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In 1969–70 he presided over [[Warsaw]]'s [[Jewish Historical Institute]], and he was one of the historians at the {{ill|Main Commission to Investigate Hitlerite Crimes|pl|Główna Komisja do Badań Zbrodni Hitlerowskich}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://muzhp.pl/pl/c/1977/zbrodnie-hitlerowskie-na-zydach-zbieglych-z-gett|title=Datner o zbrodniach hitlerowskich na Żydach zbiegłych z gett - Muzeum Historii Polski|website=muzhp.pl}}</ref> According to [[Bernd Wegner]], Datner drew up the most comprehensive documentation of [[Nazi Germany]]'s [[war crimes]] and atrocities in eastern Poland.<ref name="Wegner">{{citation|title=From Peace to War: Germany, Soviet Russia, and the World, 1939-1941|publisher=Militärgeschichtliches Forschungsamt, Berghahn Books, [[Germany]]|year=1997|author=Bernd Wegner|authorlink=Bernd Wegner|page=54}}</ref> In 1966 he published an article on "The Extermination of the Jewish Population in the District of Bialystok" (mentioning, among others, the [[Jedwabne pogrom]]); however, due to [[Censorship in Communist Poland|censorship in the Polish People's Republic]] he could not openly write on killing of Jews by Poles.<ref name="Wrobel"/><ref name="Bender">{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1080/17504902.2013.11087369| volume = 19| issue = 1| pages = 1–38| last = Bender| first = Sara| title = Not Only in Jedwabne: Accounts of the Annihilation of the Jewish Shtetlach in North-eastern Poland in the Summer of 1941| journal = Holocaust Studies| accessdate = 2018-06-25| date = 2015| url = https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17504902.2013.11087369}}</ref>
In 1969–70 he presided over [[Warsaw]]'s [[Jewish Historical Institute]], and he was one of the historians at the {{ill|Main Commission to Investigate Hitlerite Crimes|pl|Główna Komisja do Badań Zbrodni Hitlerowskich}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://muzhp.pl/pl/c/1977/zbrodnie-hitlerowskie-na-zydach-zbieglych-z-gett|title=Datner o zbrodniach hitlerowskich na Żydach zbiegłych z gett - Muzeum Historii Polski|website=muzhp.pl}}</ref> According to [[Bernd Wegner]], Datner drew up the most comprehensive documentation of [[Nazi Germany]]'s [[war crimes]] and atrocities in eastern Poland.<ref name="Wegner">{{citation|title=From Peace to War: Germany, Soviet Russia, and the World, 1939-1941|publisher=Militärgeschichtliches Forschungsamt, Berghahn Books, [[Germany]]|year=1997|author=Bernd Wegner|authorlink=Bernd Wegner|page=54}}</ref> In 1966 he published an article on "The Extermination of the Jewish Population in the District of Bialystok" (mentioning, among others, the [[Jedwabne pogrom]]); however, due to [[Censorship in Communist Poland|censorship in the Polish People's Republic]] he could not openly write on killing of Jews by Poles.<ref name="Wrobel"/><ref name="Bender">{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1080/17504902.2013.11087369| volume = 19| issue = 1| pages = 1–38| last = Bender| first = Sara| title = Not Only in Jedwabne: Accounts of the Annihilation of the Jewish Shtetlach in North-eastern Poland in the Summer of 1941| journal = Holocaust Studies| accessdate = 2018-06-25| date = 2015| url = https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17504902.2013.11087369}}</ref>


According to Datner, German units operating in the Bialystok District incited local Poles to act against Jews, while not necessarily participating in the events themselves.<ref> Wróbel, Piotr (2006). "Polish-Jewish Relations". Dagmar Herzog: Lessons and Legacies: The Holocaust in international perspective. Northwestern University Press. page 398. {{ISBN|0-8101-2370-3}}. ''Datner writes about the German units operating in the Bialystok District "Sometimes these units, using the worst instincts of the local population, organized the outburst of the popular anger. They did not participate in the massacre, but delivered weapons and gave instructions. As a rule they photographed the atrocities, to have proof that the Jews were hated not only by the Germans''</ref> He estimates the number of Jews who "fell prey to the Germans or their local helpers, or were murdered in various unexplained circumstances" outside [[Types of Nazi camps|ghettos and camps]] at 100,000.<ref>Szymon Datner, “Zbrodnie hitlerowskie na Żydach zbiegłych z gett. Groźby i zarządzenia “prawne” w stosunku do Żydów oraz udzielających im pomocy Polaków” [Nazi Crimes against Jews Who Fled the Liquidated Ghettos: Threats and “Legal” Regulations against the Jews and against the Poles Who Helped Them], Biuletyn Żydowskiego Instytutu Historycznego 75 (1970): 28–29;as mentioned in {{Cite book| publisher = Indiana University Press| isbn = 978-0-253-01087-2| last = Grabowski| first = Jan| title = Hunt for the Jews: betrayal and murder in German-occupied Poland| location = Bloomington, Indiana| date = 2013}}</ref>
According to Datner, German units operating in the Bialystok District incited local population to act against Jews, while not necessarily participating in the events themselves.<ref> Wróbel, Piotr (2006). "Polish-Jewish Relations". Dagmar Herzog: Lessons and Legacies: The Holocaust in international perspective. Northwestern University Press. page 398. {{ISBN|0-8101-2370-3}}. ''Datner writes about the German units operating in the Bialystok District "Sometimes these units, using the worst instincts of the local population, organized the outburst of the popular anger. They did not participate in the massacre, but delivered weapons and gave instructions. As a rule they photographed the atrocities, to have proof that the Jews were hated not only by the Germans''</ref> He estimates the number of Jews who "fell prey to the Germans or their local helpers, or were murdered in various unexplained circumstances" outside [[Types of Nazi camps|ghettos and camps]] at 100,000.<ref>Szymon Datner, “Zbrodnie hitlerowskie na Żydach zbiegłych z gett. Groźby i zarządzenia “prawne” w stosunku do Żydów oraz udzielających im pomocy Polaków” [Nazi Crimes against Jews Who Fled the Liquidated Ghettos: Threats and “Legal” Regulations against the Jews and against the Poles Who Helped Them], Biuletyn Żydowskiego Instytutu Historycznego 75 (1970): 28–29;as mentioned in {{Cite book| publisher = Indiana University Press| isbn = 978-0-253-01087-2| last = Grabowski| first = Jan| title = Hunt for the Jews: betrayal and murder in German-occupied Poland| location = Bloomington, Indiana| date = 2013}}</ref>


==Death==
==Death==

Revision as of 23:15, 4 August 2020

Szymon Datner

Szymon Datner (Kraków, 2 February 1902 – 8 December 1989, Warsaw) was a Polish historian, Holocaust survivor and underground operative from Białystok,[1] best known for his studies of the Nazi war crimes and events of The Holocaust in the Białystok region. His 1946 Walka i zag/ada bialostockiego ghetta was one of the first studies of the Białystok Ghetto.[2]

Life to 1945

In 1928 Datner settled in Białystok.[3] Before the outbreak of World War II, he worked as a physical-education teacher at a Jewish secondary school in Białystok. He lived in that city with his wife and two daughters through the Soviet occupation of eastern Poland. After the German attack on the Soviet Union, he was forced with his family into the Białystok Ghetto. On 24 May 1943 he helped smuggle several persons out of the Ghetto. However, his wife and daughters did not survive its liquidation.[citation needed]

Postwar career

After the war, Datner served for two years as head of the Białystok branch of the Central Committee of Jews in Poland (CŻKH). "A survivor himself, he deposited his own testimony at the Jewish Historical Commission in Białystok on 28 September 1946."[4]

The same year, the CŻKH published his Walka i zagłada Białostockiego Ghetta (The Struggle and Destruction of the Białystok Ghetto).[3] In the late 1940s Datner moved to Warsaw. He became a prominent specialist on World War II crimes and the Holocaust.[4] Of Jewish extraction, he was dismissed from his post during the 1968 Polish political crisis but was rehabilitated soon after.

In 1969–70 he presided over Warsaw's Jewish Historical Institute, and he was one of the historians at the Main Commission to Investigate Hitlerite Crimes [pl].[5] According to Bernd Wegner, Datner drew up the most comprehensive documentation of Nazi Germany's war crimes and atrocities in eastern Poland.[6] In 1966 he published an article on "The Extermination of the Jewish Population in the District of Bialystok" (mentioning, among others, the Jedwabne pogrom); however, due to censorship in the Polish People's Republic he could not openly write on killing of Jews by Poles.[4][7]

According to Datner, German units operating in the Bialystok District incited local population to act against Jews, while not necessarily participating in the events themselves.[8] He estimates the number of Jews who "fell prey to the Germans or their local helpers, or were murdered in various unexplained circumstances" outside ghettos and camps at 100,000.[9]

Death

Datner died in 1989 in Warsaw and was interred at the Okopowa Street Jewish Cemetery.

Publications

  • Walka i Zagłada białostockiego getta (Łódź, 1946)
  • Zbrodnie Wehrmachtu na jeńcach wojennych w II wojnie światowej (Warsaw, 1961)
  • Zbrodnie okupanta w czasie powstania warszawskiego w 1944 roku (w dokumentach) (Warsaw, 1962)
  • Wilhelm Koppe - nieukarany zbrodniarz hitlerowski (Warsaw-Poznań, 1963)
  • Ucieczki z niewoli niemieckiej 1939-1945 (Warsaw, 1966)
  • Eksterminacja ludności żydowskiej w Okręgu Białostockim (Bulletin of the Jewish Historical Institute, Warsaw, October–December 1966, no. 60: pp. 3–29)
  • Niemiecki okupacyjny aparat bezpieczeństwa w okręgu białostockim (1941–1944) w świetle materiałów niemieckich (opracowania Waldemara Macholla), Biuletyn GKBZH (Warsaw, 1965)
  • 55 dni Wehrmachtu w Polsce (Warsaw, 1967)
  • Las sprawiedliwych. Karta z dziejów ratownictwa Żydow w okupowanej Polsce ( Warsaw, 1968)
  • Tragedia w Doessel - (ucieczki z niewoli niemieckiej 1939-1945 ciąg dalszy) (Warsaw, 1970)
  • Z mądrości Talmudu (Warsaw, 1988)

References

  1. ^ Grabowski, Jan (2013). Hunt for the Jews: betrayal and murder in German-occupied Poland. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-01087-2.
  2. ^ Aleksiun - 2004 - Polish Historiography of the Holocaust—Between Silence and Public Debate.pdf, retrieved 2018-01-29
  3. ^ a b Poczykowski, Radosław & Katarzyna Niziołek. "Szymon Datner (1902-1989)". Szlak Dziedzictwa Żydowskiego w Białymstoku. Uniwersytet w Białymstoku. Retrieved 10 May 2011.
  4. ^ a b c Wróbel, Piotr (2006). "Polish-Jewish Relations". Dagmar Herzog: Lessons and Legacies: The Holocaust in international perspective. Northwestern University Press. pp. 391–96. ISBN 0-8101-2370-3. Retrieved 10 May 2011.
  5. ^ "Datner o zbrodniach hitlerowskich na Żydach zbiegłych z gett - Muzeum Historii Polski". muzhp.pl.
  6. ^ Bernd Wegner (1997), From Peace to War: Germany, Soviet Russia, and the World, 1939-1941, Militärgeschichtliches Forschungsamt, Berghahn Books, Germany, p. 54
  7. ^ Bender, Sara (2015). "Not Only in Jedwabne: Accounts of the Annihilation of the Jewish Shtetlach in North-eastern Poland in the Summer of 1941". Holocaust Studies. 19 (1): 1–38. doi:10.1080/17504902.2013.11087369. Retrieved 2018-06-25.
  8. ^ Wróbel, Piotr (2006). "Polish-Jewish Relations". Dagmar Herzog: Lessons and Legacies: The Holocaust in international perspective. Northwestern University Press. page 398. ISBN 0-8101-2370-3. Datner writes about the German units operating in the Bialystok District "Sometimes these units, using the worst instincts of the local population, organized the outburst of the popular anger. They did not participate in the massacre, but delivered weapons and gave instructions. As a rule they photographed the atrocities, to have proof that the Jews were hated not only by the Germans
  9. ^ Szymon Datner, “Zbrodnie hitlerowskie na Żydach zbiegłych z gett. Groźby i zarządzenia “prawne” w stosunku do Żydów oraz udzielających im pomocy Polaków” [Nazi Crimes against Jews Who Fled the Liquidated Ghettos: Threats and “Legal” Regulations against the Jews and against the Poles Who Helped Them], Biuletyn Żydowskiego Instytutu Historycznego 75 (1970): 28–29;as mentioned in Grabowski, Jan (2013). Hunt for the Jews: betrayal and murder in German-occupied Poland. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-01087-2.
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