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The relationship between Sony and Nintendo started when Sony engineer [[Ken Kutaragi]] became interested in working with video games after seeing his daughter play games on Nintendo's [[Nintendo Entertainment System|Famicom]] video game console. He took on a contract at Sony for developing hardware that would drive the audio subsystem of Nintendo's next console, the [[Super Nintendo Entertainment System|Super NES]]. Kutaragi secretly developed the chip, known as the [[Sony SPC 700]]. As Sony was uninterested in the video game business, most of his superiors did not approve of the project, but Kutaragi found support in Sony executive [[Norio Ohga]] and the project was allowed to continue. The success of the project spurred Nintendo to enter into a partnership with Sony to develop both a CD-ROM add-on for the Super NES and a Sony-branded console that would play both SNES cartridges, as well as titles released for the new Super Disc format.<ref name=Eurogamer>{{cite web |url=http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/farewell-father-article |title=Farewell, Father |author=Fahey, Rob |date=April 27, 2007 |work=Eurogamer.net |publisher= |access-date=March 8, 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120817080000/http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/farewell-father-article |archive-date=August 17, 2012 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>
The relationship between Sony and Nintendo started when Sony engineer [[Ken Kutaragi]] became interested in working with video games after seeing his daughter play games on Nintendo's [[Nintendo Entertainment System|Famicom]] video game console. He took on a contract at Sony for developing hardware that would drive the audio subsystem of Nintendo's next console, the [[Super Nintendo Entertainment System|Super NES]]. Kutaragi secretly developed the chip, known as the [[Sony SPC 700]]. As Sony was uninterested in the video game business, most of his superiors did not approve of the project, but Kutaragi found support in Sony executive [[Norio Ohga]] and the project was allowed to continue. The success of the project spurred Nintendo to enter into a partnership with Sony to develop both a CD-ROM add-on for the Super NES and a Sony-branded console that would play both SNES cartridges, as well as titles released for the new Super Disc format.<ref name=Eurogamer>{{cite web |url=http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/farewell-father-article |title=Farewell, Father |author=Fahey, Rob |date=April 27, 2007 |work=Eurogamer.net |publisher= |access-date=March 8, 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120817080000/http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/farewell-father-article |archive-date=August 17, 2012 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>


Development of the format started in 1988, when [[Nintendo]] signed a contract with [[Sony]] to produce a [[CD-ROM]] add-on for the SNES. The system was to be compatible with existing SNES titles as well as titles released for the Super Disc format.<ref name=Edge>{{cite web |title=The Making Of: PlayStation |author=Edge staff |url=http://www.edge-online.com/features/making-playstation |work=Edge |publisher=Future Publishing |date=April 24, 2009 |access-date=March 7, 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120516003333/http://www.edge-online.com/features/making-playstation |archive-date=May 16, 2012 |df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref name="IGN">{{cite web |url=http://psx.ign.com/articles/060/060188p1.html |title=History of the PlayStation |author=IGN staff |date=August 27, 1998 |work= |publisher=IGN |access-date=March 8, 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218120358/http://psx.ign.com/articles/060/060188p1.html |archive-date=February 18, 2012 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> Under their agreement, Sony would develop and retain control over the Super Disc format, with Nintendo thus effectively ceding a large amount of control of software licensing to Sony. Further, Sony would also be the sole benefactor of licensing related to music and movies software that it had been aggressively pursuing as a secondary application.<ref name="vgc ps history">{{cite web | url = https://www.videogameschronicle.com/features/psones-betrayal-and-revenge-story/ | title = The Road To PS5: PSOne’s Betrayal And Revenge Story | first = Andy | last = Robinson | date = February 5, 2020 | accessdate = February 6, 2020 |work = [[Video Games Chronicle]] }}</ref> Nintendo president [[Hiroshi Yamauchi]] was already wary of Sony at this point, as Sony was the sole provider of the audio chip, the S-SMP, used in the SNES and required developers to pay for an expensive development tool from Sony.<ref name="vgc ps history"/> To counter the proposed agreement, Yamauchi sent Nintendo of America president [[Minoru Arakawa]] and executive [[Howard Lincoln]] to Europe to negotiate a more favorable contract with [[Philips]], Sony's industry rival. As described by [[David Sheff]] in his book ''[[Game Over (Sheff book)|Game Over]]'', “[The Philips deal] was meant to do two things at once: give Nintendo back its stranglehold on software and gracefully fuck Sony."<ref name="vgc ps history"/> At the June 1991 [[Consumer Electronics Show]], Sony announced its SNES-compatible [[ROM cartridge|cartridge]]/CD console, the "PlayStation".<ref name="Edge" /> The next day, Nintendo revealed its partnership with Philips at the show—a surprise to the entire audience, including Sony.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1991/06/03/business/nintendo-philips-deal-is-a-slap-at-sony.html Nintendo-Philips Deal Is a Slap at Sony] - The New York Times, June 3, 1991</ref><ref name="IGN" />
Development of the format started in 1988, when [[Nintendo]] signed a contract with [[Sony]] to produce a [[CD-ROM]] add-on for the SNES. The system was to be compatible with existing SNES titles as well as titles released for the Super Disc format.<ref name="Edge">{{cite web|author=Edge staff|first=|date=April 24, 2009|title=The Making Of: PlayStation|url=http://www.edge-online.com/features/making-playstation|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120516003333/http://www.edge-online.com/features/making-playstation|archive-date=May 16, 2012|access-date=March 7, 2012|work=[[Edge (magazine)|Edge]]|publisher=[[Future Publishing]]|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref name="IGN">{{cite web|author=IGN staff|first=|date=August 27, 1998|title=History of the PlayStation|url=http://psx.ign.com/articles/060/060188p1.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218120358/http://psx.ign.com/articles/060/060188p1.html|archive-date=February 18, 2012|access-date=March 8, 2012|work=|publisher=[[IGN]]|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Under their agreement, Sony would develop and retain control over the Super Disc format, with Nintendo thus effectively ceding a large amount of control of software licensing to Sony. Further, Sony would also be the sole benefactor of licensing related to music and movies software that it had been aggressively pursuing as a secondary application.<ref name="vgc ps history">{{cite web | url = https://www.videogameschronicle.com/features/psones-betrayal-and-revenge-story/ | title = The Road To PS5: PSOne’s Betrayal And Revenge Story | first = Andy | last = Robinson | date = February 5, 2020 | accessdate = February 6, 2020 |work = [[Video Games Chronicle]] }}</ref> Nintendo president [[Hiroshi Yamauchi]] was already wary of Sony at this point, as Sony was the sole provider of the audio chip, the S-SMP, used in the SNES and required developers to pay for an expensive development tool from Sony.<ref name="vgc ps history"/> To counter the proposed agreement, Yamauchi sent Nintendo of America president [[Minoru Arakawa]] and executive [[Howard Lincoln]] to Europe to negotiate a more favorable contract with [[Philips]], Sony's industry rival. As described by [[David Sheff]] in his book ''[[Game Over (Sheff book)|Game Over]]'', “[The Philips deal] was meant to do two things at once: give Nintendo back its stranglehold on software and gracefully fuck Sony."<ref name="vgc ps history"/> At the June 1991 [[Consumer Electronics Show]], Sony announced its SNES-compatible [[ROM cartridge|cartridge]]/CD console, the "PlayStation".<ref name="Edge" /> The next day, Nintendo revealed its partnership with Philips at the show—a surprise to the entire audience, including Sony.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1991/06/03/business/nintendo-philips-deal-is-a-slap-at-sony.html Nintendo-Philips Deal Is a Slap at Sony] - [[The New York Times]], June 3, 1991</ref><ref name="IGN" />


While Nintendo and Sony attempted to sort out their differences, between two and three hundred prototypes of the PlayStation were created,<ref>{{cite magazine |last=|first= |title=Sony PlayStation|magazine=[[Next Generation (magazine)|Next Generation]]|issue=24 |publisher=[[Imagine Media]]|date=December 1996|page=48}}</ref><ref name="SNES CD UM">{{cite web | title=Why the Super Nintendo CD Would Have Been the Greatest Console Ever | first=Jarrod S. | last=Lipshy | work=Unrealitymag | url=http://unrealitymag.com/video-games/why-the-super-nintendo-cd-would-have-been-the-greatest-console-ever/ | access-date=November 9, 2015 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151109133717/http://unrealitymag.com/video-games/why-the-super-nintendo-cd-would-have-been-the-greatest-console-ever/ | archive-date=November 9, 2015 | df=mdy-all }}</ref> and software for the system was being developed. In 1992, a deal was reached allowing Sony to produce SNES-compatible hardware, with Nintendo retaining control and profit over the games. The two organizations never repaired the rift between them and by the next year, Sony had dropped further development of the Super NES CD-ROM, and instead refocused its efforts on developing its own console for the [[History of video game consoles (fifth generation)|next generation]] of consoles which became known as the [[PlayStation (console)|PlayStation]].<ref name="Eurogamer" /><ref name="1up">{{cite web |url=http://www.1up.com/features/15-years-cd-i?pager.offset=1 |title=CDi: The Ugly Duckling |author=Cowan, Danny |date=April 25, 2006 |work=1UP.com |publisher= |access-date=March 8, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104035709/http://www.1up.com/features/15-years-cd-i?pager.offset=1 |archive-date=November 4, 2012 |df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref name="vgc ps history"/>
While Nintendo and Sony attempted to sort out their differences, between two and three hundred prototypes of the PlayStation were created,<ref>{{cite magazine|last=|first=|date=December 1996|title=Sony PlayStation|url=https://archive.org/details/NEXT_Generation_24/page/n49/mode/2up|magazine=[[Next Generation (magazine)|Next Generation]]|publisher=[[Imagine Media]]|issue=24|page=48|pages=|doi=|pmid=|access-date=}}</ref><ref name="SNES CD UM">{{cite web | title=Why the Super Nintendo CD Would Have Been the Greatest Console Ever | first=Jarrod S. | last=Lipshy | work=Unrealitymag | url=http://unrealitymag.com/video-games/why-the-super-nintendo-cd-would-have-been-the-greatest-console-ever/ | access-date=November 9, 2015 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151109133717/http://unrealitymag.com/video-games/why-the-super-nintendo-cd-would-have-been-the-greatest-console-ever/ | archive-date=November 9, 2015 | df=mdy-all }}</ref> and software for the system was being developed. In 1992, a deal was reached allowing Sony to produce SNES-compatible hardware, with Nintendo retaining control and profit over the games. The two organizations never repaired the rift between them and by the next year, Sony had dropped further development of the Super NES CD-ROM, and instead refocused its efforts on developing its own console for the [[History of video game consoles (fifth generation)|next generation]] of consoles which became known as the [[PlayStation (console)|PlayStation]].<ref name="Eurogamer" /><ref name="1up">{{cite web|author=Cowan, Danny|first=|date=April 25, 2006|title=CDi: The Ugly Duckling|url=http://www.1up.com/features/15-years-cd-i?pager.offset=1|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104035709/http://www.1up.com/features/15-years-cd-i?pager.offset=1|archive-date=November 4, 2012|access-date=March 8, 2012|work=[[1UP.com]]|publisher=|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref name="vgc ps history"/>
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Revision as of 03:33, 9 July 2020

"Super Disc" redirects here. For the floppy disk drive, see SuperDisk.

Super NES CD-ROM System
SNES-CD add-on prototype concept art
Also known asSuper Famicom CD-ROM Adapter, Nintendo Playstation
ManufacturerNintendo, Sony
TypeVideo game console add-on
GenerationFourth generation
Release dateUnreleased
MediaCD-ROM, ROM cartridge

The Super NES CD-ROM System[1][2] (commonly shortened as the SNES-CD), known as Super Famicom CD-ROM Adapter in Japan,[3] is an unreleased video game peripheral for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System (SNES). The add-on built upon the functionality of the cartridge-based SNES by adding support for a CD-ROM-based format known as Super Disc.[4][5]

The SNES-CD platform was developed in a partnership between Nintendo and Sony. The platform was planned to be launched as an add-on for the standard SNES, as well as a hybrid console by Sony called the PlayStation[6] (nicknamed the "Nintendo PlayStation" to distinguish it from the later Sony console of the same name) similar to Sharp's Twin Famicom and NEC's TurboDuo. Another partnership with Philips yielded a few Nintendo-themed games for the CD-i platform instead of the SNES-CD. Sony independently furthered its developments into their own stand-alone console, which ended up inheriting the PlayStation name and would serve as the chief competitor of the Super NES's cartridge-based successor, the Nintendo 64.

History

Recreation of a Super Disc logo used from 1991 until 1993

The relationship between Sony and Nintendo started when Sony engineer Ken Kutaragi became interested in working with video games after seeing his daughter play games on Nintendo's Famicom video game console. He took on a contract at Sony for developing hardware that would drive the audio subsystem of Nintendo's next console, the Super NES. Kutaragi secretly developed the chip, known as the Sony SPC 700. As Sony was uninterested in the video game business, most of his superiors did not approve of the project, but Kutaragi found support in Sony executive Norio Ohga and the project was allowed to continue. The success of the project spurred Nintendo to enter into a partnership with Sony to develop both a CD-ROM add-on for the Super NES and a Sony-branded console that would play both SNES cartridges, as well as titles released for the new Super Disc format.[7]

Development of the format started in 1988, when Nintendo signed a contract with Sony to produce a CD-ROM add-on for the SNES. The system was to be compatible with existing SNES titles as well as titles released for the Super Disc format.[8][9] Under their agreement, Sony would develop and retain control over the Super Disc format, with Nintendo thus effectively ceding a large amount of control of software licensing to Sony. Further, Sony would also be the sole benefactor of licensing related to music and movies software that it had been aggressively pursuing as a secondary application.[10] Nintendo president Hiroshi Yamauchi was already wary of Sony at this point, as Sony was the sole provider of the audio chip, the S-SMP, used in the SNES and required developers to pay for an expensive development tool from Sony.[10] To counter the proposed agreement, Yamauchi sent Nintendo of America president Minoru Arakawa and executive Howard Lincoln to Europe to negotiate a more favorable contract with Philips, Sony's industry rival. As described by David Sheff in his book Game Over, “[The Philips deal] was meant to do two things at once: give Nintendo back its stranglehold on software and gracefully fuck Sony."[10] At the June 1991 Consumer Electronics Show, Sony announced its SNES-compatible cartridge/CD console, the "PlayStation".[8] The next day, Nintendo revealed its partnership with Philips at the show—a surprise to the entire audience, including Sony.[11][9]

While Nintendo and Sony attempted to sort out their differences, between two and three hundred prototypes of the PlayStation were created,[12][13] and software for the system was being developed. In 1992, a deal was reached allowing Sony to produce SNES-compatible hardware, with Nintendo retaining control and profit over the games. The two organizations never repaired the rift between them and by the next year, Sony had dropped further development of the Super NES CD-ROM, and instead refocused its efforts on developing its own console for the next generation of consoles which became known as the PlayStation.[7][14][10]

Prototype

File:Sony-playstation prototype.jpg
A photo of the only known SNES-based PlayStation prototype

In November 2015, it was reported that one of the original "Nintendo PlayStation" prototypes had been found. The prototype was reportedly left behind by former Sony Computer Entertainment CEO Ólafur Jóhann Ólafsson during his time at Advanta.[15] A former Advanta worker (Terry Diebold) acquired the device as part of a lot during Advanta's 2009 bankruptcy auction. The system was later confirmed as operational and the unit plays Super Famicom cartridges as well as the test cartridge that accompanied the unit, although the audio output and CD drive were non-functional.[5] Some groups attempted to develop homebrew software for the console, such as Super Boss Gaiden, as there were no known games that utilized the CD drive.[16]

The prototype came with a Sony/PlayStation-branded version of the standard Super Famicom controller (model number SHVC-005).[17] In March 2016, retro-gaming website RetroCollect reported that they (and influential members of online emulation communities) had received (from an anonymous source) a functional disc boot ROM for the SNES-CD.[18][19]

Diebold had given the unit to Benjamin Heckendorn, a console modder, to look at, around 2017. Heckendorn provided a tear-down video of the system,[20] through which he was able to identify faults in several on-board components that he subsequently replaced, which resulted in fixing the audio and CD drive issues indirectly. Heckendorn showed audio CDs working on the system, as there were no known game CDs, but affirmed that homebrew games worked.[21][22]

The prototype was put up for auction by Diebold in February 2020, with an initial asking price of US$15,000, but the auction quickly exceeded US$350,000 within two days.[23][24] It was auctioned off at US$360,000 to Greg McLemore, an entrepreneur and founder of Pets.com, who has a large collection of other video game hardware and plans to establish a permanent museum for this type of hardware.[25][26]

Technical specifications

Heckendorn's July 2016 teardown video provides technical specifications of the prototype, as none was published by Sony or Nintendo.[27] Heckendorn said the system would have probably been as powerful as a standard Super NES, but not as powerful as the Sega CD. The standalone unit has the following connectors: two Super NES controller ports, a cartridge slot, a dual-speed CD-ROM drive, RCA composite jacks, S-Video, RFU DC OUT (similar to the PlayStation SCPH-1001), a proprietary multi-out AV output port (the same one featured on the Super NES, Nintendo 64, and GameCube), headphone jack on the front, a serial port labelled "NEXT" (probably for debugging), and one expansion port under the unit.[28]

SYSTEM PC Engine CD-ROM² Sega CD SNES-CD (SFX-100)
CPU (MHz) 7.16 7.16 3.58
Co-CPU (MHz) None 4 2.048
Bus Width (Bits) 8 16 8
Add-on Processor (MHz) None 12.5 None or 21 MHz (NEC V-810 Phillips version)
Add-on Video None Present None
Add-on Audio CD Ricoh+CD CD
CD-ROM Speed 1x 1x 2x
Main RAM (KB) 8 64 128
Video RAM (KB) 64 64 64
Audio RAM (KB) 0 8 64
Exp RAM (KB) 64 (256 Kb Super CD and 2048 with Arcade Card) 512 256 (512 or 1024 with Phillips Snes CD)
Exp Video RAM (KB) 0 256 0
Exp Audio RAM (KB) 64 64 0
CD Cache RAM (KB) 0 16 32 (128 Phillips version)
Backup RAM (KB) for save data 0 8 8
Total RAM (KB) 200 (392 with Super CD, 2148 with Arcade Card) 992 552 (902 or 1416 Phillip Snes CD)

Legacy

After the original contract with Sony failed, Nintendo continued its partnership with Philips. This contract provisioned Philips with the right to feature Nintendo's characters in a few games for its CD-i multimedia device, but never resulted in a CD-ROM add-on for the SNES.[14] The Nintendo-themed CD-i games were very poorly received, and the CD-i itself is considered a commercial failure.[29] The main game in development for the SNES-CD platform launch was Square's Secret of Mana, whose planned content was cut down to the size suitable for cartridge and released on that medium instead.[30][31]

Ken Kutaragi and Sony continued to develop their own console and released the PlayStation in 1994. The CD-based console successfully competed with Nintendo's cartridge-based Nintendo 64 and other CD-based console systems such as the Fujitsu FM Towns Marty, the NEC PC-FX, the SNK Neo Geo CD, the Panasonic 3DO Interactive Multiplayer and the Sega Saturn. The broken partnership with Sony has often been cited as a mistake on Nintendo's part, effectively creating a formidable rival in the video game market.[32][7] Nintendo would not release an optical disc-based console of its own until the release of the GameCube in 2001.[14]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Super NES Technology Update: CD-ROM". Nintendo Power. No. 35. April 1992. pp. 70–71.
  2. ^ "Super NES CD-ROM System documentation" (PDF). Nintendo of America, Inc. February 1, 1993. Archived from the original on June 19, 2018.
  3. ^ "ニューマシン総まくり" [Overview of New Consoles]. Weekly Famitsu (in Japanese). July 3, 1992. Archived from the original on August 19, 2017.
  4. ^ Theriault, Donald (July 3, 2015). "Nintendo Play Station Superdisc Discovered". Nintendo World Report. Archived from the original on September 6, 2015. Retrieved November 6, 2015.
  5. ^ a b Lai, Richard (November 6, 2015). "We turned on the Nintendo PlayStation: It's real and it works". Engadget. AOL Inc. Archived from the original on August 16, 2016.
  6. ^ "Rare 'Nintendo PlayStation' sells for £230,000". BBC News. March 6, 2020. Retrieved April 11, 2020.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  7. ^ a b c Fahey, Rob (April 27, 2007). "Farewell, Father". Eurogamer.net. Archived from the original on August 17, 2012. Retrieved March 8, 2012.
  8. ^ a b Edge staff (April 24, 2009). "The Making Of: PlayStation". Edge. Future Publishing. Archived from the original on May 16, 2012. Retrieved March 7, 2012.
  9. ^ a b IGN staff (August 27, 1998). "History of the PlayStation". IGN. Archived from the original on February 18, 2012. Retrieved March 8, 2012.
  10. ^ a b c d Robinson, Andy (February 5, 2020). "The Road To PS5: PSOne's Betrayal And Revenge Story". Video Games Chronicle. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
  11. ^ Nintendo-Philips Deal Is a Slap at Sony - The New York Times, June 3, 1991
  12. ^ "Sony PlayStation". Next Generation. No. 24. Imagine Media. December 1996. p. 48.
  13. ^ Lipshy, Jarrod S. "Why the Super Nintendo CD Would Have Been the Greatest Console Ever". Unrealitymag. Archived from the original on November 9, 2015. Retrieved November 9, 2015.
  14. ^ a b c Cowan, Danny (April 25, 2006). "CDi: The Ugly Duckling". 1UP.com. Archived from the original on November 4, 2012. Retrieved March 8, 2012.
  15. ^ Brian Crecente (July 3, 2015). "HOW MISFORTUNE AND A BIT OF LUCK LED TO THE DISCOVERY OF THE FABLED NINTENDO PLAY STATION". Polygon.com. Archived from the original on July 6, 2015. Retrieved July 7, 2015.
  16. ^ Life, Nintendo (July 11, 2016). "Someone Has Actually Made A Game Which Works On The SNES PlayStation". Archived from the original on March 22, 2017. Retrieved February 20, 2017.
  17. ^ "Did a SUPER RARE Sony-Nintendo PlayStation prototype just pop up online? Possibly, maybe".
  18. ^ Buchanan, Adam (March 1, 2016). "Unreleased Super Nintendo CD "Nintendo PlayStation" Boot ROM Discovered". RetroCollect. RetroCollect. Archived from the original on March 10, 2016.
  19. ^ "Super Disc Boot ROM - The Cutting Room Floor". Archived from the original on February 18, 2017. Retrieved February 20, 2017.
  20. ^ The Ben Heck Show (July 22, 2016). Ben Heck's Nintendo-Playstation Prototype Part 2 Repair. Archived from the original on July 27, 2016. Retrieved July 23, 2016 – via YouTube.
  21. ^ Good, Owen S. (May 6, 2017). "The 'Nintendo Play Station' is working, thanks to Ben Heck". Polygon. Retrieved February 14, 2020.
  22. ^ "Hacker Makes the Nintendo PlayStation Fully Operational". Kotaku. May 5, 2017. Archived from the original on May 5, 2017. Retrieved May 5, 2017.
  23. ^ Philips, Tom (February 13, 2020). "Ultra-rare Nintendo PlayStation prototype up for auction". Eurogamer. Retrieved February 13, 2020.
  24. ^ Smith, Andrew (February 14, 2020). "Auctioned Nintendo PlayStation Prototype Console Will Be the Most Expensive Video Game Item Ever, Current Bid is $350,000". IGN. Retrieved February 14, 2020.
  25. ^ Carpenter, Nicole (March 6, 2020). "Rare Nintendo Play Station sold at auction for more than $300,000". Polygon. Retrieved March 6, 2020.
  26. ^ Zweizen, Zack (March 7, 2020). "The Man Behind Pets.Com Bought The 'Nintendo Play Station' Console For $360,000". Kotaku. Retrieved March 7, 2020.
  27. ^ "Ben Heck tears down the legendary Nintendo PlayStation". Archived from the original on May 10, 2017. Retrieved February 20, 2017.
  28. ^ The Ben Heck Show (July 15, 2016). Ben Heck's Nintendo-Playstation Prototype Pt 1 Teardown. Archived from the original on February 13, 2017. Retrieved February 20, 2017 – via YouTube.
  29. ^ Blake Snow (May 4, 2007). "The 10 Worst-Selling Consoles of All Time". GamePro.com. Archived from the original on May 8, 2007. Retrieved November 25, 2007.
  30. ^ Finnegan, Lizzy (April 7, 2015). "Secret of Mana: A Good Game With The Great Cut Out". The Escapist. Archived from the original on October 4, 2015. Retrieved November 9, 2015.
  31. ^ Schaulfelberger, Frederik (September 2006). "Sanningen om Mana". Level (in Swedish) (6). IDG: 114–121.
  32. ^ Nutt, Christian. "Birthday Memories: Sony PlayStation Turns 15". Gamasutra. Archived from the original on February 14, 2011. Retrieved March 8, 2012.
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