Adder

Template:Taxobox begin Template:Taxobox begin placement Template:Taxobox regnum entry Template:Taxobox phylum entry Template:Taxobox classis entry Template:Taxobox ordo entry Template:Taxobox subordo entry Template:Taxobox familia entry Template:Taxobox subfamilia entry Template:Taxobox genus entry Template:Taxobox species entry Template:Taxobox end placement Template:Taxobox section binomial simple Template:Taxobox end The Crossed Viper, also known as the Common Viper and the European Adder (Vipera berus) lives further north than any other snake and is known for being remarkably resistant to low temperatures. It is also the most widespread species of snake in the world and is found from the British Isles in the west, to the Chinese coast and Sakhalin in the east, and well within the arctic circle in the north. The snake itself is quite small, adult females rarely grow beyond 70 centimeters and males rarely over 60, although most crossed vipers encountered are much smaller. The crossed viper can reach 20-25 years of age. Their food consists mainly of rodents, amphibians and lizards, although birds and their eggs are sometimes consumed. The name of the viper comes from the black crossed pattern on its back. Vipera berus has only 3 subspecies: Vipera berus berus, vipera berus bosniensis and vipera berus sachalinensis. V. b. bosniensis is only found in the Balkans and sachalinensis only on Sakhalin island. The snake is very adaptive and can be found in nearly any type of terrain and in mountains up to 3000 meters above sea level.

The Crossed Viper is venomous and the lethality of its venom is equal to that of rattlesnakes', but because it injects much smaller amounts of the venom, the animal is considered less dangerous. A bite from a crossed viper is only rarely lethal and even then it is usually due to an anaphylactic reaction. In fact, bees are considered more dangerous to humans and only small children, allergic adults and seniors in poor health are at risk. Nevertheless, if bitten by a crossed viper, one should immediatelly but calmly seek medical assistance.

The adult female crossed viper is often rusty brown, with the black pattern on its back and grows much larger than the males, which usually are grey instead of brown. Young individuals are sometimes dark brown and their correct coloring emerges only after a few years. Apart from their gender-specific coloring, there are also individuals that are very dark or almost black. This is caused by a pigment error, melanism, that is apparently not inherited by their young. Black vipers usually give birth to normal colored youngs, and normal colored vipers may give birth to black vipers. While their camouflage is not as good as the normal colored snakes, the black crossed vipers have an advantage by being able to raise their body temperature more rapidly, which is especially useful after hibernation or in cold climates. Melanism appears to be more common in the northern regions than elsewhere throughout its range.

Their mating season is in May and the females give birth in August or September, depending on the climate. The crossed viper usually gives birth to 5-20 live young, depending on the size of the female. The snake is exceptional since it is known to both give birth and lay eggs, which usually hatch within minutes of being laid. When they are born, they are between 15-20 centimeters long and already venomous. A common belief is that young and especially newborn vipers are more venomous than adult snakes, but this is untrue. Another belief is that they are so aggressive after they are born, that the female has to give birth hanging from a bush to avoid being bitten by its own offspring. This is also untrue, although vipers are known to give birth hanging in bushes, possibly since it aids them in pushing out the babies. After being born, the snakes usually shed their skins. Before they go into their first hibernation in October or November, the young snakes do not always feed, since they need to fully digest the meal before entering the hibernation state, to avoid complications resulting from the changes in its metabolism.

The crossed viper is not an aggressive species and when approached by a human, it tends to rely on its camouflage for as long as possible, before trying to escape. It is only when it surprised or provoked that it will try to bite. This is possibly due to the high amount of energy it needs to produce its venom and since it lives mostly in a temperate climate, it needs to conserve energy. Unfortunately its reliance on its camouflage has caused it to become an easy victim for humans and it is now a protected species in most of Europe.