden.pdf |title=Macro memories, 1964–2013 |year=2014 |journal=[[TUGboat]] |volume=35 |number=1 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Krishnamurthi |first1=Shriram |last2=Felleisen |first2=Matthias |last3=Duba |first3=Bruce F. |editor1=Czarnecki, Krzysztof |editor2=Eisenecker, Ulrich W. |title=From Macros to Reusable Generative Programming |journal=Generative and Component-Based Software Engineering |series=Lecture Notes in Computer Science |year=2000 |volume=1799 |publisher=Springer |location=Berlin, Heidelberg |pages=105–120 |doi=10.1007/3-540-40048-6_9 |isbn=978-3-540-40048-6 |url=http://www.netobjectdays.org/pdf/99/stja/krishna.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20041125195330/http://www.netobjectdays.org/pdf/99/stja/krishna.pdf |archivedate=November 25, 2004 }}</ref> In 1959, together with Douglas E. Eastwood of Bell Labs, he introduced conditional and recursive macros into popular [[Symbolic Assembly Program|SAP]] assembler,<ref name="CSTR99">{{cite web |url=http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/cs/cstr/99.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140902215751/http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/cs/cstr/99.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 2, 2014 |title=Computing Science Technical Report No. 99 – A History of Computing Research at Bell Laboratories (1937–1975) |first1=Bernard D. |last1=Holbrook |first2=W. Stanley |last2=Brown |publisher=[[Bell Labs]] |accessdate=February 2, 2020}}</ref> creating what is known as Macro SAP.<ref name="MSAP">{{cite web |title=Macro SAP – Macro compiler modification of SAP |encyclopedia=HOPL: Online Historical Encyclopaedia of Programming Languages |url=http://hopl.murdoch.edu.au/showlanguage.prx?exp=91 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080813125120/http://hopl.murdoch.edu.au/showlanguage.prx?exp=91 |archivedate=August 13, 2008}}</ref> His 1960 paper was also seminal in the area of extending any (including [[high-level programming language|high-level]]) programming languages through macro processors.<ref name="Lay85">{{cite journal |last=Layzell |first=P. |authorlink=Paul Layzell |year=1985 |title=The History of Macro Processors in Programming Language Extensibility |journal=The Computer Journal |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=29–33|doi=10.1093/comjnl/28.1.29 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="CSTR99"/> These contributions started the macro-language tradition at Bell Labs ("everything from L6 and AMBIT to C").<ref name="BellSAP">{{cite web |title=Bell SAP – SAP with conditional and recursive macros |encyclopedia=HOPL: Online Historical Encyclopaedia of Programming Languages |url=http://hopl.murdoch.edu.au/showlanguage.prx?exp=5635 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070821092817/http://hopl.murdoch.edu.au/showlanguage.prx?exp=5635 |archivedate=August 21, 2007}}</ref> McIlroy's macro processing ideas were also the main inspiration for [[TRAC (programming language)|TRAC]] macro processor.<ref name="trac_paper">{{cite book |first1=C.N. |last1=Mooers |authorlink=Calvin Mooers |first2=L.P. |last2=Deutsch |authorlink2=L. Peter Deutsch |chapter=TRAC, A Text-Handling Language |title=Proceeding ACM '65 Proceedings of the 1965 20th national conference |pages=229–246 |year=1965 |doi=10.1145/800197.806048 }}</ref>


He also coauthored M6 macro processor in [[FORTRAN IV]],<ref>{{cite book |last=Cole |first=A. J. |authorlink=Jack Cole (scientist) |title=Macro Processors |edition=2nd, revised |year=1981 |publisher=CUP Archive |pages=254}}</ref> which was used in [[ALTRAN]]<ref name="hall71"/> and later was ported to and included into [[Research Unix|early versions of Unix]].<ref name="reader"/>
He also coauthored M6 macro processor in [[FORTRAN IV]],<ref>{{cite book |last=Cole |first=A. J. |authorlink=Jack Cole (scientist) |title=Macro Processors |edition=2nd, revised |year=1981 |publisher=CUP Archive |pages=254}}</ref> which was used in [[ALTRAN]]<ref name="hall71"/> and later was ported to and included into [[Research Unix|early versions of Unix]].<ref name="reader"/>


=== Contributions to Unix ===
=== Contributions to Unix ===
Throughout the 1960s and 1970s McIlroy contributed programs for [[Multics]] (such as [[roff (software)|''runoff'']]<ref name="Evolution">{{cite journal |first=Dennis M. |last=Ritchie |title=The Evolution of the Unix Time-sharing System |url=http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/cs/who/dmr/hist.html |archiveurl=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20100506231949/http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/cs/who/dmr/hist.html |archivedate=6 May 2010 |journal=AT&T Bell Laboratories Technical Journal |volume=63 |number=6 Part 2 |year=1984 |pages=1577–93|doi=10.1002/j.1538-7305.1984.tb00054.x }} As [http://www.read.seas.harvard.edu/~kohler/class/aosref/ritchie84evolution.pdf PDF]</ref>) and [[Unix]] operating systems (such as ''[[diff]]'', [[echo (command)|''echo'']], [[tr (Unix)|''tr'']], [[join (Unix utility)|''join'']] and ''look''<ref name="reader">{{cite techreport |first1=M. D. |last1=McIlroy |authorlink1=Doug McIlroy |year=1987 |url=http://www.cs.dartmouth.edu/~doug/reader.pdf |title=A Research Unix reader: annotated excerpts from the Programmer's Manual, 1971–1986 |series=Computing Science |number=139 |institution=AT&T Bell Laboratories |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref>), versions of which are widespread to this day through adoption of the [[POSIX]] standard and [[Unix-like]] operating systems. He introduced the idea of Unix pipelines.<ref name="Evolution"/> He also implemented [[TMG (language)|TMG]] compiler-compiler in [[PDP-7]] and [[PDP-11]] assembly, which became the first high-level programming language running on Unix, prompting development and influencing [[Ken Thompson]]'s [[B (programming language)|B programming language]]<ref name="Evolution"/> and Stephen Johnson's [[Yacc]] parser-generator.<ref name="yacc">{{cite techreport |last=Johnson |first=Stephen C. |authorlink=Stephen C. Johnson |year=1975 |title=Yacc: Yet Another Compiler-Compiler |number=32 |publisher=AT&T Bell Laboratories |location=Murray Hill, New Jersey |url=http://dinosaur.compilertools.net/yacc/ |accessdate=31 January 2020}}</ref>
Throughout the 1960s and 1970s McIlroy contributed programs for [[Multics]] (such as [[roff (software)|''runoff'']]<ref name="Evolution">{{cite journal |first=Dennis M. |last=Ritchie |title=The Evolution of the Unix Time-sharing System |url=http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/cs/who/dmr/hist.html |archiveurl=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20100506231949/http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/cs/who/dmr/hist.html |archivedate=6 May 2010 |journal=AT&T Bell Laboratories Technical Journal |volume=63 |number=6 Part 2 |year=1984 |pages=1577–93|doi=10.1002/j.1538-7305.1984.tb00054.x }} As [http://www.read.seas.harvard.edu/~kohler/class/aosref/ritchie84evolution.pdf PDF]</ref>) and [[Unix]] operating systems (such as ''[[diff]]'', [[echo (command)|''echo'']], [[tr (Unix)|''tr'']], [[join (Unix utility)|''join'']] and ''look''<ref name="reader">{{cite techreport |first1=M. D. |last1=McIlroy |authorlink1=Doug McIlroy |year=1987 |url=http://www.cs.dartmouth.edu/~doug/reader.pdf |title=A Research Unix reader: annotated excerpts from the Programmer's Manual, 1971–1986 |series=Computing Science |number=139 |institution=AT&T Bell Laboratories |df=dmy-all }}</ref>), versions of which are widespread to this day through adoption of the [[POSIX]] standard and [[Unix-like]] operating systems. He introduced the idea of Unix pipelines.<ref name="Evolution"/> He also implemented [[TMG (language)|TMG]] compiler-compiler in [[PDP-7]] and [[PDP-11]] assembly, which became the first high-level programming language running on Unix, prompting development and influencing [[Ken Thompson]]'s [[B (programming language)|B programming language]]<ref name="Evolution"/> and Stephen Johnson's [[Yacc]] parser-generator.<ref name="yacc">{{cite techreport |last=Johnson |first=Stephen C. |authorlink=Stephen C. Johnson |year=1975 |title=Yacc: Yet Another Compiler-Compiler |number=32 |publisher=AT&T Bell Laboratories |location=Murray Hill, New Jersey |url=http://dinosaur.compilertools.net/yacc/ |accessdate=31 January 2020}}</ref>


McIlroy also took over from [[Dennis Ritchie]] compilation of the [[man page|Unix manual]] "as a labor of love". According to [[Sandy Fraser]]: "The fact that there was a manual, that he [McIlroy] insisted on a high standard for the manual, meant that he insisted on a high standard for every one of the programs that was documented".<ref name="crea">{{cite web |title=The Creation of the UNIX Operating System |url=http://csdev.cas.upm.edu.ph/~pfalcone/compsci/unix/unix-history1.html |publisher=Bell Labs |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040914025332/http://csdev.cas.upm.edu.ph/~pfalcone/compsci/unix/unix-history1.html |archivedate=September 14, 2004 }}</ref>
McIlroy also took over from [[Dennis Ritchie]] compilation of the [[man page|Unix manual]] "as a labor of love". According to [[Sandy Fraser]]: "The fact that there was a manual, that he [McIlroy] insisted on a high standard for the manual, meant that he insisted on a high standard for every one of the programs that was documented".<ref name="crea">{{cite web |title=The Creation of the UNIX Operating System |url=http://csdev.cas.upm.edu.ph/~pfalcone/compsci/unix/unix-history1.html |publisher=Bell Labs |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040914025332/http://csdev.cas.upm.edu.ph/~pfalcone/compsci/unix/unix-history1.html |archivedate=September 14, 2004 }}</ref>

Revision as of 01:02, 7 July 2020

Malcolm Douglas McIlroy
McIlroy at the Japan Prize Foundation in 2011
Born1932 (age 91–92)
Alma materCornell University (B.S., 1954)
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (Ph.D., 1959)
Known forMacros, Unix pipelines, Unix philosophy, software componentry, echo, diff, sort, join, tr
Scientific career
Fieldscomputer science, mathematics, engineering
Thesis On the Solution of the Differential Equations of Conical Shells  (1959)
Doctoral advisorsEric Reissner
Websitewww.cs.dartmouth.edu/~doug/

Malcolm Douglas McIlroy (born 1932) is a mathematician, engineer, and programmer. As of 2019 he is an Adjunct Professor of Computer Science at Dartmouth College. McIlroy is best known for having originally proposed Unix pipelines and developed several Unix tools, such as spell, diff, sort, join, graph, speak, and tr.[1] He was also one of the pioneering researchers of macro processors and programming language extensibility. He participated in the design of multiple influential programming languages, particularly PL/I, SNOBOL, ALTRAN, TMG and C++.

His seminal work on software componentization[2] and code reuse[3][4] makes him a pioneer of component-based software engineering and software product line engineering.

Biography

McIlroy earned his Bachelor's degree in engineering physics from Cornell University,[5] and a Ph.D. in applied mathematics from MIT in 1959 for his thesis On the Solution of the Differential Equations of Conical Shells (advisor Eric Reissner).[6] He taught at MIT from 1954 to 1958.[5]

McIlroy joined Bell Laboratories in 1958; from 1965 to 1986 was head of its Computing Techniques Research Department (the birthplace of the Unix operating system), and thereafter was Distinguished Member of Technical Staff.[5]

From 1967 to 1968, McIlroy also served as a visiting lecturer at Oxford University.[5]

In 1997, McIlroy retired from Bell Labs, and took a position as an Adjunct Professor in the Dartmouth College Computer Science Department.[5]

He has previously served the Association for Computing Machinery as national lecturer, Turing Award chairman, member of the publications planning committee, and associate editor for the Communications of the ACM, the Journal of the ACM, and ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems. He also served on the executive committee of CSNET.[5]

Research and contributions

Macro processors

McIlroy is considered to be a pioneer of macro processors.[7][8][9] In 1959, together with Douglas E. Eastwood of Bell Labs, he introduced conditional and recursive macros into popular SAP assembler,[10] creating what is known as Macro SAP.[11] His 1960 paper was also seminal in the area of extending any (including high-level) programming languages through macro processors.[7][10] These contributions started the macro-language tradition at Bell Labs ("everything from L6 and AMBIT to C").[12] McIlroy's macro processing ideas were also the main inspiration for TRAC macro processor.[13]

He also coauthored M6 macro processor in FORTRAN IV,[14] which was used in ALTRAN[15] and later was ported to and included into early versions of Unix.[16]

Contributions to Unix

Throughout the 1960s and 1970s McIlroy contributed programs for Multics (such as runoff[17]) and Unix operating systems (such as diff, echo, tr, join and look[16]), versions of which are widespread to this day through adoption of the POSIX standard and Unix-like operating systems. He introduced the idea of Unix pipelines.[17] He also implemented TMG compiler-compiler in PDP-7 and PDP-11 assembly, which became the first high-level programming language running on Unix, prompting development and influencing Ken Thompson's B programming language[17] and Stephen Johnson's Yacc parser-generator.[18]

McIlroy also took over from Dennis Ritchie compilation of the Unix manual "as a labor of love". According to Sandy Fraser: "The fact that there was a manual, that he [McIlroy] insisted on a high standard for the manual, meant that he insisted on a high standard for every one of the programs that was documented".[19]

Computer language design

McIlroy influenced the design and implementation of SNOBOL programming language. His string manipulation macros were used extensively in the initial SNOBOL implementation of 1962, and figured prominently in subsequent work, eventually leading to its machine-independent implementation language SIL. The table type (associative array) was added to SNOBOL4 on McIlroy's insistence in 1969.[20]

In 1960s, he participated in the design of PL/I programming language.[4][21] He was a member of the IBM–SHARE committee that designed the language[22] and, together with Robert Morris, wrote the Early PL/I (EPL) compiler in TMG for the Multics project.[23][24]

Around 1965, McIlroy, together with W. Stanley Brown, implemented the original version of ALTRAN programming language for IBM 7094 computers.[15][10]

McIlroy has also made a significant influence on design of the programming language C++ (e.g., he proposed the stream output operator <<).[25]

Algorithms

In the 1990s, McIlroy worked on improving sorting techniques, particularly he co-authored an optimized Quicksort algorithm with Jon Bentley.[26]

In 1969, he contributed an efficient algorithm to generate all spanning trees in a graph (first discovered by George J. Minty in 1965).[10][27]

Awards and recognition

In 1995, he was elected as a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.[28] In 2004, he won both the USENIX Lifetime Achievement Award ("The Flame")[29] and its Software Tools User Group (STUG) award.[1] In 2006, he was elected as a member of the National Academy of Engineering.[30]

Views on computing

McIlroy is attributed the quote "The real hero of programming is the one who writes negative code,"[31] where the meaning of negative code is taken to be similar to the famous Apple developer team anecdote[32] (i.e., when a change in a program source makes the number of lines of code decrease ('negative' code), while its overall quality, readability or speed improves).

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "STUG Award". USENIX. Retrieved February 5, 2020.
  2. ^ Bown, Rodney L., ed. (2–5 June 1986). "First International Conference on Ada (R) Programming Language Applications for the NASA Space Station, volume 2 - NASA-TM-101202" (PDF).{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date format (link)
  3. ^ McIlroy, Malcolm Douglas (January 1969). "Mass produced software components" (PDF). Software Engineering: Report of a conference sponsored by the NATO Science Committee, Garmisch, Germany, 7–11 Oct. 1968. Scientific Affairs Division, NATO. p. 79.
  4. ^ a b Endres, Albert; Rombach, H. Dieter (2003). A Handbook of Software and Systems Engineering: Empirical Observations, Laws, and Theories. Pearson Education. p. 327.
  5. ^ a b c d e f "Douglas McIlroy". {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |encyclopedia= ignored (help)
  6. ^ "M. Douglas (Malcolm) McIlroy". Mathematics Genealogy Project. Retrieved February 7, 2020.
  7. ^ a b Layzell, P. (1985). "The History of Macro Processors in Programming Language Extensibility". The Computer Journal. 28 (1): 29–33. doi:10.1093/comjnl/28.1.29.
  8. ^ David Walden (2014). "Macro memories, 1964–2013" (PDF). TUGboat. 35 (1).
  9. ^ Krishnamurthi, Shriram; Felleisen, Matthias; Duba, Bruce F. (2000). Czarnecki, Krzysztof; Eisenecker, Ulrich W. (eds.). "From Macros to Reusable Generative Programming" (PDF). Generative and Component-Based Software Engineering. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. 1799. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer: 105–120. doi:10.1007/3-540-40048-6_9. ISBN 978-3-540-40048-6. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 25, 2004.
  10. ^ a b c d Holbrook, Bernard D.; Brown, W. Stanley. "Computing Science Technical Report No. 99 – A History of Computing Research at Bell Laboratories (1937–1975)". Bell Labs. Archived from the original on September 2, 2014. Retrieved February 2, 2020.
  11. ^ "Macro SAP – Macro compiler modification of SAP". Archived from the original on August 13, 2008. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |encyclopedia= ignored (help)
  12. ^ "Bell SAP – SAP with conditional and recursive macros". Archived from the original on August 21, 2007. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |encyclopedia= ignored (help)
  13. ^ Mooers, C.N.; Deutsch, L.P. (1965). "TRAC, A Text-Handling Language". Proceeding ACM '65 Proceedings of the 1965 20th national conference. pp. 229–246. doi:10.1145/800197.806048.
  14. ^ Cole, A. J. (1981). Macro Processors (2nd, revised ed.). CUP Archive. p. 254.
  15. ^ a b Hall, A.D., "The ALTRAN System for Rational Function Manipulation — A Survey". Communications of the ACM, 14(8):517–521 (August 1971).
  16. ^ a b McIlroy, M. D. (1987). A Research Unix reader: annotated excerpts from the Programmer's Manual, 1971–1986 (PDF) (Technical report). Computing Science. AT&T Bell Laboratories. 139.
  17. ^ a b c Ritchie, Dennis M. (1984). "The Evolution of the Unix Time-sharing System". AT&T Bell Laboratories Technical Journal. 63 (6 Part 2): 1577–93. doi:10.1002/j.1538-7305.1984.tb00054.x. Archived from the original on 6 May 2010. As PDF
  18. ^ Johnson, Stephen C. (1975). Yacc: Yet Another Compiler-Compiler (Technical report). Murray Hill, New Jersey: AT&T Bell Laboratories. 32. Retrieved 31 January 2020.
  19. ^ "The Creation of the UNIX Operating System". Bell Labs. Archived from the original on September 14, 2004.
  20. ^ Griswold, Ralph (1978). "A history of the SNOBOL programming languages". ACM SIGPLAN Notices. 13 (8). ACM: 275–308. doi:10.1145/960118.808393. ISSN 0362-1340. S2CID 5413577.
  21. ^ Lawson, Harold; Bromberg, Howard (June 12, 1997). "The World's First COBOL Compilers". Archived from the original on June 4, 2004.
  22. ^ Michael S. Mahoney (18 August 1989). "Interview with M.D. McIlroy". Princeton.edu. Murray Hill.
  23. ^ R. A. Frieburghouse. "The Multics PL/1 Compiler". Multicians.org.
  24. ^ Tom Van Vleck (ed.). "The Choice of PL/I". Multicians.org.
  25. ^ Stroustrup, Bjarne. "A History of C++: 1979−1991" (PDF).
  26. ^ Jon L. Bentley; M. Douglas McIlroy (November 1993). "Engineering a sort function". Software—Practice & Experience. 23 (11).
  27. ^ Narsingh Deo (1974). Graph Theory with Applications to Engineering and Computer Science. Prentice-Hall. p. 480.
  28. ^ "Elected Fellows: Listing of Fellows who are current members". aaas.org. American Association for the Advancement of Science.
  29. ^ "Flame Award". USENIX. Retrieved February 5, 2020.
  30. ^ "Dr. M. Douglas McIlroy". nae.edu. National Academy of Engineering. Retrieved February 5, 2020.
  31. ^ These quotes were heard during a talk he gave to the DLSLUG 12/3/09
  32. ^ "MacPaint and QuickDraw Source Code". Computer History Museum.
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