Diane de France: Difference between revisions
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==Wars of Religion== |
==Wars of Religion== |
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18-years old Diane later married to [[François de Montmorency|Francis de Montmorency]], eldest son of Anne de Montmorency, by a contract of 3 May 1557<ref name=Picot/>. Their ceremony that took place on June at the [[Château de Villers-Cotterêts]].<ref>Pébay and Troquet 1992, p. 88; [https://books.google.com/books?id=4yRglTuGEnkC&pg=PA29 Lanza 2007, p. 29].</ref> The couple had a son, born in 1560 and named Anne after his grandfather, but died in the cradle.<ref>Lhote 2013, p. 5.</ref> On 22 June 1563, after the death of her father and then her half-brother [[Francis II of France|Francis II]], the new king, her half-brother [[Charles IX of France|Charles IX]] gave the couple the Duchy of [[Châtellerault]] by ''[[lettres patentes]]'' signed at the [[Château de Vincennes]]. The annual revenues of about 6,000 [[French livre|livres]] were meant to compensate for the gift of 50,000 [[écus]] promised for Diane's first marriage but never paid from the royal treasury. The revenues from this duchy were far less than what she was owed. After the death of Charles, she became a [[favourite]] of the new king, her other half-brother [[Henri III of France|Henri III]].<ref name= PebayTroquet1992p88/> In February 1576, he signed additional ''lettres patentes'', giving her the lands and ''[[seigneuries]]'' of [[Coucy-la-Ville|Coucy]] and [[Folembray]] (both in today's ''département'' of [[Aisne]]), |
18-years old Diane later married to [[François de Montmorency|Francis de Montmorency]], eldest son of Anne de Montmorency, by a contract of 3 May 1557<ref name=Picot/>. Their ceremony that took place on June at the [[Château de Villers-Cotterêts]].<ref>Pébay and Troquet 1992, p. 88; [https://books.google.com/books?id=4yRglTuGEnkC&pg=PA29 Lanza 2007, p. 29].</ref> The couple had a son, born in 1560 and named Anne after his grandfather, but died in the cradle.<ref>Lhote 2013, p. 5.</ref> On 22 June 1563, after the death of her father and then her half-brother [[Francis II of France|Francis II]], the new king, her half-brother [[Charles IX of France|Charles IX]] gave the couple the Duchy of [[Châtellerault]] by ''[[lettres patentes]]'' signed at the [[Château de Vincennes]]. The annual revenues of about 6,000 [[French livre|livres]] were meant to compensate for the gift of 50,000 [[écus]] promised for Diane's first marriage but never paid from the royal treasury. The revenues from this duchy were far less than what she was owed. After the death of Charles, she became a [[favourite]] of the new king, her other half-brother [[Henri III of France|Henri III]].<ref name= PebayTroquet1992p88/> In February 1576, he signed additional ''lettres patentes'', giving her the lands and ''[[seigneuries]]'' of [[Coucy-la-Ville|Coucy]] and [[Folembray]] (both in today's ''département'' of [[Aisne]]), and other estates in the [[Bourbonnais]].<ref name= PebayTroquet1992p88/> With such [[income]]s, Diane not only saved money but helped make her husband the leader of the [[politique]]s, a moderate [[Roman Catholic]] group in France. Her letters reveal her as a woman of great wisdom, courage and tolerance. |
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In August 1582, many years after her husband's death, Henry III gave Diane the Duchy of [[Angoulême]] in exchange for that of Châtellerault,<ref name= PebayTroquet1992p88/> making her [[Duke of Angoulême|Duchess of Angoulême]] in [[appanage]]. |
In August 1582, many years after her husband's death, Henry III gave Diane the Duchy of [[Angoulême]] in exchange for that of Châtellerault,<ref name= PebayTroquet1992p88/> making her [[Duke of Angoulême|Duchess of Angoulême]] in [[appanage]]. In 1584, she started building a new residence: the [[Hôtel Lamoignon|Hôtel d'Angoulême]], the best preserved historic house in Paris. Construction began in 1584, but was likely interrupted by the [[Wars of Religion]] and only completed by a second phase of construction in 1611.<ref>Ayers, Andrew (2004). "Hôtel Lamoignon", pp. 99–100, in ''The Architecture of Paris''. Stuttgart; London: Edition Axel Menges. {{ISBN|9783930698967}}.</ref><ref>Hartmann, Georges (1917). [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/njp.32101074213594?urlappend=%3Bseq=203 "Hôtel Lamoignan", pp. 159–166 (at HathiTrust)], in ''Procès-verbaux de la Commission municipale du Vieux Paris, Année 1917''. Paris: Imprimerie Municipale, 1922.</ref> Its architect is still uncertain, though suggestions include [[Baptiste Androuet du Cerceau]]; [[Louis Métezeau]]; the latter's father, [[Thibault Métezeau]]; and [[Philibert de l'Orme]]. The hotel stood between its entrance courtyard to the west and its garden to the east, a layout reminiscent of a small [[château]]. It was among the first in France to use Corinthian pilasters based on the writings of [[Vitruvius]] translated in 1567 by [[Daniele Barbaro]]. The use of giant order for these pilasters, then an unusual feature for an hôtel particulier, aims to give the facade a majestic appearance, fitting and expressing the social dignity of its royal inhabitants. The central bay, where the principal entrance was originally located, is surmounted by an open-bed pediment, and the curved pediments at the top of the pavilions are decorated with carved reliefs, which feature deer and hound heads, reflecting Diane's keen interest in the hunt. |
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An older Diane enjoyed much respect at the court of [[Henry IV of France|King Henry IV]]. She succesfully superintended the education of his heir and son, the future [[Louis XIII of France|Louis XIII]]. The originally illegitimate princess died in Paris, France, on 11 January 1619 at the age of 80.<ref name=Picot/> |
An older Diane enjoyed much respect at the court of [[Henry IV of France|King Henry IV]]. She succesfully superintended the education of his heir and son, the future [[Louis XIII of France|Louis XIII]]. The originally illegitimate princess died in Paris, France, on 11 January 1619 at the age of 80.<ref name=Picot/> |
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Revision as of 20:21, 19 July 2020
Diane de France | |
|---|---|
| suo jure Duchess of Angoulême Duchess of Castro | |
 | |
| Born | 25 July 1538 |
| Died | 11 January 1619 (aged 80) Paris, France |
| Noble family | Valois-Angoulême |
| Spouse(s) |
|
| Father | Henry II of France |
| Mother | Filippa Duci |
Diane de France, suo jure Duchess of Angoulême (25 July 1538 – 11 January 1619) was the natural and later legitimised[1] daughter of King Henry II of France. She played an important role during the French Wars of Religion and built the Hôtel d'Angoulême.
Early life
In October 1537, 18-years-old Henry, who had recently become the dauphin, was in Moncalieri in northern Italy on a military campaign[2][3][4] and had an affair with a young woman usually identified as Filippa Duci (Template:Lang-fr), daughter of a lesser noble of Fossano in the Piedmont[3][5] and sister of Jean-Antoine, a page or groom in the Grand Écurie.[2][1][6] This union produced an illegitimate daughter, born 25 July 1538 and named after her father's favourite mistress, Diane de Poitiers.[3] It isn't known whether she was born at court or was brought there when still very young.[7] Her upbringing were entrusted to Henry's younger sister, Margaret.[4]
Diane was treated well by her father: her household included a governess, tutors, ladies-in-waiting, chamber valets, and even a tailor. Much like her legitimate siblings, royal tutors turned her into an accomplished woman. She learned to write in excellent French, learned Italian (the second language of the court), Spanish, and enough Latin for religious ceremonies.[4] She was well-versed in architecture, lute playing and singing.[4][8]
On 13 February 1552, a contract was signed by which Diane was married to Orazio Farnese, Duke of Castro (Template:Lang-fr).[9][10] 14-years-old Diane's wedding ceremony on 15 February 1553 was attended by her brother-in-law Cardinal Alessandro Farnese and included both masquerades and carnival banquets.[11] She became a widow five months later on 18 July 1553, when Orazio was killed while serving with French forces at the siege of Hesdin.[9][11][12] She spent her period of mourning at the Château de Chantilly, home of Anne de Montmorency, Connétable de France, and then returned to court in the service of Queen Catherine de Medici.[4]
Wars of Religion
18-years old Diane later married to Francis de Montmorency, eldest son of Anne de Montmorency, by a contract of 3 May 1557[9]. Their ceremony that took place on June at the Château de Villers-Cotterêts.[13] The couple had a son, born in 1560 and named Anne after his grandfather, but died in the cradle.[14] On 22 June 1563, after the death of her father and then her half-brother Francis II, the new king, her half-brother Charles IX gave the couple the Duchy of Châtellerault by lettres patentes signed at the Château de Vincennes. The annual revenues of about 6,000 livres were meant to compensate for the gift of 50,000 écus promised for Diane's first marriage but never paid from the royal treasury. The revenues from this duchy were far less than what she was owed. After the death of Charles, she became a favourite of the new king, her other half-brother Henri III.[4] In February 1576, he signed additional lettres patentes, giving her the lands and seigneuries of Coucy and Folembray (both in today's département of Aisne), and other estates in the Bourbonnais.[4] With such incomes, Diane not only saved money but helped make her husband the leader of the politiques, a moderate Roman Catholic group in France. Her letters reveal her as a woman of great wisdom, courage and tolerance.
In August 1582, many years after her husband's death, Henry III gave Diane the Duchy of Angoulême in exchange for that of Châtellerault,[4] making her Duchess of Angoulême in appanage. In 1584, she started building a new residence: the Hôtel d'Angoulême, the best preserved historic house in Paris. Construction began in 1584, but was likely interrupted by the Wars of Religion and only completed by a second phase of construction in 1611.[15][16] Its architect is still uncertain, though suggestions include Baptiste Androuet du Cerceau; Louis Métezeau; the latter's father, Thibault Métezeau; and Philibert de l'Orme. The hotel stood between its entrance courtyard to the west and its garden to the east, a layout reminiscent of a small château. It was among the first in France to use Corinthian pilasters based on the writings of Vitruvius translated in 1567 by Daniele Barbaro. The use of giant order for these pilasters, then an unusual feature for an hôtel particulier, aims to give the facade a majestic appearance, fitting and expressing the social dignity of its royal inhabitants. The central bay, where the principal entrance was originally located, is surmounted by an open-bed pediment, and the curved pediments at the top of the pavilions are decorated with carved reliefs, which feature deer and hound heads, reflecting Diane's keen interest in the hunt.
An older Diane enjoyed much respect at the court of King Henry IV. She succesfully superintended the education of his heir and son, the future Louis XIII. The originally illegitimate princess died in Paris, France, on 11 January 1619 at the age of 80.[9]
Notes
- ^ a b Lhote and Troquet 2013, p. 4.
- ^ a b Mariéjol 1920, p. 37.
- ^ a b c Pébay & Troquet 1990, p. 153
- ^ a b c d e f g h Pébay and Troquet 1992, p. 88
- ^ Merrill 1935, p. 133.
- ^ Knecht 1998, p. 29.
- ^ Pébay & Troquet 1990, p. 154.
- ^ Jeanice Brooks, Courtly Song in Late Sixteenth-Century France, (University of Chicago Press, 2000), 12.
- ^ a b c d Picot 1907, p. 8, note 2.
- ^ Helge Gamrath, Farnese: Pomp, Power and Politics in Renaissance Italy, (L'Erma di Bretschneider, 2007), 70. OCLC 472548273. ISBN 9788882654269.
- ^ a b Cooper 2007, p. 136.
- ^ Setton 1984, p. 596, note 119, gives the date as 16 July.
- ^ Pébay and Troquet 1992, p. 88; Lanza 2007, p. 29.
- ^ Lhote 2013, p. 5.
- ^ Ayers, Andrew (2004). "Hôtel Lamoignon", pp. 99–100, in The Architecture of Paris. Stuttgart; London: Edition Axel Menges. ISBN 9783930698967.
- ^ Hartmann, Georges (1917). "Hôtel Lamoignan", pp. 159–166 (at HathiTrust), in Procès-verbaux de la Commission municipale du Vieux Paris, Année 1917. Paris: Imprimerie Municipale, 1922.
Bibliography
- Cooper, Richard (2007). "Legate's Luxury: The Entries of Cardinal Alessandro Farnese to Avignon and Carpentras, 1553", pp. 133–161, in French Ceremonial Entries in the Sixteenth Century: Event, Image, Text, edited by Nicolas Russell and Hélène Visentin. Toronto: Centre for Reformation and Renaissance Studies. ISBN 9780772720337.
- Knecht, R. J. (1998). Catherine de' Medici. London: Longman. ISBN 0582082412.
- Lanza, Janine M. (2007). From Wives to Widows in Early Modern Paris: Gender, Economy, and Law. Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 9780754656432.
- Lhote, Claude; Claude Troquet (2013). Diane, bâtarde du roi, princesse de la Renaissance, preface by B. Barbiche, professor emeritus of the École des Chartes. Éditions LULU.com. OCLC 923867218. ISBN 9781291343731.
- Mariéjol, Jean-H. (1920). Catherine de Medicis (1519-1589) [at Internet Archive]. Paris: Hachette.
- Merrill, Robert V. (1935). "Considerations on 'Les Amours de I. du Bellay'", Modern Philology, vol. 33, no. 2 (November, 1935), pp. 129-138. JSTOR 433932.
- Pébay, Isabelle; Claude Troquet (1990). "Philippe Desducs, mère de Diane de France" [at persée.fr], Bibliothèque de l'École des chartes, volume 148, no. 1, pp. 151–160.
- Pébay, Isabelle; Claude Troquet (1992). "Les hôtels d'Angoulême sous Diane de France", pp. 88–97, in La rue des Francs-Bourgeois au Marais, edited by Béatrice de Andia and Alexandre Gady. Paris: Délégation à l'action artistique de la Ville de Paris. OCLC 965245235, 886559761.
- Picot, Émile (1907). Les français italianisants au XVIe siècle, volume 2 [at Internet Archive]. Paris: Honoré Champion.
- Setton, Kenneth M. (1984). The Papacy and the Levant (1204-1571). Volume IV. The Sixteenth Century from Julius III to Pius V. Philadelphia: The American Philosophical Society. ISBN 9780871691620.
