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Diane was widowed for a second time in 1579, after helping make her husband a leader of the [[politique]]s, a moderate [[Roman Catholic]] group in France.
Diane was widowed for a second time in 1579, after helping make her husband a leader of the [[politique]]s, a moderate [[Roman Catholic]] group in France.


==Later life==
===Later life===
⚫
Her surviving letters reveal her as a woman of great courage and tolerance.
⚫
In August 1582, Henry III gave her the Duchy of [[Angoulême]] in exchange for that of Châtellerault,<ref name= PebayTroquet1992p88/> making her [[Duke of Angoulême|Duchess of Angoulême]] in [[appanage]] (during her lifetime only). The new title came with increased wealth, so in 1584 she started building a new Paris residence, the Hôtel d'Angoulême (now the [[Hôtel Lamoignon]]). Construction was likely interrupted by the [[French Wars of Religion|Wars of Religion]], and only completed with a second phase of construction in 1611.<ref>Ayers, Andrew (2004). "Hôtel Lamoignon", pp. 99–100, in ''The Architecture of Paris''. Stuttgart; London: Edition Axel Menges. {{ISBN|9783930698967}}.</ref><ref>Hartmann, Georges (1917). [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/njp.32101074213594?urlappend=%3Bseq=203 "Hôtel Lamoignan", pp. 159–166 (at HathiTrust)], in ''Procès-verbaux de la Commission municipale du Vieux Paris, Année 1917''. Paris: Imprimerie Municipale, 1922.</ref>


⚫
In August 1582, Henry III gave her the Duchy of [[Angoulême]] in exchange for that of Châtellerault,<ref name= PebayTroquet1992p88/> making her [[Duke of Angoulême|Duchess of Angoulême]] in [[appanage]] (during her lifetime only). The new title came with increased wealth, so in 1584 she started building a new Paris residence, the Hôtel d'Angoulême (now the [[Hôtel Lamoignon]]). Construction was likely interrupted by the [[French Wars of Religion|Wars of Religion]], and only completed with a second phase of construction in 1611.<ref>Ayers, Andrew (2004). "Hôtel Lamoignon", pp. 99–100, in ''The Architecture of Paris''. Stuttgart; London: Edition Axel Menges. {{ISBN|9783930698967}}.</ref><ref>Hartmann, Georges (1917). [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/njp.32101074213594?urlappend=%3Bseq=203 "Hôtel Lamoignan", pp. 159–166 (at HathiTrust)], in ''Procès-verbaux de la Commission municipale du Vieux Paris, Année 1917''. Paris: Imprimerie Municipale, 1922.</ref>
⚫
Diane also enjoyed much respect at the court of [[Henry IV of France|Henry IV, King of France]], and superintended the education of his son [[Louis XIII of France|Louis XIII]].


⚫
Diane enjoyed much respect at the court of [[Henry IV of France|King Henry IV]]. She superintended the education of his heir and son, [[Louis XIII of France|Louis XIII]]. The originally illegitimate princess died in Paris, France, on 11 January 1619 at the age of 80.<ref name=Picot/>
⚫
Diane died on 11 January 1619<ref name=Picot/> in Paris. Her surviving letters reveal her as a woman of great courage and tolerance.


==Notes==
==Notes==

Revision as of 20:05, 19 July 2020

Diane de France
suo jure Duchess of Angoulême
Duchess of Castro
Born25 July 1538
Died11 January 1619(1619-01-11) (aged 80)
Paris, France
Noble familyValois-Angoulême
Spouse(s)
​
​
(m. 1552; died 1553)​

​
​
(m. 1559; died 1579)​
FatherHenry II of France
MotherFilippa Duci

Diane de France, suo jure Duchess of Angoulême (25 July 1538 – 11 January 1619) was the natural and later legitimised[1] daughter of King Henry II of France. She played an important role during the French Wars of Religion and built the Hôtel d'Angoulême.

Early life

In October 1537, 18-years-old Henry, who had recently become the dauphin, was in Moncalieri in northern Italy on a military campaign[2][3][4] and had an affair with a young woman usually identified as Filippa Duci (Template:Lang-fr), daughter of a lesser noble of Fossano in the Piedmont[3][5] and sister of Jean-Antoine, a page or groom in the Grand Écurie.[2][1][6] This union produced an illegitimate daughter, born 25 July 1538 and named after her father's favourite mistress, Diane de Poitiers.[3] It isn't known whether she was born at court or was brought there when still very young.[7] Her upbringing were entrusted to Henry's younger sister, Margaret.[4]

Diane was treated well by her father: her household included a governess, tutors, ladies-in-waiting, chamber valets, and even a tailor. Much like her legitimate siblings, Royal tutors turned her into an accomplished princess. She learned to write in excellent French, learned Italian (the second language of the court), Spanish, and enough Latin for religious ceremonies.[4] Her artistic education wasn't neglected: she was well-versed in architecture, lute playing and singing.[4][8]

On 13 February 1552, a contract was signed by which Diane was married to Orazio Farnese, Duke of Castro (Template:Lang-fr).[9][10] 14-years-old Diane's wedding ceremony on 15 February 1553 was attended by her brother-in-law Cardinal Alessandro Farnese and included both masquerades and carnival banquets.[11] She became a widow five months later on 18 July 1553, when Orazio was killed while serving with French forces at the siege of Hesdin.[9][11][12] She spent her period of mourning at the Château de Chantilly, home of Anne de Montmorency, Connétable de France, and then returned to court in the service of Queen Catherine de Medici.[4]

Second marriage

Diane's second marriage was to Francis de Montmorency, eldest son of Anne de Montmorency, by a contract of 3 May 1557[9] and a ceremony that took place on 4 June 1557 at the Château de Villers-Cotterêts.[13] They had a son, named Anne after his grandfather, born in 1560 but died in the cradle.[14]

On 22 June 1563, after the death of her father and then her half-brother Francis II, the new king, her half-brother Charles IX gave her, by lettres patentes signed at the Château de Vincennes, the Duchy of Châtellerault. The annual revenues of about 6,000 livres were meant to compensate for the gift of 50,000 écus promised for her first marriage but never paid from the royal treasury. The revenues from this duchy were far less than what she was owed. After the death of Charles, Diane became a favourite of the new king, her other half-brother Henri III. In February 1576, he signed additional lettres patentes, giving her the lands and seigneuries of Coucy and Folembray (both in today's département of Aisne), as well as some other estates in the Bourbonnais.[4]

Diane was widowed for a second time in 1579, after helping make her husband a leader of the politiques, a moderate Roman Catholic group in France.

Later life

Her surviving letters reveal her as a woman of great courage and tolerance.

In August 1582, Henry III gave her the Duchy of Angoulême in exchange for that of Châtellerault,[4] making her Duchess of Angoulême in appanage (during her lifetime only). The new title came with increased wealth, so in 1584 she started building a new Paris residence, the Hôtel d'Angoulême (now the Hôtel Lamoignon). Construction was likely interrupted by the Wars of Religion, and only completed with a second phase of construction in 1611.[15][16]

Diane enjoyed much respect at the court of King Henry IV. She superintended the education of his heir and son, Louis XIII. The originally illegitimate princess died in Paris, France, on 11 January 1619 at the age of 80.[9]

Notes

  1. ^ a b Lhote and Troquet 2013, p. 4.
  2. ^ a b Mariéjol 1920, p. 37.
  3. ^ a b c Pébay & Troquet 1990, p. 153
  4. ^ a b c d e f g Pébay and Troquet 1992, p. 88
  5. ^ Merrill 1935, p. 133.
  6. ^ Knecht 1998, p. 29.
  7. ^ Pébay & Troquet 1990, p. 154.
  8. ^ Jeanice Brooks, Courtly Song in Late Sixteenth-Century France, (University of Chicago Press, 2000), 12.
  9. ^ a b c d Picot 1907, p. 8, note 2.
  10. ^ Helge Gamrath, Farnese: Pomp, Power and Politics in Renaissance Italy, (L'Erma di Bretschneider, 2007), 70. OCLC 472548273. ISBN 9788882654269.
  11. ^ a b Cooper 2007, p. 136.
  12. ^ Setton 1984, p. 596, note 119, gives the date as 16 July.
  13. ^ Pébay and Troquet 1992, p. 88; Lanza 2007, p. 29.
  14. ^ Lhote 2013, p. 5.
  15. ^ Ayers, Andrew (2004). "Hôtel Lamoignon", pp. 99–100, in The Architecture of Paris. Stuttgart; London: Edition Axel Menges. ISBN 9783930698967.
  16. ^ Hartmann, Georges (1917). "Hôtel Lamoignan", pp. 159–166 (at HathiTrust), in Procès-verbaux de la Commission municipale du Vieux Paris, Année 1917. Paris: Imprimerie Municipale, 1922.

Bibliography

  • Cooper, Richard (2007). "Legate's Luxury: The Entries of Cardinal Alessandro Farnese to Avignon and Carpentras, 1553", pp. 133–161, in French Ceremonial Entries in the Sixteenth Century: Event, Image, Text, edited by Nicolas Russell and Hélène Visentin. Toronto: Centre for Reformation and Renaissance Studies. ISBN 9780772720337.
  • Knecht, R. J. (1998). Catherine de' Medici. London: Longman. ISBN 0582082412.
  • Lanza, Janine M. (2007). From Wives to Widows in Early Modern Paris: Gender, Economy, and Law. Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 9780754656432.
  • Lhote, Claude; Claude Troquet (2013). Diane, bâtarde du roi, princesse de la Renaissance, preface by B. Barbiche, professor emeritus of the École des Chartes. Éditions LULU.com. OCLC 923867218. ISBN 9781291343731.
  • Mariéjol, Jean-H. (1920). Catherine de Medicis (1519-1589) [at Internet Archive]. Paris: Hachette.
  • Merrill, Robert V. (1935). "Considerations on 'Les Amours de I. du Bellay'", Modern Philology, vol. 33, no. 2 (November, 1935), pp. 129-138. JSTOR 433932.
  • Pébay, Isabelle; Claude Troquet (1990). "Philippe Desducs, mère de Diane de France" [at persée.fr], Bibliothèque de l'École des chartes, volume 148, no. 1, pp. 151–160.
  • Pébay, Isabelle; Claude Troquet (1992). "Les hôtels d'Angoulême sous Diane de France", pp. 88–97, in La rue des Francs-Bourgeois au Marais, edited by Béatrice de Andia and Alexandre Gady. Paris: Délégation à l'action artistique de la Ville de Paris. OCLC 965245235, 886559761.
  • Picot, Émile (1907). Les français italianisants au XVIe siècle, volume 2 [at Internet Archive]. Paris: Honoré Champion.
  • Setton, Kenneth M. (1984). The Papacy and the Levant (1204-1571). Volume IV. The Sixteenth Century from Julius III to Pius V. Philadelphia: The American Philosophical Society. ISBN 9780871691620.
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