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'''Political Security Directorate''' ({{lang-ar|إدارة الأمن السياسي}}, ''Idarat al-Amn al-Siyasi'') is an intelligence service of [[Syria]]. It is active against the [[Syrian opposition]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espionageinfo.com/Sp-Te/Syria-Intelligence-and-Security.html|title=Syria, Intelligence and Security|publisher=Espionageinfo|accessdate=8 March 2013}}</ref> It runs detention centres.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2007/feb/19/20070219-102043-1711r/|title=Syria's terror networks|newspaper=Washington Times|date=19 February 2007|accessdate=8 March 2013}}</ref> It is divided into an Internal Security Department and an External Security Department.<ref name="herzliyaconference1">{{cite web|url=http://www.herzliyaconference.org/_Uploads/2590Bashars.pdf|title=Bashar's Syria|format=PDF|accessdate=8 March 2013}}</ref> It monitors political dissent and all media outlets,<ref name="herzliyaconference1"/> and registered parties are surveilled, too.<ref name=ToddBloch2003>{{cite book|author1=Paul Todd|author2=Jonathan Bloch|title=Global Intelligence: The World's Secret Services Today|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_95QPEm3RcEC&pg=PA167|accessdate=8 March 2013|date=8 November 2003|publisher=Zed Books|isbn=978-1-84277-113-6|pages=167}}</ref>
'''Political Security Directorate''' ({{lang-ar|إدارة الأمن السياسي}}, ''Idarat al-Amn al-Siyasi'') is an intelligence service of [[Syria]]. It is active against the [[Syrian opposition]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espionageinfo.com/Sp-Te/Syria-Intelligence-and-Security.html|title=Syria, Intelligence and Security|publisher=Espionageinfo|accessdate=8 March 2013}}</ref>{{better source}} It runs detention centres.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2007/feb/19/20070219-102043-1711r/|title=Syria's terror networks|newspaper=Washington Times|date=19 February 2007|accessdate=8 March 2013}}</ref>{{better source}} It is divided into an Internal Security Department and an External Security Department.<ref name="herzliyaconference1">{{cite web|url=http://www.herzliyaconference.org/_Uploads/2590Bashars.pdf|title=Bashar's Syria|format=PDF|accessdate=8 March 2013}}</ref>{{broken link}} It monitors political dissent and all media outlets,<ref name="herzliyaconference1"/> and registered parties are surveilled, too.<ref name=ToddBloch2003>{{cite book|author1=Paul Todd|author2=Jonathan Bloch|title=Global Intelligence: The World's Secret Services Today|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_95QPEm3RcEC&pg=PA167|accessdate=8 March 2013|date=8 November 2003|publisher=Zed Books|isbn=978-1-84277-113-6|pages=167}}</ref>


==History and chiefs==
==History and chiefs==

Revision as of 13:44, 24 July 2020

Political Security Directorate
إدارة الأمن السياسي
Idarat al-Amn al-Siyasi
Agency overview
JurisdictionGovernment of Syria
HeadquartersDamascus, Syria
Agency executive

Political Security Directorate (Template:Lang-ar, Idarat al-Amn al-Siyasi) is an intelligence service of Syria. It is active against the Syrian opposition.[1][better source needed] It runs detention centres.[2][better source needed] It is divided into an Internal Security Department and an External Security Department.[3][dead link‍] It monitors political dissent and all media outlets,[3] and registered parties are surveilled, too.[4]

History and chiefs

From 1987 until the 1990s, it was headed by Adnan Badr Hassan, an Alawite from al-Mukharram near Homs.[5][6] Ghazi Kanaan was its chief from 2002 to 2004.[7] In 2004, Muhammad Manasra became its head.[8] In 2011, its chief was Deeb Zaitoun, an Alawite.[9]

Heads of Political Security Directorate

  • Head of Investigative branch: Brig. Gen. Makhmoud al-Khattib (2011).[16]
  • Head of Operations branch: Brig. Gen. Mohamed Heikmat Ibrahim (2011).[16]

Regional Heads of Political Security Directorate

  • Daraa branch: Atef Najib (2011), the European Union sanctioned him for "being responsible for the violence against protesters in Daraa during the Syrian uprising".[17] He was replaced by Brig. Gen. Nasser Al-Ali.[16]

Other Syrian intelligence agencies

References

  1. ^ "Syria, Intelligence and Security". Espionageinfo. Retrieved 8 March 2013.
  2. ^ "Syria's terror networks". Washington Times. 19 February 2007. Retrieved 8 March 2013.
  3. ^ a b "Bashar's Syria" (PDF). Retrieved 8 March 2013.
  4. ^ Paul Todd; Jonathan Bloch (8 November 2003). Global Intelligence: The World's Secret Services Today. Zed Books. p. 167. ISBN 978-1-84277-113-6. Retrieved 8 March 2013.
  5. ^ Batatu, Hanna (1999). Syria's Peasantry, the Descendants of Its Lesser Rural Notables, and Their Politics. Princeton University Press. p. 222.
  6. ^ "Syria's Intelligence Services: A Primer". Middle East Intelligence Bulletin. 2 (6). 1 July 2000. Retrieved 8 March 2013.
  7. ^ "Syrian official commits suicide after probe". Mafhoum. 12 October 2005. Retrieved 8 March 2013.
  8. ^ Robert G. Rabil (2006). Syria, The United States, and the War on Terror in the Middle East. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 214. ISBN 978-0-275-99015-2. Retrieved 8 March 2013.
  9. ^ a b Ahed Al Hendi (3 May 2011). "The Structure of Syria's Repression". Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 8 March 2013.
  10. ^ Rathmell, Andrew (1996). "Syria's Intelligence Services: Origins and Development". The Journal of Conflict Studies. 16 (2). Retrieved 8 March 2013.
  11. ^ The Annual Register: A Record of World Events 2002 - Keesings Worldwide. 2002. Retrieved 8 March 2013.
  12. ^ "A rather convenient suicide". The Economist. 12 October 2005. Retrieved 8 March 2013.
  13. ^ "Bahjat Suleiman Moved along with Other Security Chiefs". Syria Comment. 19 June 2005. Retrieved 8 March 2013.
  14. ^ "Political security department". Cablegatesearch. Retrieved 8 March 2013.
  15. ^ "Bashar al-Assad's inner circle". BBC. 30 July 2012. Retrieved 8 March 2013.
  16. ^ a b c "By all means necessary" (PDF). Human Rights Watch. Retrieved 8 March 2013.
  17. ^ "Joint Proposal for a COUNCIL REGULATION concerning restrictive measures in view of the situation in Syria and repealing Regulation (EU) No 442/2011". EuroLex. 52011PC0887. 2011. Retrieved 10 March 2012.
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