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==Design and description==
==Design and description==
[[File:French Provence Class Ironclad 1863.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.75|Right elevation line drawing of the class; the shaded area shows the armor protection]]
[[File:French Provence Class Ironclad 1863.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.75|Right elevation line drawing of the class; the shaded area shows the armor protection]]
The ''Provence'' class was designed by [[naval architect]] [[Henri Dupuy de Lôme]] as an enlarged version of the {{sclass-|Gloire|ironclad|1}}s with thicker armor, more powerful guns, and better [[seakeeping]] qualities. The ships had an [[overall length]] of {{convert|80.72|m|ftin|sp=us}}, with a [[beam (nautical)|beam]] of {{convert|17|m|ftin|sp=us}}, and a [[draft (ship)|draft]] of {{convert|7.7|-|8.8|m|ftin|sp=us}}, depending on the load. They [[Displacement (ship)|displaced]] between {{convert|5700|-|6000|t|LT|sp=us|lk=on}}. All of the ships except {{ship|French ironclad|Héroïne||2}} had wooden hulls; that ship had an iron hull.<ref>Gille, pp. 26, 30</ref> Like most ironclads of their era they were equipped with a metal-reinforced [[Naval ram|ram]]. The ''Provence''-class ships had a [[metacentric height]] of about {{convert|4.5|ft|m|1|disp=flip|sp=us}} and did not [[Ship motions|rolled]] as badly as the ''Gloire''s.<ref name=g1>Chesneau & Kolesnik, p. 287</ref> They had a crew of 579–594 officers and enlisted men.<ref name=g7>Gille, p. 30</ref>
The ''Provence'' class was designed by [[naval architect]] [[Henri Dupuy de Lôme]] as an enlarged version of the {{sclass-|Gloire|ironclad|1}}s with thicker armor, more powerful guns, and better [[seakeeping]] qualities. The ships had an [[overall length]] of {{convert|80.72|m|ftin|sp=us}}, with a [[beam (nautical)|beam]] of {{convert|17|m|ftin|sp=us}}, and a [[draft (ship)|draft]] of {{convert|7.7|-|8.8|m|ftin|sp=us}}, depending on the load. They [[Displacement (ship)|displaced]] between {{convert|5700|-|6000|t|LT|sp=us|lk=on}}. All of the ships except {{ship|French ironclad|Héroïne||2}} had wooden hulls; that ship had an iron hull.<ref>Gille, pp. 26, 30</ref> Like most ironclads of their era they were equipped with a metal-reinforced [[Naval ram|ram]]. The ''Provence''-class ships had a [[metacentric height]] of about {{convert|4.5|ft|m|1|disp=flip|sp=us}} and did not [[Ship motions|rolled]] as badly as the ''Gloire''s.<ref name=g1>Campbell, p. 287</ref> They had a crew of 579–594 officers and enlisted men.<ref name=g7>Gille, p. 30</ref>


The ships of the ''Provence'' class had a single [[Marine steam engine#Back acting|horizontal-return connecting-rod compound steam engine]] that drove a four-bladed, {{convert|6.1|m|ft|sp=us|adj=on|0}} propeller,<ref name=d26>de Balincourt and Vincent-Bréchignac 1975, p. 10</ref> using steam provided by eight [[boiler (steam generator)|boiler]]s{{refn|Sources differ on the number of boilers. Gille states that all ships had eight, Chesneau and Kolesnik say nine and Silverstone says that all of the ships except {{ship|French ironclad|Revanche||2}} had eight while that ship had nine.<ref name=g1/><ref name=g7/><ref name=s2/>|group=Note}} that had a maximum pressure of {{convert|1.8|kg/cm2|kPa psi|0|abbr=on|lk=on}}.<ref name=g7/> The engine was rated at 1,000 [[nominal horsepower]] or {{convert|3200|PS|lk=on|sp=us}} and intended to give the ships a speed in excess of {{convert|13|kn|lk=in}}. Available records of their [[sea trial]]s show that they achieved speeds of {{convert|13.2|-|16.5|kn}} from {{convert|2918|-|3895|PS}}<ref name=g7/> The ''Provence'' class carried between {{cvt|590|-|640|t|LT|0}} of coal<ref name=g1/> which allowed them to steam for {{convert|2410|nmi|lk=in|sp=us}} at a speed of {{convert|10|kn}}.<ref name=s2>Silverstone, p. 62</ref> They were fitted with a three-masted [[barque]] rig that had a sail area of {{convert|1960|sqm|sp=us}}.<ref name=d26/>
The ships of the ''Provence'' class had a single [[Marine steam engine#Back acting|horizontal-return connecting-rod compound steam engine]] that drove a four-bladed, {{convert|6.1|m|ft|sp=us|adj=on|0}} propeller,<ref name=d26>de Balincourt and Vincent-Bréchignac 1975, p. 10</ref> using steam provided by eight [[boiler (steam generator)|boiler]]s{{refn|Sources differ on the number of boilers. Gille states that all ships had eight, Campbell say nine and Silverstone says that all of the ships except {{ship|French ironclad|Revanche||2}} had eight while that ship had nine.<ref name=g1/><ref name=g7/><ref name=s2/>|group=Note}} that had a maximum pressure of {{convert|1.8|kg/cm2|kPa psi|0|abbr=on|lk=on}}.<ref name=g7/> The engine was rated at 1,000 [[nominal horsepower]] or {{convert|3200|PS|lk=on|sp=us}} and intended to give the ships a speed in excess of {{convert|13|kn|lk=in}}. Available records of their [[sea trial]]s show that they achieved speeds of {{convert|13.2|-|16.5|kn}} from {{convert|2918|-|3895|PS}}<ref name=g7/> The ''Provence'' class carried between {{cvt|590|-|640|t|LT|0}} of coal<ref name=g1/> which allowed them to steam for {{convert|2410|nmi|lk=in|sp=us}} at a speed of {{convert|10|kn}}.<ref name=s2>Silverstone, p. 62</ref> They were fitted with a three-masted [[barque]] rig that had a sail area of {{convert|1960|sqm|sp=us}}.<ref name=d26/>


The main battery of the ''Provence''-class ships was intended to be thirty {{convert|164.7|mm|adj=on|1}} Modèle 1858–60 [[Muzzle-loading rifle|rifled muzzle-loading (RML) guns]], but this was changed to eleven {{convert|194|mm|adj=on|1}} Modèle 1864 [[smoothbore]] [[Muzzleloader|muzzle-loading guns]] in 1865.<ref name=g7/> As the first ships of the class were completed that year, it is uncertain if any received their intended armament, although historians. Ten of the Modèle 1864 guns were mounted on the [[broadside]] and one was on a [[pivot mount]] below the [[forecastle deck]] as a [[chase gun]]. Three years later, their armament was changed to eight {{convert|240|mm|adj=on|1}} RMLs and four 194&nbsp;mm smoothbores.<ref name=g7/>{{refn|Sources vary significantly regarding the armament of these ships, especially since dates are not often given.<ref name=t1/>|group=Note}}
The main battery of the ''Provence''-class ships was intended to be thirty {{convert|164.7|mm|adj=on|sp=us|1}} Modèle 1858–60 [[Muzzle-loading rifle|rifled muzzle-loading (RML) guns]], but this was changed to eleven {{convert|194|mm|adj=on|1|sp=us}} Modèle 1864 [[smoothbore]] [[Muzzleloader|muzzle-loading guns]] in 1865.<ref name=g7/><ref name=d26/><ref name=s2/> It is uncertain if any received their intended armament, although naval historian N. J. M. Campbell states that {{ship|French ironclad|Flandre||2}}, {{ship|French ironclad|Provence||2}} and {{ship|French ironclad|Héroïne||2}}, three of the first ships completed, were armed with a mix of ten 164.7&nbsp;mm smoothbores, twenty-two 164.7&nbsp;mm RMLs and a pair of {{convert|220|mm|adj=on|sp=us|1}} RML [[howitzer]]s.<ref name=g1/> Ten of the 194&nbsp;mm Modèle 1864 guns were mounted on the [[broadside]] and one was on a [[pivot mount]] below the [[forecastle deck]] as a [[chase gun]]. Three years later, their armament was changed to eight {{convert|240|mm|adj=on|1|sp=us}} RMLs and four 194&nbsp;mm smoothbores.<ref name=g7/>{{refn|Sources vary regarding the armament of these ships, especially since dates are not often given. Campbell only gives the 1865 armament while naval historian Angus Konstam only provides the 1868 armament, except for agreeing with Campbell regarding the guns of ''Flandre'', ''Provence'' and ''Héroïne''.<ref name=g1/><ref>Konstam, p. 20</ref>|group=Note}}


==Ships==
==Ships==

Revision as of 19:05, 12 July 2020

A scale model of Flandre
Class overview
NameProvence-class
Operators French Navy
Preceded byTemplate:Sclass-
Succeeded byTemplate:Sclass-
Built1861–1867
In commission1863–1893
Completed10
Scrapped10
General characteristics
TypeBroadside ironclad
Displacement5,700–6,000 t (5,600–5,900 long tons)
Length80.72 m (264 ft 10 in)
Beam17 m (55 ft 9 in)
Draft7.7–8.8 m (25 ft 3 in – 28 ft 10 in)
Installed power
Propulsion1 shaft, 1 horizontal-return connecting rod-steam engine
Sail planBarque-rig
Speed13.2–16.5 knots (24.4–30.6 km/h; 15.2–19.0 mph) (trials)
Range2,410 nautical miles (4,460 km; 2,770 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph)
Complement579–594
Armament11 × single 194 mm (7.6 in) smoothbore muzzle-loading guns
Armor

The Provence-class ironclads consisted of 10 ironclad frigates built for the French Navy (Marine Nationale) during the 1860s. Only one of the sister ships was built with an wrought iron hull; the others were built in wood.

Design and description

Right elevation line drawing of the class; the shaded area shows the armor protection

The Provence class was designed by naval architect Henri Dupuy de Lôme as an enlarged version of the Template:Sclass-s with thicker armor, more powerful guns, and better seakeeping qualities. The ships had an overall length of 80.72 meters (264 ft 10 in), with a beam of 17 meters (55 ft 9 in), and a draft of 7.7–8.8 meters (25 ft 3 in – 28 ft 10 in), depending on the load. They displaced between 5,700–6,000 metric tons (5,600–5,900 long tons). All of the ships except Héroïne had wooden hulls; that ship had an iron hull.[1] Like most ironclads of their era they were equipped with a metal-reinforced ram. The Provence-class ships had a metacentric height of about 1.4 meters (4.5 ft) and did not rolled as badly as the Gloires.[2] They had a crew of 579–594 officers and enlisted men.[3]

The ships of the Provence class had a single horizontal-return connecting-rod compound steam engine that drove a four-bladed, 6.1-meter (20 ft) propeller,[4] using steam provided by eight boilers[Note 1] that had a maximum pressure of 1.8 kg/cm2 (177 kPa; 26 psi).[3] The engine was rated at 1,000 nominal horsepower or 3,200 metric horsepower (2,400 kW) and intended to give the ships a speed in excess of 13 knots (24 km/h; 15 mph). Available records of their sea trials show that they achieved speeds of 13.2–16.5 knots (24.4–30.6 km/h; 15.2–19.0 mph) from 2,918–3,895 metric horsepower (2,146–2,865 kW)[3] The Provence class carried between 590–640 t (581–630 long tons) of coal[2] which allowed them to steam for 2,410 nautical miles (4,460 km; 2,770 mi) at a speed of 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph).[5] They were fitted with a three-masted barque rig that had a sail area of 1,960 square meters (21,100 sq ft).[4]

The main battery of the Provence-class ships was intended to be thirty 164.7-millimeter (6.5 in) Modèle 1858–60 rifled muzzle-loading (RML) guns, but this was changed to eleven 194-millimeter (7.6 in) Modèle 1864 smoothbore muzzle-loading guns in 1865.[3][4][5] It is uncertain if any received their intended armament, although naval historian N. J. M. Campbell states that Flandre, Provence and Héroïne, three of the first ships completed, were armed with a mix of ten 164.7 mm smoothbores, twenty-two 164.7 mm RMLs and a pair of 220-millimeter (8.7 in) RML howitzers.[2] Ten of the 194 mm Modèle 1864 guns were mounted on the broadside and one was on a pivot mount below the forecastle deck as a chase gun. Three years later, their armament was changed to eight 240-millimeter (9.4 in) RMLs and four 194 mm smoothbores.[3][Note 2]

Ships

Ship Builder[2] Laid down[3] Launched[3] Completed[3]
Flandre Arsenal de Cherbourg 28 January 1861 12 June 1854 May 1865
Gauloise Arsenal de Brest 24 January 1861 26 April 1865 5 December 1867
Guyenne Arsenal de Rochefort 11 February 1861 6 September 1865 6 November 1867
Héroïne Arsenal de Lorient 10 June 1861 19 December 1863 7 June 1865
Magnanime Arsenal de Brest 27 February 1861 19 August 1864 1 November 1865
Provence Arsenal de Toulon March 1861 29 October 1863 1 February 1865
Revanche 28 December 1865 1 May 1867
Savoie 29 September 1864 25 March 1865
Surveillante Arsenal de Lorient 28 January 1861 18 August 1864 21 October 1867
Valeureuse Arsenal de Brest 23 May 1861 18 August 1864 25 March 1867

Notes

  1. ^ Sources differ on the number of boilers. Gille states that all ships had eight, Campbell say nine and Silverstone says that all of the ships except Revanche had eight while that ship had nine.[2][3][5]
  2. ^ Sources vary regarding the armament of these ships, especially since dates are not often given. Campbell only gives the 1865 armament while naval historian Angus Konstam only provides the 1868 armament, except for agreeing with Campbell regarding the guns of Flandre, Provence and Héroïne.[2][6]

Citations

  1. ^ Gille, pp. 26, 30
  2. ^ a b c d e f Campbell, p. 287
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i Gille, p. 30
  4. ^ a b c de Balincourt and Vincent-Bréchignac 1975, p. 10
  5. ^ a b c Silverstone, p. 62
  6. ^ Konstam, p. 20

Bibliography

  • de Balincourt, Captain; Vincent-Bréchignac, Captain (1975). "The French Navy of Yesterday: Ironclad Frigates: Second Group – Provence Type". F.P.D.S. Newsletter. III (2): 9–13. OCLC 41554533.
  • Campbell, N. J. M. (1979). "France". In Chesneau, Roger; Kolesnik, Eugene M. (eds.). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905. Greenwich, UK: Conway Maritime Press. pp. 282–333. ISBN 0-8317-0302-4. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |lastauthoramp= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
  • Gille, Eric (1999). Cent ans de cuirassés français. Nantes: Marines. ISBN 2-909-675-50-5.
  • Konstam, Angus (2019). European Ironclads 1860–75: The Gloire Sparks the Great Ironclad Arms Race. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-47282-676-3.
  • Silverstone, Paul H. (1984). Directory of the World's Capital Ships. New York: Hippocrene Books. ISBN 0-88254-979-0.
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