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== Broken Subsidiarity ==
Due to a general principle (Subsidiarity) a [[complainant]] needs many years and much money to enter the last level Federal Constitutional Court because there are many instances in the path of jurisdiction.

But a constitutional complaint against a court decision (Urteilsverfassungsbeschwerde) can be raised with the Federal Constitutional Court within one month following the allgedly infringing decision, s 93(1) BVerfGG; Maunz/Schmidt-Bleibtreu/Klein/Bethge/Hömig, Bundesverfassungsgerichtsgesetz, § 93 para 7 (R 58 January 2020) if a reasonable [https://www.justiz.nrw.de/Gerichte_Behoerden/ordentliche_gerichte/Strafgericht/verfahren/Rechtsmittelsystem/Beschwerde/index.php Beschwerde] is refused by a judge who violated constitutional laws, usually [https://www.bundesverfassungsgericht.de/DE/Homepage/_zielgruppeneinstieg/Merkblatt/Merkblatt_node.html Article 1 -19 GG, Article 20 Abs. 4 GG, Article 33, 38, 101, 103, 104 GG]

Examples

1. Case 2 BvR 1775/16

Violation of Art 13 Abs 1 [[Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany|GG]] ([[Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany|Grundgesetz]])
The Federal Constitutional Court decided: That Home Inspection was unreasonable and violates the reasonable right to privacy.

2. Case 1 BvR 1304/13

The judges didn’t use §630e BGB (doctor’s information service) to handle the main issue of the [[:de:Anhörungsrüge|Anhörungsrüge]] (doctor’s information service). They only decided that Art. 103 Abs. 1 GG was violated.
3. Sudden Richterwechsel

Violates Art. 101 Abs. 1 Satz 2 GG

4. Wrong Kostenfestsetzungsbeschluss

Example: The judge calls witnesses despite the fact that a law e.g. §630e BGB does not demand witnesses. The judge commands that plaintiff must pay these not necessary costs.
A constitutional complaint against the wrong Kostenfestsetzungsbeschluss can be raised with the Federal Constitutional Court within one month if the judge does not want to make a right [[:de:Kostenfestsetzungsbeschluss|Kostenfestsetzungbeschluss]] and ignores the [[:de:Anhörungsrüge|Anhörungsrüge]] that mentions the violation of [https://dejure.org/gesetze/ZPO/91.html § 91 ZPO].


==Impact on European constitutional questions==
==Impact on European constitutional questions==

Revision as of 12:49, 23 July 2020

Federal Constitutional Court
Map
49°00′45″N 8°24′06″E / 49.012422°N 8.40161°E / 49.012422; 8.40161
Established1951[1]
LocationKarlsruhe, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
Coordinates49°00′45″N 8°24′06″E / 49.012422°N 8.40161°E / 49.012422; 8.40161
Composition methodElection by Bundestag and Bundesrat
Authorised byBasic Law of Germany
Judge term length12 years (mandatory retirement at 68)
Number of positions16
Websitewww.bundesverfassungsgericht.de Edit this at Wikidata
President
CurrentlyStephan Harbarth
Since22 June 2020
Vice President
CurrentlyDoris König
Since22 June 2020
This article is part of a series on the
Politics of
Germany
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Political ideologies
Bundesverfassungsgericht
Temporary building of the Bundesverfassungsgericht

The Federal Constitutional Court (Template:Lang-de; abbreviated: BVerfG) is the supreme constitutional court for the Federal Republic of Germany, established by the constitution or Basic Law (Grundgesetz) of Germany. Since its inception with the beginning of the post-World War II republic, the court has been located in the city of Karlsruhe, which is also the seat of the Federal Court of Justice.[2]

The main task of the Federal Constitutional Court is judicial review, and it may declare legislation unconstitutional, thus rendering them ineffective. In this respect, it is similar to other supreme courts with judicial review powers, yet the court possesses a number of additional powers, and is regarded as among the most interventionist and powerful national courts in the world. Unlike other supreme courts, the constitutional court is not an integral stage of the judicial or appeals process (aside from cases concerning constitutional or public international law), and does not serve as a regular appellate court from lower courts or the Federal Supreme Courts on any violation of federal laws.

The court's jurisdiction is focused on constitutional issues and the compliance of all governmental institutions with the constitution. Constitutional amendments or changes passed by the Parliament are subject to its judicial review, since they have to be compatible with the most basic principles of the Grundgesetz defined by the eternity clause.[note 1]

50th Anniversary of the Bun­des­ver­fas­sungs­ge­richt (last coin in Deutsche Mark denomination)

Scope

The Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany stipulates that all three branches of the state (the legislature, executive, and judiciary) are bound directly by the constitution in Article 20, Section 3 of the document. As a result, the court can rule acts of any branches unconstitutional, whether as formal violations (exceeding powers or violating procedures) or as material conflicts (when the civil rights prescribed in the Grundgesetz are not respected).

The powers of the Federal Constitutional Court are defined in article 93 of the Grundgesetz.[3] This constitutional norm is set out in a federal law, the Federal Constitutional Court Act (BVerfGG), which also defines how decisions of the court on material conflicts are put into force. The Constitutional Court has therefore several strictly defined procedures in which cases may be brought before it:

  • Constitutional complaint: By means of the Verfassungsbeschwerde (constitutional complaint) any person may allege that his or her constitutional rights have been violated. Although only a small fraction of these are actually successful (ranging around 2.5% since 1951), several have resulted in major legislation being invalidated, especially in the field of taxation. The large majority of the court's procedures fall into this category; 135,968 such complaints were filed from 1957 to 2002.
  • Abstract regulation control: Several political institutions, including the governments of the Bundesländer (states), may bring a federal law before the court if they consider it unconstitutional. A well-known example of this procedure was the 1975 abortion decision, which invalidated legislation intended to decriminalise abortion.
  • Specific regulation control: Any regular court which is convinced, that a law in question for a certain case is not in conformance with the constitution must suspend that case and bring this law before the Federal Constitutional Court.
  • Federal dispute: Federal institutions, including members of the Bundestag, may bring internal disputes over competences and procedures before the court.
  • State–federal dispute: The Länder may bring disputes over competences and procedures between the states and federal institutions before the court.
  • Investigation committee control
  • Federal election scrutiny: Violations of election laws may be brought before the court by political institution or any involved voter.
  • Impeachment procedure: Impeachment proceedings may be brought against the Federal President, a judge, or a member of one of the Federal Supreme Courts, by the Bundestag, the Bundesrat or the federal government, based on violation of constitutional or federal law.
  • Prohibition of a political party: Article 21 of the Basic Law gives the Constitutional Court the power to ban political parties that either threaten the existence of Germany or "seek to undermine or abolish the free democratic basic order". This has happened just twice, both times in the 1950s: the Socialist Reich Party (SRP), a neo-Nazi group, was banned in 1952, and the Communist Party of Germany (KPD) was banned in 1956. A 2003 attempt to ban another neo-Nazi party, the National Democratic Party of Germany (NPD), failed when it was revealed that a significant proportion of its leadership were informants for the Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution.

Up to 2009, the Constitutional Court had struck down more than 600 laws as unconstitutional.[4]

Organization

The court consists of two senates, each of which has eight members, headed by a senate's chairman. The members of each senate are allocated to three chambers for hearings in constitutional complaint and single regulation control cases. Each chamber consists of three judges, so each senate chairman is at the same time a member of two chambers. The court publishes selected decisions on its website and since 1996 a public relations department promotes selected decisions with press releases.[5]

Decisions by a senate require a majority. In some cases a two-thirds vote is required (§ 15 IV 1 BVerfGG). Decisions by a chamber need to be unanimous. A chamber is not authorized to overrule a standing precedent of the senate to which it belongs; such issues need to be submitted to the senate as a whole. Similarly, a senate may not overrule a standing precedent of the other senate, and such issues will be submitted to a plenary meeting of all 16 judges (the Plenum).

Unlike all other German courts, the court often publishes the vote count on its decisions (though only the final tally, not every judge's personal vote) and even allows its members to issue a dissenting opinion. This possibility, introduced only in 1971, is a remarkable deviation from German judicial tradition.

One of the two senate chairmen is also the President of the court, the other one being the Vice President. The presidency alternates between the two senates, i.e. the successor of a President is always chosen from the other senate. The 10th and current president of the court is Stephan Harbarth.

Democratic function

[the] court is an important institution for the protection of minority interests[6]

The Constitutional Court is able to actively administer the law and ensure that political and bureaucratic decisions comply with the rights of the individual enshrined in the Basic Law. Specifically, it can vet the democratic and constitutional legitimacy of bills proposed by federal or state government, scrutinise decisions (such as those relating to taxation) by the administration, arbitrate disputes over the implementation of law between states and the federal government, and (most controversially) ban non-democratic political parties.[7] The Constitutional Court enjoys more public trust than the federal or state parliaments, which some say derives from the German enthusiasm for the rule of law.[8]

Appointment of judges

The court's judges are elected by the Bundestag (the German parliament) and the Bundesrat (a legislative body that represents the sixteen state governments on the federal level). According to the Basic Law, each of these bodies selects four members of each senate. The election of a judge requires a two-thirds vote. The selection of the chairman of each senate alternates between Bundestag and Bundesrat and also requires a two-thirds vote.

Until 2015 the Bundestag has delegated this task to a special committee (Richterwahlausschuss, judges election committee), consisting of a small number of Bundestag members. This procedure has caused some constitutional concern and was considered to be unconstitutional by many scholars. In 2015 the Bundesverfassungsgerichtsgesetz (law code of the Federal Constitutional Court) was changed in this aspect, ruling that the Bundestag elects judges to the court by secret ballot in the plenum, requiring a candidate to get a two-thirds majority, that has to equal at least an absolute majority of members of the Bundestag. The Richterwahlausschuss now only has to nominate a candidate.[9] This new procedure was applied for the first time in September 2017, when Josef Christ was elected to the first senate as the successor of Wilhelm Schluckebier. In the Bundesrat, a chamber in which the governments of the sixteen German states are represented (each state has 3 to 6 votes depending on its population, which it has to cast en bloc), a candidate currently needs at least 46 of 69 possible votes.

The judges are elected for a 12-year term, but they must retire upon reaching the age of 68. A re-election is not possible. A judge must be at least 40 years old and must be a well-trained jurist. Three out of eight members of each senate have served as a judge on one of the federal courts. Of the other five members of each senate, most judges previously served as an academic jurist at a university, as a public servant or as a lawyer. After ending their term, most judges withdraw themselves from public life. However, there are some prominent exceptions, most notably Roman Herzog, who was elected President of Germany in 1994, shortly before the end of his term as president of the court.

Current members

First Senate 1989
Second Senate 1989
Name Term Nomination by Election by
First Senate
Stephan Harbarth (born 1971)
(President of the Court, Chairman of the First Senate) 		November 2018 – November 2030 (12-year-term) CDU/CSU Bundestag (as judge)
Bundesrat (as President)
Andreas L. Paulus (born 1968) March 2010 – March 2022 (12-year term) FDP Bundestag
Gabriele Britz (born 1968) February 2011 – February 2023 (12-year term) SPD Bundesrat
Susanne Baer (born 1964) February 2011 – February 2023 (12-year term) Greens Bundestag
Yvonne Ott (born 1963) November 2016 – November 2028 (12-year-term) SPD Bundesrat
Josef Christ (born 1956) November 2017 – 2024 (retirement) CDU/CSU Bundestag
Henning Radtke (born 1962) July 2018 – May 2030 (retirement) CDU/CSU Bundesrat
Ines Härtel (born 1972) July 2020 – July 2032 (12-year term) SPD Bundesrat
Second Senate
Doris König (born 1957)
(Vice President of the Court, Chairwoman of the Second Senate) 		June 2014 – June 2025 (retirement) SPD Bundestag (both as judge and as Vice President)
Peter M. Huber (born 1959) October 2010 – October 2022 (12-year term) CDU/CSU Bundestag
Monika Hermanns (born 1959) November 2010 – November 2022 (12-year term) SPD Bundestag
Sibylle Kessal-Wulf (born 1958) December 2011 – December 2023 (12-year term) CDU/CSU Bundesrat
Peter Müller (born 1955) December 2011 – December 2023 (12-year term) CDU/CSU Bundesrat
Ulrich Maidowski (born 1958) July 2014 – July 2026 (12-year term) SPD Bundestag
Christine Langenfeld (born 1962) July 2016 – July 2028 (12-year term) CDU/CSU Bundesrat
Astrid Wallrabenstein (born 1969) June 2020 – June 2032 (12-year term) Greens Bundesrat

Presidents of the court

The court's head is the President of the Federal Constitutional Court, who chairs one of the two senates and joint sessions of the court, while the other senate is chaired by the Vice President of Federal Constitutional Court. The right to elect the President and the Vice President alternates between the Bundestag and the Bundesrat. If the President of the Federal Constitutional Court leaves office, i.e. when his or her term as judge at the court ends, the legislative body, whose turn it is to choose the President, has to elect one of the judges of the senate, of which the former President wasn't a member, with a two-thirds-majority. The same applies, if the office of Vice President falls vacant. The given legislative body is free to elect the judge it prefers, but since 1983, it was always the sitting Vice President, who was elected President.

As he or she is the highest ranking representative of the judicial branch of government, the President of the Federal Constitutional Court ranks 5th in the German order of precedence.

No. Portrait Name
(Birth-Death)		 Previous Service
before court appointment		 Took Office Left Office Sen. Vice President
1 Hermann Höpker-Aschoff
(1883–1954)		 Member of the Bundestag (1949–1951) 7 September 1951 15 January 1954 (died in office) 1st Rudolf Katz (1951–1954)
2 Josef Wintrich
(1891–1958)		 President of the Munich Regional court of appeal (1953) 23 March 1954 19 October 1958 (died in office) 1st Rudolf Katz (1954–1958)
3 Gebhard Müller
(1900–1990)		 Minister President of Baden-Württemberg (1953–1958) 8 January 1959 8 December 1971 1st Rudolf Katz (1959–1961), Friedrich Wilhelm Wagner (1961–1967), Walter Seuffert (1967–1971)
4 Ernst Benda
(1925–2009)		 Member of the Bundestag (1957–1971) 8 December 1971 20 December 1983 1st Walter Seuffert (1971–1975), Wolfgang Zeidler (1975–1983)
5 Wolfgang Zeidler
(1924–1987)		 President of the Federal Administrative Court (1970–1975) 20 December 1983 16 November 1987 2nd Roman Herzog (1983–1987)
6 Roman Herzog
(1934–2017)		 Baden-Württemberg State Minister of the Interior (1980–1983) 16 November 1987 30 June 1994 (resigned) 1st Ernst Gottfried Mahrenholz (1987–1994), Jutta Limbach (1994)
7 Jutta Limbach
(1934–2016)		 Berlin Senator of Justice (1989–1994) 14 September 1994 10 April 2002 2nd Johann Friedrich Henschel (1994–1995), Otto Seidl (1995–1998), Hans-Jürgen Papier (1998–2002)
8 Hans-Jürgen Papier
(b. 1943)		 Professor for constitutional law at the LMU Munich (1992–1998) 10 April 2002 16 March 2010 1st Winfried Hassemer (2002–2008), Andreas Voßkuhle (2008–2010)
9 Andreas Voßkuhle
(b. 1963)		 Professor for political science and legal philosophy at the University of Freiburg (since 1999)
Rector of the University of Freiburg (2008)		 16 March 2010 22 June 2020 2nd Ferdinand Kirchhof (2010–2018), Stephan Harbarth (2018–2020)
10 Stephan Harbarth
(b. 1971)		 Member of the Bundestag (2009–2018) 22 June 2020 1st Doris König (since 2020)

Previous judges

Landmark decisions

Year Case Unofficial name Synopsis Legal principles set Consequences
Human dignity
1993 2 BvF 2/90[10] (None) The federal lawmakers permitted abortion within twelve weeks after implantation. To be legal the expectant mother had to go to a pregnancy consultation minimum three days in advance and the abortion has to be their own decision.
  • If a pregnancy is not the result of a criminal interaction or a threat to the mother's life an abortion violates the right to life of an embryo. As a result, in the last case, abortion has to be prohibited.
 Following the decision the lawmakers changed the criminal law. They prohibited abortion within twelve weeks but after using a pregnancy consultation all participants go unpunished.
2003 1 BvR 426/02[11] Benetton II The Federal Court of Justice prohibited the magazine Stern to publish a shocking advertisement of the Benetton Group. The advertisement showed a bare gluteal with a stamp:”HIV-positive”
  • Human dignity is absolute. All fundamental rights are substantiations of human dignity therefore there is no trade-off of human dignity and any fundamental right possible.
 The case was remanded to the Federal Court of Justice for a second time. After Benetton II the plaintiff abandoned the lawsuit. A final decision was unnecessary.
2006 1 BvR 357/05[12] civil aviation security act decision The federal lawmakers permitted the shoot-down of civil airplanes if there is an indication, that it will be used as a weapon against human lives and a shoot-down is the last resort.
  • Human dignity is inviolable. There cannot be any trade-off of lives of innocent people.
  • Military can be used as disaster relief, but the use of military weapons violates the constitution.
  • Only the federal government can order the military to disaster relief.
 The disputed part of the civil aviation security act was declared void. Basically the court decided that a shoot-down could be legal if a flight vehicle is unmanned or there are only suspects on board.
Protection of fundamental rights
1957 1 BvR 253/56[13] Elfes-Decision (Elfes-Urteil) The left-wing party member of the centre-right CDU Wilhelm Elfes was accused of working against the constitution but was never convicted. Based on this indictment he was denied a passport multiple times.[14] Elfes litigated against the decision.
  • The right to personal liberty is to be construed in a broad way.
  • Invention of “Heck’s Formula” (named after the rapporteur of the case: Justice Heck). The court can only overview cases if one condition apply:
  • The impact of a constitutional norm was misjudged
  • Application of the law was discretionary
 Elfes lost his specific case but the court cemented personal liberty in general. Justice Heck defined the limits of the court relative to the specialised court system.
1958 1 BvR 400/51[15] Lüth-Decision (Lüth-Urteil) The court of Hamburg prohibited Erich Lüth to call for boycott of the movie Immortal Beloved. Lüth justified his action because director Veit Harlan also was responsible for the antisemetic movie Jud Süß in 1940.
  • German Basic Law binds private law indirectly
  • The Federal Constitutional Court is not a regular appellate court on violation of federal law. The court only overviews violation of the Basic Law
 With the Lüth-Decision the court defined and restricted its own power. But on the other hand it expanded the effective range of the Basic Law beyond the tension of government and people to the private law. The Basic Law does not bind citizens but it binds the lawmakers in creating private law and the judiciary in interpreting it.
Development of fundamental rights by the court
1983 1 BvR 209/83,

1 BvR 269/83,

1 BvR 362/83,

1 BvR 420/83,

1 BvR 440/83,

1 BvR 484/83[16]

Census Verdict (Volkszählungsurteil) Citizens litigated against the German census 1983
  • Personal freedom under modern conditions depends on the right to be protected against unlimited data processing, use, collection, storage and disclosure. There is nothing like irrelevant data.
 The census was postponed to 1987 until the census 1983 act was corresponding to the verdict. The court created by derivating from human dignity and personal liberty a new civil right: Informational self-determination The verdict became the fundament of the modern German Data Protection Act (1990) and the EU Data Protection Directive (1998)
Freedom of expression
2000 1 BvR 1762/95 & 1 BvR 1787/95[17] Benetton I The Federal Court of Justice prohibited the magazine Stern to publish shocking advertisements of the Benetton Group. The advertisements showed a bird doubed with oil, child labour and a bare gluteal with a stamp:”HIV-positive”
  • The publishing of an opinion of a third party that is protected by the freedom of expression is protected itself.
 The case was remanded to the Federal Court of Justice whose new decision was challenged again as “Benetton II”
Freedom of art
1971 1 BvR 435/68[18] Mephisto judgment (Mephisto-Entscheidung) The heir of Gustaf Gründgens sued successfully the publisher of the novel Mephisto (1936) written by Gründgens’ former brother-in-law Klaus Mann to stop publishing the book. It was prohibited by all lower courts.
  • Freedom of art is guaranteed by Basic Law, but it finds its limit in human dignity and likewise in personality right. Because freedom of art is to be construed in a broad sense, weighing up has to be comprehensive and a case by case decision.
 Due to a split decision the ban of the novel was upheld. It was the first decision of the court about interpretation of freedom of art. Apart from the concrete decision the court made clear that freedom of art cannot be limited by general laws.

Broken Subsidiarity

Due to a general principle (Subsidiarity) a complainant needs many years and much money to enter the last level Federal Constitutional Court because there are many instances in the path of jurisdiction.

But a constitutional complaint against a court decision (Urteilsverfassungsbeschwerde) can be raised with the Federal Constitutional Court within one month following the allgedly infringing decision, s 93(1) BVerfGG; Maunz/Schmidt-Bleibtreu/Klein/Bethge/Hömig, Bundesverfassungsgerichtsgesetz, § 93 para 7 (R 58 January 2020) if a reasonable Beschwerde is refused by a judge who violated constitutional laws, usually Article 1 -19 GG, Article 20 Abs. 4 GG, Article 33, 38, 101, 103, 104 GG

Examples

1. Case 2 BvR 1775/16

Violation of Art 13 Abs 1 GG (Grundgesetz) The Federal Constitutional Court decided: That Home Inspection was unreasonable and violates the reasonable right to privacy.

2. Case 1 BvR 1304/13

The judges didn’t use §630e BGB (doctor’s information service) to handle the main issue of the Anhörungsrüge (doctor’s information service). They only decided that Art. 103 Abs. 1 GG was violated.

3. Sudden Richterwechsel

Violates Art. 101 Abs. 1 Satz 2 GG

4. Wrong Kostenfestsetzungsbeschluss

Example: The judge calls witnesses despite the fact that a law e.g. §630e BGB does not demand witnesses. The judge commands that plaintiff must pay these not necessary costs. A constitutional complaint against the wrong Kostenfestsetzungsbeschluss can be raised with the Federal Constitutional Court within one month if the judge does not want to make a right Kostenfestsetzungbeschluss and ignores the Anhörungsrüge that mentions the violation of § 91 ZPO.

Impact on European constitutional questions

On 12 September 2012 the Court stated that the question of whether the ECB's decision to finance European constituent nations through the purchase of bonds on the secondary markets was ultra vires because it exceeded the limits established by the German act approving the ESM was to be examined.[19] This demonstrates how a citizen's group has the ability to affect the conduct of European institutions. On 7 February 2014, the Court made a preliminary announcement on the case, which was to be published in full on 18 March. In its ruling, the Court decided to leave judgment to the Court of Justice of the EU (CJEU).[19]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Art. 79 s. III

Further reading

  • Justin Collings, Democracy's Guardians: A History of the German Federal Constitutional Court 1951–2001 (Oxford University Press, 2015).

References

  1. ^ "Bundesverfassungsgericht – Library". www.bundesverfassungsgericht.de.
  2. ^ Donald P. Kommers & Russell A. Miller, The Constitutional Jurisprudence of the Federal Republic of Germany (3d ed.: Duke University Press, 2012), p. 40.
  3. ^ "Art. 93" [Jurisdiction of the Federal Constitutional Court] (PDF). Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany. Berlin: German Bundestag. April 2010. pp. 82–83. Retrieved 19 August 2010.
  4. ^ Law, David S., The Anatomy of a Conservative Court in Texas Law Review lxxxvii: 1545–93
  5. ^ Meyer, Philipp. "Judicial public relations: Determinants of press release publication by constitutional courts". Politics. doi:10.1177/0263395719885753. ISSN 0263-3957.
  6. ^ Government and Politics of West Germany, p. 165
  7. ^ Kesselman et al. (2009), ch. 4 p. 69
  8. ^ "Germany's Constitutional Court: Judgment days", The Economist, Karlsruhe, 26 May 2009, archived from the original on 2012-03-16
  9. ^ "Bundesgesetzblatt" (PDF). www.bgbl.de.
  10. ^ "Bundesverfassungsgericht Urt. v. 28.05.1993, Az.: 2 BvF 2/90" [Federal Constitutional Court, decided on May 28th, 1993, Case 2 BvF 2/90]. Jurion (in German). Cologne: Wolters Kluwer. 1993-05-28. Retrieved 2018-12-01.
  11. ^ "L e i t s ä t z e zum Beschluss des Ersten Senats vom 11. März 2003" [Guiding principles of the decision of the first senate, decided on March 11th, 2003]. Federal Constitutional Court – Decisions (in German). Karlsruhe: Federal Constitutional Court. 2003-03-11. Retrieved 2018-12-01.
  12. ^ "Urteil des Ersten Senats vom 15. Februar 2006" [Federal Constitutional Court verdict, decided on February 15th, 2006]. Federal Constitutional Court – Decisions (in German). Karlsruhe: Federal Constitutional Court. 2006-02-15. Retrieved 2018-12-01.
  13. ^ "Urteil des Ersten Senats vom 16. Januar 1957" [Federal Constitutional Court verdict, decided on January 16th, 1957]. Federal Constitutional Court – Decisions (in German). Karlsruhe: Federal Constitutional Court. 1957-01-16. Retrieved 2018-12-02.
  14. ^ "Elfes – Mehr als ein Urteil" [Elfes – More than a verdict]. Dissertations of the university (in German). Berlin: Free University of Berlin. 2011-01-11. Retrieved 2018-12-02.
  15. ^ "BVerfGE 7, 198 – Lüth" [Case BVerfGE 7, 198 Lüth]. Das Fallrecht (DFR) Verfassungsrecht (in German). Bern: University of Bern. Retrieved 2018-12-01.
  16. ^ "Volkszählung ("Volkszählungsurteil")" [Census (“Census Verdict”)] (in German). Hamburg: OpenJur. pp. openJur 2012, 616. Retrieved 2018-12-02.
  17. ^ "L e i t s ä t z e zum Urteil des Ersten Senats vom 12. Dezember 2000" [Guiding principles of the decision of the first senate, decided on December 12th, 2000]. Federal Constitutional Court – Decisions (in German). Karlsruhe: Federal Constitutional Court. 2000-12-12. Retrieved 2018-12-01.
  18. ^ "BVerfG, Beschluss vom 24.02.1971 – 1 BvR 435/68" [Federal Constitutional Court, Court order, decided on February 24th, 1971 – 1 BvR 435/68]. BVerfG Rechtsprechung (in German). Hamburg: OpenJur e.V. 1971-02-24. Retrieved 2018-12-13.
  19. ^ a b "europarl.europa.eu: "The German Constitutional Court's ruling on the ECB's bond-buying decision" 10 Feb 2014" (PDF).

Bibliography

  • Allen, Christopher S. (10 February 2009). "Chapter 4: Germany". In Kesselman, Mark; Krieger, Joel; Joseph, William A (eds.). Introduction to Comparative Politics. Wadsworth. ISBN 0-495-79741-3.
  • Law, David S. (2009). "The Anatomy of a Conservative Court: Judicial Review in Japan". Texas Law Review. 87: 1545–1593. SSRN 1406169.
  • "Judgment Days: Germany's Constitutional Court". The Economist. 28 March 2009.
  • Lenaerts, Koen; Gutman, Kathleen. "'Federal Common Law' in the European Union: A Comparative Perspective from the United States". The American Journal of Comparative Law. 54: 1–121. JSTOR 20454486.
  • Pruezel-Thomas. "The abortion issue and the federal constitutional court". German Politics. 2:3.
  • Johnson. "The federal constitutional court: Facing up to the strains of law and politics in the new Germany". German Politics. 3:3.
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