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The increasing use of the [[Industrial Internet of Things]] is referred to as Industry 4.0 at Bosch, and generally in Germany. Applications include machines that can predict failures and trigger maintenance processes autonomously or self-organized coordination that react to unexpected changes in production.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Internet of Things and the future of manufacturing &#124; McKinsey & Company|url=http://www.mckinsey.com/insights/business_technology/the_internet_of_things_and_the_future_of_manufacturing|author1=Markus Liffler|author2=Andreas Tschiesner|date=6 January 2013|website=Mckinsey.com|accessdate=2016-11-30}}</ref>
The increasing use of the [[Industrial Internet of Things]] is referred to as Industry 4.0 at Bosch, and generally in Germany. Applications include machines that can predict failures and trigger maintenance processes autonomously or self-organized coordination that react to unexpected changes in production.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Internet of Things and the future of manufacturing &#124; McKinsey & Company|url=http://www.mckinsey.com/insights/business_technology/the_internet_of_things_and_the_future_of_manufacturing|author1=Markus Liffler|author2=Andreas Tschiesner|date=6 January 2013|website=Mckinsey.com|accessdate=2016-11-30}}</ref>


Interest in Industry 4.0 methods have extended in to areas such as formulation chemistry.<ref>{{cite news |title=Innovation 4.0: A Digital Revolution for R&D |url=https://www.newstatesman.com/spotlight/manufacturing/2019/09/innovation-40-digital-revolution-rd |accessdate=17 August 2020 |publisher=New Statesman}}</ref> In this area robotic formulation,<ref>{{cite web |title=Formulus |url=https://www.cas.org/products/formulus |website=Develop Safe and Effective Products with Formulus® |accessdate=17 August 2020}}</ref> data capture and modeling may be applicable to development practices.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=McDonagh |display-authors=etal |first1=James |title=What Can Digitization Do For Formulated Product Innovation and Development |journal=Polymer international |date=31 May 2020 |doi=10.1002/pi.6056 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/pi.6056?af=R}}</ref>
Interest in Industry 4.0 methods have extended in to areas such as formulation chemistry. <ref>{{cite web |title=Formulus |url=https://www.cas.org/products/formulus |website=Develop Safe and Effective Products with Formulus® |accessdate=17 August 2020}}</ref> In this area robotic formulation <ref>{{cite news |title=Innovation 4.0: A Digital Revolution for R&D |url=https://www.newstatesman.com/spotlight/manufacturing/2019/09/innovation-40-digital-revolution-rd |accessdate=17 August 2020 |publisher=New Statesman}}</ref>, data capture and modeling may be applicable to development practices.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=McDonagh |display-authors=etal |first1=James |title=What Can Digitization Do For Formulated Product Innovation and Development |journal=Polymer international |date=31 May 2020 |doi=10.1002/pi.6056 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/pi.6056?af=R}}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==

Revision as of 18:27, 17 August 2020

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The Fourth Industrial Revolution (or Industry 4.0) is the ongoing automation of traditional manufacturing and industrial practices, using modern smart technology. Large-scale machine-to-machine communication (M2M) and the internet of things (IoT) are integrated for increased automation, improved communication and self-monitoring, and production of smart machines that can analyze and diagnose issues without the need for human intervention.[1]

History

The phrase Fourth Industrial Revolution was first introduced by Klaus Schwab, executive chairman of the World Economic Forum, in a 2015 article published by Foreign Affairs,[2] "Mastering the Fourth Industrial Revolution" was the 2016 theme of the World Economic Forum Annual Meeting, in Davos-Klosters, Switzerland.[3] On October 10, 2016, the Forum announced the opening of its Centre for the Fourth Industrial Revolution in San Francisco.[4] This was also subject and title of Schwab's 2016 book.[5] Schwab includes in this fourth era technologies that combine hardware, software, and biology (cyber-physical systems),[6] and emphasizes advances in communication and connectivity. Schwab expects this era to be marked by breakthroughs in emerging technologies in fields such as robotics, artificial intelligence, nanotechnology, quantum computing, biotechnology, the internet of things, the industrial internet of things, decentralized consensus, fifth-generation wireless technologies, 3D printing, and fully autonomous vehicles.[7]

Prior to the Fourth Industrial Revolution

The First Industrial Revolution was marked by a transition from hand production methods to machines through the use of steam power and water power. The implementation of new technologies took a long time, so the period which this refers to it is between 1760 and 1820, or 1840 in Europe and the United States. Its effects had consequences on textile manufacturing, which was first to adopt such changes, as well as iron industry, agriculture, and mining although it also had societal effects with an ever stronger middle class. It also had an effect on British industry at the time.[8]

The Second Industrial Revolution, also known as the Technological Revolution, is the period between 1871 and 1914 that resulted from installations of extensive railroad and telegraph networks, which allowed for faster transfer of people and ideas, as well as electricity. Increasing electrification allowed for factories to develop the modern production line. It was a period of great economic growth, with an increase in productivity, which also caused a surge in unemployment since many factory workers were replaced by machines.[9]

The Third Industrial Revolution, also known as the Digital Revolution, occurred in the late 20th century, after the end of the two world wars, resulting from a slowdown with industrialization and technological advancement compared to previous periods. The global financial crisis in 1929, followed by the Great Depression, affected many industrialized countries, following the first two revolutions. The production of the Z1 computer was the beginning of more advanced digital developments. This continued with the next significant progress in the development of communication technologies with the supercomputer. In this process, where there was extensive use of computer and communication technologies in the production process. Machinery began to abrogate the need for human power.[10]

German strategy

The term "Industrie 4.0", shortened to I4.0 or simply I4, originated in 2011 from a project in the high-tech strategy of the German government, which promotes the computerization of manufacturing.[11] The term "Industrie 4.0" was publicly introduced in the same year at the Hannover Fair.[12] In October 2012, the Working Group on Industry 4.0 presented a set of Industry 4.0 implementation recommendations to the German federal government. The workgroup members and partners are recognized as the founding fathers and driving force behind Industry 4.0. On 8 April 2013 at the Hannover Fair, the final report of the Working Group Industry 4.0 was presented. This working group was headed by Siegfried Dais, of Robert Bosch GmbH, and Henning Kagermann, of the German Academy of Science and Engineering.[13]

As Industry 4.0 principles have been applied by companies they have sometimes been rebranded, for example the aerospace parts manufacturer Meggitt PLC has branded its own Industry 4.0 research project M4.[14]

The discussion of how the shift to Industry 4.0, especially digitalization, will affect the labour market is being discussed in Germany under the topic of Work 4.0.[15]

The characteristics given for the German government's Industry 4.0 strategy are: the strong customization of products under the conditions of highly flexible (mass-) production.[16] The required automation technology is improved by the introduction of methods of self-optimization, self-configuration,[17] self-diagnosis, cognition and intelligent support of workers in their increasingly complex work.[18] The largest project in Industry 4.0 as of July 2013 is the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) leading-edge cluster "Intelligent Technical Systems Ostwestfalen-Lippe (its OWL)". Another major project is the BMBF project RES-COM,[19] as well as the Cluster of Excellence "Integrative Production Technology for High-Wage Countries".[20] In 2015, the European Commission started the international Horizon 2020 research project CREMA (Providing Cloud-based Rapid Elastic Manufacturing based on the XaaS and Cloud model) as a major initiative to foster the Industry 4.0 topic.[21]

Design principles and goals

There are four design principles identified as integral to industry 4.0:[22]

  • Interconnection — the ability of machines, devices, sensors, and people to connect and communicate with each other via the Internet of things, or the internet of people (IoP)[23]
  • Information transparency — the transparency afforded by Industry 4.0 technology provides operators with comprehensive information to inform decisions. Inter-connectivity allows operators to collect immense amounts of data and information from all points in the manufacturing process, identify key areas that can benefit from improvement to increase functionality[23]
  • Technical assistance — the technological facility of systems to assist humans in decision-making and problem-solving, and the ability to help humans with difficult or unsafe tasks[24]
  • Decentralized decisions — the ability of cyber physical systems to make decisions on their own and to perform their tasks as autonomously as possible. Only in the case of exceptions, interference, or conflicting goals, are tasks delegated to a higher level[25]

Components

The Fourth Industrial Revolution consists of many components when looking closely into our society and current digital trends. To understand how extensive these components are, here are some contributing digital technologies as examples:[26]

  • Mobile devices
  • Internet of things (IoT) platforms
  • Location detection technologies
  • Advanced human-machine interfaces
  • Authentication and fraud detection
  • 3D printing
  • Smart sensors
  • Big analytics and advanced processes
  • Multilevel customer interaction and customer profiling
  • Augmented reality/ wearables
  • On-demand availability of computer system resources
  • Data visualization and triggered "live" training[26]

Mainly these technologies can be summarized into four major components, defining the term “Industry 4.0” or “smart factory”:[26]

  • Cyber-physical systems
  • IoT
  • On-demand availability of computer system resources
  • Cognitive computing[26]

Industry 4.0 networks a wide range of new technologies to create value. Using cyber-physical systems that monitor physical processes, a virtual copy of the physical world can be designed. Characteristics of cyber-physical systems include the ability to make decentralized decisions independently, reaching a high degree of autonomy.[26]

Data

Data and analytics are the core capabilities of each component, driven by:[27]

  • Digitization and integration of vertical and horizontal value chains — Industry 4.0 integrates processes vertically, across the entire organization, including processes in product development, manufacturing, structuring and service; horizontally, Industry 4.0 includes internal operations from suppliers to customers as well as all key value chain partners[27]
  • Digitization of product and services — integrating new methods of data collection and analysis–such as through the expansion of existing products or creation of new digitised products–helps companies to generate data on product use in order to refine products[27]
  • Digital business models and customer access — customer satisfaction is a perpetual, multi-stage process that requires modification in real-time to adapt to the changing needs of consumers[27]

In essence, the Fourth Industrial Revolution is the trend towards automation and data exchange in manufacturing technologies and processes which include cyber-physical systems (CPS), IoT, industrial internet of things,[28] cloud computing,[22][29][30][31] cognitive computing, and artificial intelligence.[31]

Smart factory

The Fourth Industrial Revolution fosters what has been called a "smart factory". Within modular structured smart factories, cyber-physical systems monitor physical processes, create a virtual copy of the physical world and make decentralized decisions. Over the internet of things, cyber-physical systems communicate and cooperate with each other and with humans in synchronic time both internally and across organizational services offered and used by participants of the value chain.[22]

Predictive maintenance

Industry 4.0 can also provide predictive maintenance, due to the use of technology and the IoT sensors. Predictive maintenance – which can identify maintenance issues in live – allows machine owners to perform cost-effective maintenance and determine it ahead of time before the machinery fails or gets damaged.  For example, a company in LA could understand if a piece of equipment in Singapore is running at an abnormal speed or temperature. They could then decide whether or not it needs to be repaired. [32]

3D printing

The Fourth Industrial Revolution is said to have extensive dependency on 3D printing technology.  Some advantages of 3D printing for industry are that 3D printing can print many geometric structures, as well as simplify the product design process. It is also relatively environmentally friendly. In low-volume production, it can also decrease lead times and total production costs. Moreover, it can increase flexibility, reduce warehousing costs and help the company towards the adoption of a mass customization business strategy. In addition, 3D printing can be very useful for printing spare parts and installing it locally, therefore reducing supplier dependence and reducing the supply lead time.[33]

The determining factor is the pace of change. The correlation of the speed of technological development and, as a result, socio-economic and infrastructural transformations with human life allow us to state a qualitative leap in the speed of development, which marks a transition to a new time era.[34]

Smart sensors

Sensors and instrumentation drive the central forces of innovation, not only for Industry 4.0, but also for other “smart ” megatrends, such as smart production, smart mobility, smart homes, smart cities and smart factories. [35]

Smart sensors are devices, which generate the data and allow further functionality from self-monitoring and self-configuration to condition monitoring of complex processes. With the capability of wireless communication, they reduce installation effort to a great extent and help realize a dense array of sensors. [36]

The importance of sensors, measurement science, and smart evaluation for Industry 4.0 has been recognized and acknowledged by various experts and has already led to the statement “Industry 4.0: nothing goes without sensor systems” [37]

However, there are few issues, such as time synchronization error, data loss, and dealing with large amounts of harvested data, which all limit the implementation of full-fledged systems. Moreover, additional limits on these functionalities represents the battery power. One example of the integration of smart sensors in the electronic devices, is the case of smart watches, where sensors receive the data from the movement of the user, process the data and as a result, provide the user with the information about his or hers steps made in a day, and additionally, convert them into burned calories.

Scope of application:

Agriculture and food industry:

Smart sensors in these two fields are still in the testing stage.

These innovative connected sensors collect, interpret and communicate the information available in the plots (leaf area, vegetation index, chlorophyll, hygrometry, temperature, water potential, radiation). Based on this scientific data, the objective is to enable real-time monitoring via a smartphone with a range of advice that optimizes plot management in terms of results, time and costs. On the farm, these sensors can be used to detect crop stages and recommend inputs and treatments at the right time. As well as controlling the level of irrigation.

In the food industry: This industry requires more and more security and transparency and full documentation is required. This new technology is used as a tracking system as well as the collection of human data as well as product data.

The Fourth Industrial Revolution marks the beginning of the imagination age[38]

Challenges

Challenges in implementation of Industry 4.0:[39][40]

Economic

  • High economic costs
  • Business model adaptation
  • Unclear economic benefits/excessive investment[39][40]

Social

  • Privacy concerns
  • Surveillance and distrust
  • General reluctance to change by stakeholders
  • Threat of redundancy of the corporate IT department
  • Loss of many jobs to automatic processes and IT-controlled processes, especially for blue collar workers[39][40]

Political

  • Lack of regulation, standards and forms of certifications
  • Unclear legal issues and data security[39][40]

Organizational

  • IT security issues, which are greatly aggravated by the inherent need to open up those previously closed production shops
  • Reliability and stability needed for critical machine-to-machine communication (M2M), including very short and stable latency times
  • Need to maintain the integrity of production processes
  • Need to avoid any IT snags, as those would cause expensive production outages
  • Need to protect industrial know-how (contained also in the control files for the industrial automation gear)
  • Lack of adequate skill-sets to expedite the transition towards a fourth industrial revolution
  • Low top management commitment
  • Insufficient qualification of employees[39][40]

Applications

The aerospace industry has sometimes been characterized as "too low volume for extensive automation" however Industry 4.0 principles have been investigated by several aerospace companies, technologies have been developed to improve productivity where the upfront cost of automation cannot be justified, one example of this is the aerospace parts manufacturer Meggitt PLC's project, M4.[14]

The increasing use of the Industrial Internet of Things is referred to as Industry 4.0 at Bosch, and generally in Germany. Applications include machines that can predict failures and trigger maintenance processes autonomously or self-organized coordination that react to unexpected changes in production.[41]

Interest in Industry 4.0 methods have extended in to areas such as formulation chemistry. [42] In this area robotic formulation [43], data capture and modeling may be applicable to development practices.[44]

See also

References

  1. ^ November 2019, Mike Moore 05. "What is Industry 4.0? Everything you need to know". TechRadar. Retrieved 27 May 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  2. ^ Schwab, Klaus (12 December 2015). "The Fourth Industrial Revolution". Retrieved 15 January 2019.
  3. ^ Marr, Bernard. "Why Everyone Must Get Ready For The 4th Industrial Revolution". Forbes. Retrieved 14 February 2018.
  4. ^ "New Forum Center to Advance Global Cooperation on Fourth Industrial Revolution". 10 October 2016. Retrieved 15 October 2018.
  5. ^ Schwab, Klaus (2016). The Fourth Industrial Revolution. New York: Crown Publishing Group (published 2017). ISBN 9781524758875. Retrieved 29 June 2017. Digital technologies [...] are not new, but in a break with the third industrial revolution, they are becoming more sophisticated and integrated and are, as a result, transforming societies and the global economy.
  6. ^ "The Fourth Industrial Revolution: what it means and how to respond". World Economic Forum. Retrieved 20 March 2018.
  7. ^ Schwab, Klaus. "The Fourth Industrial Revolution: what it means, how to respond". World Economic Forum. Retrieved 29 June 2017. The possibilities of billions of people connected by mobile devices, with unprecedented processing power, storage capacity, and access to knowledge, are unlimited. And these possibilities will be multiplied by emerging technology breakthroughs in fields such as artificial intelligence, robotics, the Internet of Things, autonomous vehicles, 3-D printing, nanotechnology, biotechnology, materials science, energy storage, and quantum computing.
  8. ^ "The Industrial Revolution and Work in Nineteenth-Century Europe - 1992, Page xiv by David Cannadine, Raphael Samuel, Charles Tilly, Theresa McBride, Christopher H. Johnson, James S. Roberts, Peter N. Stearns, William H. Sewell Jr, Joan Wallach Scott. | Online Research Library: Questia". www.questia.com.
  9. ^ "History of Electricity".
  10. ^ "History – Future of Industry".
  11. ^ BMBF-Internetredaktion (21 January 2016). "Zukunftsprojekt Industrie 4.0 - BMBF". Bmbf.de. Retrieved 30 November 2016.
  12. ^ "Industrie 4.0: Mit dem Internet der Dinge auf dem Weg zur 4. industriellen Revolution". Vdi-nachrichten.com (in German). 1 April 2011. Archived from the original on 4 March 2013. Retrieved 30 November 2016.
  13. ^ Industrie 4.0 Plattform Last download on 15. Juli 2013
  14. ^ a b "Time to join the digital dots". 22 June 2018. Retrieved 25 July 2018.
  15. ^ Federal Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs of Germany (2015). Re-Imagining Work: White Paper Work 4.0.
  16. ^ "This Is Not the Fourth Industrial Revolution". 29 January 2016 – via Slate.
  17. ^ Selbstkonfiguierende Automation für Intelligente Technische Systeme, Video, last download on 27. Dezember 2012
  18. ^ Jürgen Jasperneite; Oliver, Niggemann: Intelligente Assistenzsysteme zur Beherrschung der Systemkomplexität in der Automation. In: ATP edition - Automatisierungstechnische Praxis, 9/2012, Oldenbourg Verlag, München, September 2012
  19. ^ "Herzlich willkommen auf den Internetseiten des Projekts RES-COM - RES-COM Webseite". Res-com-projekt.de. Retrieved 30 November 2016.
  20. ^ "RWTH AACHEN UNIVERSITY Cluster of Excellence "Integrative Production Technology for High-Wage Countries" - English". Production-research.de. 19 October 2016. Retrieved 30 November 2016.
  21. ^ "H2020 CREMA - Cloud-based Rapid Elastic Manufacturing". Crema-project.eu. 21 November 2016. Retrieved 30 November 2016.
  22. ^ a b c Hermann, Pentek, Otto, 2016: Design Principles for Industrie 4.0 Scenarios, accessed on 4 May 2016
  23. ^ a b Bonner, Mike. "What is Industry 4.0 and What Does it Mean for My Manufacturing?". Retrieved 24 September 2018.
  24. ^ Marr, Bernard. "What Everyone Must Know About Industry 4.0". Forbes. Retrieved 27 May 2020.
  25. ^ Gronau, Norbert, Marcus Grum, and Benedict Bender. "Determining the optimal level of autonomy in cyber-physical production systems." 2016 IEEE 14th International Conference on Industrial Informatics (INDIN). IEEE, 2016. DOI:10.1109/INDIN.2016.7819367
  26. ^ a b c d e "How To Define Industry 4.0: Main Pillars Of Industry 4.0". ResearchGate. Retrieved 9 June 2019.
  27. ^ a b c d Geissbauer, Dr. R. "Industry 4.0: Building the digital enterprise" (PDF).
  28. ^ "IIOT AND AUTOMATION".
  29. ^ Jürgen Jasperneite:Was hinter Begriffen wie Industrie 4.0 steckt Archived 1 April 2013 at the Wayback Machine in Computer & Automation, 19 December 2012 accessed on 23 December 2012
  30. ^ Kagermann, H., W. Wahlster and J. Helbig, eds., 2013: Recommendations for implementing the strategic initiative Industrie 4.0: Final report of the Industrie 4.0 Working Group
  31. ^ a b Heiner Lasi, Hans-Georg Kemper, Peter Fettke, Thomas Feld, Michael Hoffmann: Industry 4.0. In: Business & Information Systems Engineering 4 (6), pp. 239-242
  32. ^ "Are You Ready For The Fourth Industrial Revolution?". The One Brief. 4 May 2017. Retrieved 27 May 2020.
  33. ^ Yin, Yong; Stecke, Kathryn E.; Li, Dongni (17 January 2018). "The evolution of production systems from Industry 2.0 through Industry 4.0". International Journal of Production Research. 56 (1–2): 848–861. doi:10.1080/00207543.2017.1403664. ISSN 0020-7543.
  34. ^ Shestakova I. G. New temporality of digital civilization: the future has already come // // Scientific and Technical Journal of St. Petersburg State Polytechnical University. Humanities and social sciences. 2019. # 2. P.20-29
  35. ^ Imkamp, D., Berthold, J., Heizmann, M., Kniel, K., Manske, E., Peterek, M., Schmitt, R., Seidler, J., and Sommer, K.-D.: Challenges and trends in manufacturing measurement technology – the “Industrie 4.0” concept, J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 5, 325–335, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-5-325-2016, 2016
  36. ^ A.A. Kolomenskii, P.D. Gershon, H.A. Schuessler, Sensitivity and detection limit of concentration and adsorption measurements by laser-induced surface-plasmon resonance, Appl. Opt. 36 (1997) 6539–6547
  37. ^ Arnold, H.: Kommentar Industrie 4.0: Ohne Sensorsysteme geht nichts, available at: http://www.elektroniknet.de/messen-testen/ sonstiges/artikel/110776/ (last access: 10 March 2018), 2014
  38. ^ "Imagination Age".
  39. ^ a b c d e "BIBB : Industrie 4.0 und die Folgen für Arbeitsmarkt und Wirtschaft" (PDF). Doku.iab.de (in German). August 2015. Retrieved 30 November 2016.
  40. ^ a b c d e Birkel, Hendrik Sebastian; Hartmann, Evi (2019). "Impact of IoT challenges and risks for SCM". Supply Chain Management. 24: 39–61. doi:10.1108/SCM-03-2018-0142.
  41. ^ Markus Liffler; Andreas Tschiesner (6 January 2013). "The Internet of Things and the future of manufacturing | McKinsey & Company". Mckinsey.com. Retrieved 30 November 2016.
  42. ^ "Formulus". Develop Safe and Effective Products with Formulus®. Retrieved 17 August 2020.
  43. ^ "Innovation 4.0: A Digital Revolution for R&D". New Statesman. Retrieved 17 August 2020.
  44. ^ McDonagh, James; et al. (31 May 2020). "What Can Digitization Do For Formulated Product Innovation and Development". Polymer international. doi:10.1002/pi.6056.
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