Armstrong's mixture: Difference between revisions
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'''Armstrong's mixture''' is a highly |
'''Armstrong's mixture''' is a highly sensitive [[explosive material#Primary_explosive|primary explosive]]. Its primary ingredients are red [[phosphorus]] and strong oxidizer, such as [[potassium chlorate]] and [[potassium perchlorate]]. [[Sulfur]] is used to substitute for some or all of the phosphorus to slightly decrease sensitivity and lower costs; [[calcium carbonate]] may also be present in small proportions. Commercially, Armstrong's mixture is used in milligram quantities on the paper caps in toy [[cap gun]]s<ref name="calvert">{{cite web |url=http://www.du.edu/~jcalvert/phys/bang.htm |title=Flash! Bang! Whiz!: An introduction to propellants, explosives, pyrotechnics and fireworks |author=J. B. Calvert |accessdate=2006-11-11 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061115141121/http://www.du.edu/~jcalvert/phys/bang.htm |archivedate=15 November 2006 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and in [[party popper]]s. An improvised version can be made with match-heads, ground up into a fine powder, and mixed with another fine powder, this time made of the striker strip found on the side of match boxes. |
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It has also been considered a suitable mixture for the primer used in [[gun]]s after [[boron carbide]] has been added, and was used during the Second World War.<ref>{{US patent reference|number=3973502|y=1976|m=08|d=10|inventor=Charles R Olsen|title=Tube primer}}</ref> |
It has also been considered a suitable mixture for the primer used in [[gun]]s after [[boron carbide]] has been added, and was used during the Second World War.<ref>{{US patent reference|number=3973502|y=1976|m=08|d=10|inventor=Charles R Olsen|title=Tube primer}}</ref> |
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Revision as of 08:47, 16 August 2020
Armstrong's mixture is a highly sensitive primary explosive. Its primary ingredients are red phosphorus and strong oxidizer, such as potassium chlorate and potassium perchlorate. Sulfur is used to substitute for some or all of the phosphorus to slightly decrease sensitivity and lower costs; calcium carbonate may also be present in small proportions. Commercially, Armstrong's mixture is used in milligram quantities on the paper caps in toy cap guns[1] and in party poppers. An improvised version can be made with match-heads, ground up into a fine powder, and mixed with another fine powder, this time made of the striker strip found on the side of match boxes.
It has also been considered a suitable mixture for the primer used in guns after boron carbide has been added, and was used during the Second World War.[2]
Safety considerations
Because of its sensitivity to shock, friction and flame, Armstrong's mixture is an extremely dangerous explosive. Only about 10 mg of it is used per item of consumer fireworks. Depending on composition, conditions and quantity, Armstrong's mixture can explode violently in an enclosed space.[3] Due to extreme sensitivity to friction, mixing dry potassium chlorate and red phosphorus will most likely lead to an explosion. Hence, the ingredients are usually combined in a slurry with water, formed into the final product (for example, single drops onto paper for "paper caps") and allowed to dry. To decrease sensitivity, oil can be added.
Military use
Armstrong mixture is easy to make, but it requires too much phosphorus and it is easily oxidized by oxygen from air so it has little worth in military applications, except as homemade gun primer, or improvised explosives.[4]
References
- ^ J. B. Calvert. "Flash! Bang! Whiz!: An introduction to propellants, explosives, pyrotechnics and fireworks". Archived from the original on 15 November 2006. Retrieved 2006-11-11.
- ^ US patent 3973502, Charles R Olsen, "Tube primer", issued 1976-08-10
- ^ John Donner. "Impact Firecrackers" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-01-07. Retrieved 2006-11-11.
- ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=KOY1CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA74&lpg=PA74&dq=armstrong+mixture+ied&source=bl&ots=KiqGqjsD4B&sig=zz3LQ6i8FHXBAyGTek_HuC_prk0&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjJs-L3pPDfAhWa7WEKHTEUAsUQ6AEwBnoECAcQAQ