Jump to content

Common dolphin: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
Orcasrock (talk | contribs)
109 edits
The short-beaked and long-beaked common dolphins have been considered to be the same species since 2016. Different populations of long-beaked common dolphins are not closely related to one another and often have a short-beaked ancestor.
Tags: nowiki added Visual edit
Orcasrock (talk | contribs)
109 edits
→Natural history: Much information needed to be added about mixed species association between common dolphins and other cetaceans. The Gulf of Corinth is known for unique interactions between common, striped and risso's dolphin. There is also the unique case of "Billie", a bottlenose dolphin in southern Spain and her interactions with common dolphins.
Line 26: Line 26:
==Natural history==
==Natural history==
[[File:CD 3.jpg|thumb|left|Common dolphin, Ireland]]
[[File:CD 3.jpg|thumb|left|Common dolphin, Ireland]]
Common dolphins live in both warm-temperate and tropical waters ranging from [[40th parallel north|40]]–[[60th parallel north|60°N]] to [[50th parallel south|50°S]]. Long-beaked common dolphins mostly inhabit shallow, warm coastal water.<ref name=encyc/> Short-beaked common dolphins are common "along shelf edges and in areas with sharp bottom relief such as [[seamount]]s and [[escarpment]]s".<ref name="Audubon"/> Common dolphin have a varied diet consisting of many species of fish and squid. This includes both [[mesopelagic]] species and [[epipelagic]] schooling species. They have been recorded to make dives up to {{Convert|200|m|ft}} deep.
Common dolphins live in both warm-temperate and tropical waters ranging from [[40th parallel north|40]]–[[60th parallel north|60°N]] to [[50th parallel south|50°S]]. Long-beaked common dolphins mostly inhabit shallow, warm coastal water.<ref name=encyc/> Short-beaked common dolphins are common "along shelf edges and in areas with sharp bottom relief such as [[seamount]]s and [[escarpment]]s".<ref name="Audubon"/> Common dolphins have a varied diet consisting of many species of fish and squid. This includes both [[mesopelagic]] species and [[epipelagic]] schooling species. They have been recorded to make dives up to {{Convert|200|m|ft}} deep.


Common dolphins are a widely distributed species. In the Northwest Atlantic, they can be found from Cape Hatteras North Carolina, to Newfoundland and are strongly associated with the Gulf Stream. Dolphins in this region can often be found in areas that have certain geological factors like underwater canyons and ridges because this is where up-welling occurs which result in greater nutrients. In the Eastern Pacific, common dolphins are found along the coast of California and are associated with the California current. Short-beaked Common dolphins can also be found in Europe, particularly the Scotian shelf, the Black Sea and the Mediterranean. In the Southern Hemisphere, they are abundant in the southwestern Pacific, around New Zealand and southern Australia. They are generally a pelagic species that are often found in waters 650-6,500 feet deep.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Chavez-Rosales|first=Samuel|last2=Palka|first2=Debra L.|last3=Garrison|first3=Lance P.|last4=Josephson|first4=Elizabeth A.|date=2019-12|title=Environmental predictors of habitat suitability and occurrence of cetaceans in the western North Atlantic Ocean|url=http://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-42288-6|journal=Scientific Reports|language=en|volume=9|issue=1|pages=5833|doi=10.1038/s41598-019-42288-6|issn=2045-2322|pmc=PMC6456503|pmid=30967576}}</ref> Temperature also plays a large role in the congregation of dolphins. For example, in the Western North Atlantic, almost all sightings of Common dolphins took place in waters from 16-20 °C. However, there were common dolphin sightings in waters as low as 5 °C. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Chavez-Rosales|first=Samuel|last2=Palka|first2=Debra L.|last3=Garrison|first3=Lance P.|last4=Josephson|first4=Elizabeth A.|date=2019-12|title=Environmental predictors of habitat suitability and occurrence of cetaceans in the western North Atlantic Ocean|url=http://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-42288-6|journal=Scientific Reports|language=en|volume=9|issue=1|pages=5833|doi=10.1038/s41598-019-42288-6|issn=2045-2322|pmc=PMC6456503|pmid=30967576}}</ref>
Common dolphins can live in aggregations of hundreds or even thousands of dolphins.<ref name=encyc>{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals|author=Perrin, W.|chapter=Common Dolphins|editor1=Perrin, W.|editor2=Wursig, B.|editor3=Thewissen, J.|pages=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofma2002unse/page/245 245–248]|year=2002|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=0-12-551340-2|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofma2002unse/page/245}}</ref> They sometimes associate with other dolphin species, such as [[pilot whale]]s.<ref name=encyc/> They have also been observed bow riding on [[baleen whale]]s, and they also bow ride on boats.<ref name=encyc/> They are fast swimmers and [[Whale surfacing behaviour|breaching]] behavior and aerial acrobatics are common with this species.<ref name=princeton/> They are also known to display altruistic behaviors to support injured members.<ref>Walker M. (2013-01-28). [https://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/21146455 Dolphins try to save dying companion]. [[BBC Natural History Unit|BBC Nature News]]. retrieved on 24-05-2014</ref><ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1111/mms.12012|title=An unusual case of care-giving behavior in wild long-beaked common dolphins (''Delphinus capensis'') in the East Sea|journal=Marine Mammal Science|pages=E508–E514|volume=29|issue=4|year=2012|last1=Park|first1=Kyum J.|last2=Sohn|first2=Hawsun|last3=An|first3=Yong R.|last4=Moon|first4=Dae Y.|last5=Choi|first5=Seok G.|last6=An|first6=Doo H.}}</ref>

Common dolphins can live in aggregations of hundreds or even thousands of dolphins.<ref name="encyc">{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals|author=Perrin, W.|chapter=Common Dolphins|editor1=Perrin, W.|editor2=Wursig, B.|editor3=Thewissen, J.|pages=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofma2002unse/page/245 245–248]|year=2002|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=0-12-551340-2|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofma2002unse/page/245}}</ref> They sometimes associate with other dolphin species, such as [[pilot whale]]s.<ref name="encyc" /> In the Gulf of Corinth, common dolphins frequently display mixed species association, especially with striped and Rissos’ dolphins.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Neumann|first=Dirk R.|last2=Orams|first2=Mark B.|date=2003-01-01|title=Feeding behaviours of short-beaked common dolphins, <I>Delphinus delphis</I>, in New Zealand|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1578/016754203101023997|journal=Aquatic Mammals|volume=29|issue=1|pages=137–149|doi=10.1578/016754203101023997|issn=0167-5427}}</ref> Over one third of all dolphin sightings in the gulf consisted of mixed species associations that partially consisted of common dolphins. In mixed species associations, the ratio of striped to common dolphins ranged from 6-11:1. When Rissos’ dolphins were present (there would usually be only one or two individuals), it appeared that much of their scars were the result of interactions between striped and spinner dolphins. In much of the interactions, the Rissos’ dolphins would chase and herd the common dolphins toward the boat, while the common dolphins would try and swim under the Rissos’ dolphin. When groups of common and striped dolphins would charge at each other, the Rissos’ dolphin would chase the striped dolphins. Sometimes these interactions appeared to be playful, and at other times aggressive. Synchronized swimming and surfacing was commonly observed. These interactions take place in the deepest part of the Gulf, furthest from shore and usually consist of a total of 60 dolphins from all three species.

There have been confirmed cases of hybridization between striped and common dolphins in this region. It is unknown if these hybrid dolphins are fertile. Striped dolphins have been known to mate with other dolphins, as the Clymene dolphin is the result of hybrid speciation between striped and spinner dolphins. Common dolphins and bottlenose dolphins have been known to interbreed in captivity. There is one confirmed case of a hybrid between a bottlenose and common dolphin in Southern Spain, an important feeding ground for both species. The mother was a female bottlenose dolphin (dubbed as Billie) who has spent 10 years within a common dolphin pod. Billie was observed assisting common calves reach the surface at three different intervals and would babysit the calves after the mother went through labor. The length of the calf was similar to a bottlenose dolphin calf, with the lateral stripes and coloration of a common dolphin. The calf was spotted with its mother, almost daily on dolphin watching tours among a nursery pod of common dolphins which also contained some immature striped dolphins. Sightings of the calf took place when temperatures were between 14-26 °C. The calf was mainly observed swimming in the echelon position (swimming alongside the mother). The calf was found rubbing its head on its mother, jumping backwards over its mother and flipper-to flipper, belly-to flipper and belly-to belly contact was observed.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Espada|first=Rocío|last2=Olaya-Ponzone|first2=Liliana|last3=Haasova|first3=Luisa|last4=Martín|first4=Estefanía|last5=García-Gómez|first5=José C.|date=2019-04-16|title=Hybridization in the wild between Tursiops truncatus (Montagu 1821) and Delphinus delphis (Linnaeus 1758)|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6467441/|journal=PLoS ONE|volume=14|issue=4|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0215020|issn=1932-6203|pmc=6467441|pmid=30990845}}</ref>They have also been observed bow riding on [[baleen whale]]s, and they also bow ride on boats.<ref name="encyc" /> They are fast swimmers and [[Whale surfacing behaviour|breaching]] behavior and aerial acrobatics are common with this species.<ref name="princeton" /> They are also known to display altruistic behaviors to support injured members.<ref>Walker M. (2013-01-28). [https://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/21146455 Dolphins try to save dying companion]. [[BBC Natural History Unit|BBC Nature News]]. retrieved on 24-05-2014</ref><ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1111/mms.12012|title=An unusual case of care-giving behavior in wild long-beaked common dolphins (''Delphinus capensis'') in the East Sea|journal=Marine Mammal Science|pages=E508–E514|volume=29|issue=4|year=2012|last1=Park|first1=Kyum J.|last2=Sohn|first2=Hawsun|last3=An|first3=Yong R.|last4=Moon|first4=Dae Y.|last5=Choi|first5=Seok G.|last6=An|first6=Doo H.}}</ref>


The short-beaked common dolphin has a [[gestation period]] of 10 to 11 months.<ref name=encyc/> The newborn calf has a length of {{Convert|70|to|100|cm|ft|lk=on}} and weighs about {{Convert|10|kg|lb}}.<ref name=princeton/> For the [[Black Sea]] population, [[weaning]] occurs at between five and six months, but occurs later (up to about 19 months) in other areas.<ref name=princeton/><ref name=encyc/> Typical interbirth interval ranges from one year for the Black Sea population to three years for eastern [[Pacific Ocean]] populations.<ref name=encyc/> Age of sexual maturity also varies by location, but can range between two and seven years for females and three and 12 years for males.<ref name=princeton/><ref name=encyc/> No evidence exists of any major reproductive differences between the two species.<ref name="Audubon"/> In captivity, the long-beaked common dolphin has [[Hybrid (biology)|hybridized]] with the [[common bottlenose dolphin]] (''Tursiops truncatus'').<ref name=encyc/> One of the hybrids has been bred back to a bottlenose dolphin, demonstrating such hybrids are fertile.<ref name=hybrid/>
The short-beaked common dolphin has a [[gestation period]] of 10 to 11 months.<ref name=encyc/> The newborn calf has a length of {{Convert|70|to|100|cm|ft|lk=on}} and weighs about {{Convert|10|kg|lb}}.<ref name=princeton/> For the [[Black Sea]] population, [[weaning]] occurs at between five and six months, but occurs later (up to about 19 months) in other areas.<ref name=princeton/><ref name=encyc/> Typical interbirth interval ranges from one year for the Black Sea population to three years for eastern [[Pacific Ocean]] populations.<ref name=encyc/> Age of sexual maturity also varies by location, but can range between two and seven years for females and three and 12 years for males.<ref name=princeton/><ref name=encyc/> No evidence exists of any major reproductive differences between the two species.<ref name="Audubon"/> In captivity, the long-beaked common dolphin has [[Hybrid (biology)|hybridized]] with the [[common bottlenose dolphin]] (''Tursiops truncatus'').<ref name=encyc/> One of the hybrids has been bred back to a bottlenose dolphin, demonstrating such hybrids are fertile.<ref name=hybrid/>

Revision as of 17:12, 10 July 2020

For the ray-finned fish known as common dolphin, see Mahi-mahi.

Common dolphin
Size compared to an average human
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Artiodactyla
Infraorder: Cetacea
Family: Delphinidae
Subfamily: Delphininae
Genus: Delphinus
Linnaeus, 1758
Species

Delphinus capensis
Delphinus delphis

The common dolphin is the most abundant cetacean in the world, with a global population of about six million.[1] Despite this fact, the common dolphin is not thought of as the archetypal dolphin, with that distinction belonging to the bottlenose dolphin due to its popular appearances in aquaria and the media. However, the common dolphin is often depicted in Ancient Greek and Roman art and culture, most notably in a mural painted by the Greek Minoan civilization.[2]

The common dolphin was originally categorized into two different species, the short-beaked common dolphin and the long beaked common dolphin. However, recent evidence has shown that many populations of long-beaked common dolphins around the world are not closely related to one another and are often derived from a short-beaked ancestor and do not always share common derived characteristics. For this reason, they are no longer considered different species.[3]

Physical characteristics

Both common dolphin species are medium-sized; adults range between 1.9 and 2.5 m (6.2 and 8.2 ft) long, and can weigh between 80–235 kg (176–518 lb), although the range between 80–150 kg (180–330 lb) is more common.[4] Males are generally longer and heavier.[4] The color pattern on the body is unusual. The back is dark and the belly is white, while on each side is an hourglass pattern colored light grey, yellow, or gold in front and dirty grey in back.[5] They have long, thin rostra with up to 50–60 small, sharp, interlocking teeth on each side of each jaw.[6]

Differentiating species

Common dolphin, Ireland

Despite the historic practice of lumping the entire genus Delphinus into a single species, these widely distributed dolphins exhibit a wide variety of sizes, shapes and colors. Indeed, over the past few decades, over 20 distinct species in the genus have been proposed. Scientists in California in the 1960s concluded there were two species — the long-beaked and short-beaked. This analysis was essentially confirmed by a more in-depth genetic study in the 1990s. This study also suggested a third species (D. tropicalis, common name usually Arabian common dolphin), characterized by an extremely long and thin beak and found in the Red Sea and Indian Ocean, might be distinguished from the long-beaked species. The current standard taxonomic works recognize this as just a regional variety. D. tropicalis is a subspecies of D. capensis.

Natural history

Common dolphin, Ireland

Common dolphins live in both warm-temperate and tropical waters ranging from 40–60°N to 50°S. Long-beaked common dolphins mostly inhabit shallow, warm coastal water.[7] Short-beaked common dolphins are common "along shelf edges and in areas with sharp bottom relief such as seamounts and escarpments".[5] Common dolphins have a varied diet consisting of many species of fish and squid. This includes both mesopelagic species and epipelagic schooling species. They have been recorded to make dives up to 200 metres (660 ft) deep.

Common dolphins are a widely distributed species. In the Northwest Atlantic, they can be found from Cape Hatteras North Carolina, to Newfoundland and are strongly associated with the Gulf Stream. Dolphins in this region can often be found in areas that have certain geological factors like underwater canyons and ridges because this is where up-welling occurs which result in greater nutrients. In the Eastern Pacific, common dolphins are found along the coast of California and are associated with the California current. Short-beaked Common dolphins can also be found in Europe, particularly the Scotian shelf, the Black Sea and the Mediterranean. In the Southern Hemisphere, they are abundant in the southwestern Pacific, around New Zealand and southern Australia. They are generally a pelagic species that are often found in waters 650-6,500 feet deep.[8] Temperature also plays a large role in the congregation of dolphins. For example, in the Western North Atlantic, almost all sightings of Common dolphins took place in waters from 16-20 °C. However, there were common dolphin sightings in waters as low as 5 °C. [9]

Common dolphins can live in aggregations of hundreds or even thousands of dolphins.[7] They sometimes associate with other dolphin species, such as pilot whales.[7] In the Gulf of Corinth, common dolphins frequently display mixed species association, especially with striped and Rissos’ dolphins.[10] Over one third of all dolphin sightings in the gulf consisted of mixed species associations that partially consisted of common dolphins. In mixed species associations, the ratio of striped to common dolphins ranged from 6-11:1. When Rissos’ dolphins were present (there would usually be only one or two individuals), it appeared that much of their scars were the result of interactions between striped and spinner dolphins. In much of the interactions, the Rissos’ dolphins would chase and herd the common dolphins toward the boat, while the common dolphins would try and swim under the Rissos’ dolphin. When groups of common and striped dolphins would charge at each other, the Rissos’ dolphin would chase the striped dolphins. Sometimes these interactions appeared to be playful, and at other times aggressive. Synchronized swimming and surfacing was commonly observed. These interactions take place in the deepest part of the Gulf, furthest from shore and usually consist of a total of 60 dolphins from all three species.

There have been confirmed cases of hybridization between striped and common dolphins in this region. It is unknown if these hybrid dolphins are fertile. Striped dolphins have been known to mate with other dolphins, as the Clymene dolphin is the result of hybrid speciation between striped and spinner dolphins. Common dolphins and bottlenose dolphins have been known to interbreed in captivity. There is one confirmed case of a hybrid between a bottlenose and common dolphin in Southern Spain, an important feeding ground for both species. The mother was a female bottlenose dolphin (dubbed as Billie) who has spent 10 years within a common dolphin pod. Billie was observed assisting common calves reach the surface at three different intervals and would babysit the calves after the mother went through labor. The length of the calf was similar to a bottlenose dolphin calf, with the lateral stripes and coloration of a common dolphin. The calf was spotted with its mother, almost daily on dolphin watching tours among a nursery pod of common dolphins which also contained some immature striped dolphins. Sightings of the calf took place when temperatures were between 14-26 °C. The calf was mainly observed swimming in the echelon position (swimming alongside the mother). The calf was found rubbing its head on its mother, jumping backwards over its mother and flipper-to flipper, belly-to flipper and belly-to belly contact was observed.[11]They have also been observed bow riding on baleen whales, and they also bow ride on boats.[7] They are fast swimmers and breaching behavior and aerial acrobatics are common with this species.[4] They are also known to display altruistic behaviors to support injured members.[12][13]

The short-beaked common dolphin has a gestation period of 10 to 11 months.[7] The newborn calf has a length of 70 to 100 centimetres (2.3 to 3.3 ft) and weighs about 10 kilograms (22 lb).[4] For the Black Sea population, weaning occurs at between five and six months, but occurs later (up to about 19 months) in other areas.[4][7] Typical interbirth interval ranges from one year for the Black Sea population to three years for eastern Pacific Ocean populations.[7] Age of sexual maturity also varies by location, but can range between two and seven years for females and three and 12 years for males.[4][7] No evidence exists of any major reproductive differences between the two species.[5] In captivity, the long-beaked common dolphin has hybridized with the common bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus).[7] One of the hybrids has been bred back to a bottlenose dolphin, demonstrating such hybrids are fertile.[14]

Human interactions

Conservation

A common dolphin jumping off Morro Bay Nature Reserve

Common dolphins face a mixture of threats due to human influence. Moderate levels of metal pollutants, which are thought to negatively impact dolphin health,[15] have been measured in some populations.[16] Populations have been hunted off the coast of Peru for use as food and shark bait. In most other areas, the dolphins have not been hunted directly. Several thousand individuals have been caught in industrial trawler nets throughout their range. Common dolphins were abundant in the western Mediterranean Sea until the 1960s but occurrences there have tailed off rapidly. The reasons are not well understood, but are believed to be due to extensive human activity in the area. In the US, they are a protected species and sometimes are caught by accident in some trawler nets as bycatch, though despite this they are still quite common throughout their range. Despite these potential threats, the short-beaked common dolphin is considered to be Least Concern by the IUCN Red List, and the long-beaked common dolphin is listed as Data Deficient.[17]

The short-beaked common dolphin Delphinus delphis is listed globally on Appendix II[18] of the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS).[19] As amended by the Conference of the Parties in 1985, 1988, 1991, 1994, 1997, 1999, 2002, 2005 and 2008. Effective: 5 March 2009 of the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS) as it has an unfavourable conservation status or would benefit significantly from international co-operation organised by tailored agreements. The Mediterranean population of the short-beaked common dolphin is also listed on Appendix I,[18] as this population has been categorized as being in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant proportion of their range and CMS Parties strive towards strictly protecting these animals, conserving or restoring the places where they live, mitigating obstacles to migration and controlling other factors that might endanger them. In addition, the species is also covered by the Agreement on the Conservation of Small Cetaceans of the Baltic, North East Atlantic, Irish and North Seas (ASCOBANS)[20] and the Agreement on the Conservation of Cetaceans in the Black Sea, Mediterranean Sea and Contiguous Atlantic Area (ACCOBAMS).[21]

Captivity

Common dolphins in Gibraltar Bay
Common dolphins in the Bay of Gibraltar

Common dolphins are not common in captivity. But on at least three occasions, a beached common dolphin in California was nursed back to health at SeaWorld San Diego, but deemed unfit to release back to the ocean. These common dolphins remained at SeaWorld with the bottlenose dolphin exhibit. On one occasion, a male common dolphin managed to impregnate one of the female bottlenose dolphins in the exhibit, leading to four hybrid births.[14] One of the resulting common dolphin/bottlenose dolphin hybrids remained at SeaWorld, San Diego (alternately under the name Cindy or Bullet) while the other (named CJ) was kept at Discovery Cove, and was moved to SeaWorld Orlando in 2016.

Other than at SeaWorld, at least 90 common dolphins are known to have been captured from the wild and kept in captivity. Captured common dolphins are said to be difficult to keep in captivity.[6]

See also

References

  1. ^ Hammond, P.S., Bearzi, G., Bjørge, A., Forney, K., Karczmarski, L., Kasuya, T., Perrin, W.F., Scott, M.D., Wang, J.Y., Wells, R.S. & Wilson, B. 2008. Delphinus delphis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008: e.T6336A12649851. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T6336A12649851.en. Downloaded on 10 July 2020.
  2. ^ http://www.teachgreece.org/Study_Guides/Mural_Painting/downloadable_docs/MinoanMurals.pdf
  3. ^ https://us.whales.org/whales-dolphins/species-guide/long-beaked-common-dolphin/
  4. ^ a b c d e f Shirihai, H.; Jarrett, B. (2006). Whales, Dolphins and Other Marine Mammals of the World. pp. 171–176. ISBN 0-691-12757-3.
  5. ^ a b c Reeves, Stewart; Clapham, Powell (2002). Guide to Marine Mammals of the World. p. 388. ISBN 0-375-41141-0.
  6. ^ a b "The Common Dolphin". Archived from the original on 2008-06-19. Retrieved 2008-07-03.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i Perrin, W. (2002). "Common Dolphins". In Perrin, W.; Wursig, B.; Thewissen, J. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals. Academic Press. pp. 245–248. ISBN 0-12-551340-2.
  8. ^ Chavez-Rosales, Samuel; Palka, Debra L.; Garrison, Lance P.; Josephson, Elizabeth A. (2019-12). "Environmental predictors of habitat suitability and occurrence of cetaceans in the western North Atlantic Ocean". Scientific Reports. 9 (1): 5833. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-42288-6. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 6456503. PMID 30967576. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: PMC format (link)
  9. ^ Chavez-Rosales, Samuel; Palka, Debra L.; Garrison, Lance P.; Josephson, Elizabeth A. (2019-12). "Environmental predictors of habitat suitability and occurrence of cetaceans in the western North Atlantic Ocean". Scientific Reports. 9 (1): 5833. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-42288-6. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 6456503. PMID 30967576. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: PMC format (link)
  10. ^ Neumann, Dirk R.; Orams, Mark B. (2003-01-01). "Feeding behaviours of short-beaked common dolphins, Delphinus delphis, in New Zealand". Aquatic Mammals. 29 (1): 137–149. doi:10.1578/016754203101023997. ISSN 0167-5427.
  11. ^ Espada, Rocío; Olaya-Ponzone, Liliana; Haasova, Luisa; Martín, Estefanía; García-Gómez, José C. (2019-04-16). "Hybridization in the wild between Tursiops truncatus (Montagu 1821) and Delphinus delphis (Linnaeus 1758)". PLoS ONE. 14 (4). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0215020. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 6467441. PMID 30990845.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  12. ^ Walker M. (2013-01-28). Dolphins try to save dying companion. BBC Nature News. retrieved on 24-05-2014
  13. ^ Park, Kyum J.; Sohn, Hawsun; An, Yong R.; Moon, Dae Y.; Choi, Seok G.; An, Doo H. (2012). "An unusual case of care-giving behavior in wild long-beaked common dolphins (Delphinus capensis) in the East Sea". Marine Mammal Science. 29 (4): E508–E514. doi:10.1111/mms.12012.
  14. ^ a b Zornetzer H.R.; Duffield D.A. (October 1, 2003). "Captive-born bottlenose dolphin × common dolphin (Tursiops truncatus × Delphinus capensis) intergeneric hybrids". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 81 (10): 1755–1762. doi:10.1139/z03-150.
  15. ^ Lavery, T. J.; Kemper, C.; Sanderson, K.; Schultz, C. G.; Coyle, P.; Mitchell, J. G.; Seuront, L. (2009). "Heavy metal toxicity of kidney and bone tissues in South Australian bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus)" (PDF). Marine Environmental Research. 67 (1): 1–7. doi:10.1016/j.marenvres.2008.09.005. PMID 19012959.
  16. ^ Lavery, T.J.; Butterfield, N.; Kemper, C.M.; Reid, R.J.; Sanderson, K. (1991). "Induction of labor using intracervical prostaglandin E2 gel: The outcome". Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand = Chotmaihet Thangphaet. 74 (11): 491–7. PMID 1800604. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |last-author-amp= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
  17. ^ Hammond, P.S.; Bearzi, G.; Bjørge, A.; Forney, K.; Karczmarski, L.; Kasuya, T.; Perrin, W.F.; Scott, M.D.; Wang, J.Y.; Wells, R.S.; et al. (2008). "Delphinus delphis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008: e.T6336A12649851. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T6336A12649851.en.
  18. ^ a b Appendices I and II of the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS). effective 5 March 2009
  19. ^ Convention on Migratory Species page on the Short-beaked common dolphin. Cms.int. Retrieved on 2014-01-04.
  20. ^ Agreement on the Conservation of Small Cetaceans of the Baltic, North East Atlantic, Irish and North Seas. Ascobans.org. Retrieved on 2014-01-04.
  21. ^ Agreement on the Conservation of Cetaceans in the Black Sea, Mediterranean Sea and Contiguous Atlantic Area. Accobams.org. Retrieved on 2014-01-04.

Further reading

  • Rice, Dale W. (1998). Marine mammals of the world: systematics and distribution. Society of Marine Mammalogy Special Publication Number 4. 231 pp.
  • Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals ISBN 0-12-551340-2
  • Whales, Dolphins and Porpoises, Mark Carwardine, ISBN 0-7513-2781-6
  • Heptner, V. G.; Nasimovich, A. A; Bannikov, Andrei Grigorevich; Hoffmann, Robert S, Mammals of the Soviet Union, Volume II, part 3 (1996). Washington, D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Libraries and National Science Foundation
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Delphinus delphis.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Common_dolphin&oldid=967021534"