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|rank = General
|rank = General
|unit =
|unit =
|commands = [[4th Army Corps (Romania)|IV Corps]] (1941–1943)<br>[[Fourth Army (Romania)|4th Army]] (1943–1944)
|commands = [[4th Territorial Army Corps (Romania)|4th Corps]] (1941–1943)<br>[[Fourth Army (Romania)|4th Army]] (1943–1944)
|battles = [[Second Balkan War]]<br>[[World War I]]<br>[[World War II]]
|battles = [[Second Balkan War]]<br>[[World War I]]<br>[[World War II]]
|awards = [[Order of the Crown (Romania)|Order of the Crown]]<br>[[Order of the Star of Romania]]<br>[[Order of Michael the Brave]], 3rd Class<br>[[Order of Saint Sava]]
|awards = [[Order of the Crown (Romania)|Order of the Crown]]<br>[[Order of the Star of Romania]]<br>[[Order of Michael the Brave]], 3rd Class<br>[[Order of Saint Sava]]
Line 89: Line 89:


=== First World War ===
=== First World War ===
Sănătescu took part in the battles of the [[First World War]], being promoted to the rank of major on September 1, 1917. From February 15, 1918 he served in the staff of the 16th Infantry Division, then was transferred to the General Staff, and later became an instructor at the Military School of Active Cavalry Officers.<ref name=Loghin369/>
Captain Sănătescu took part in the battles of the [[First World War]], being promoted to the rank of major on September 1, 1917. From February 15, 1918 he served in the staff of the 16th Infantry Division, then was transferred to the General Staff, and later became an instructor at the Military School of Active Cavalry Officers.<ref name=Loghin369/>


=== Inter-war period ===
=== Inter-war period ===
Line 99: Line 99:


=== Second World War ===
=== Second World War ===
When Romania has entered into [[World War II]] (June 22, 1941), General Sănătescu has been commanded the 4th Army Corps. He participated for two years in the battles on the Eastern Front, standing out in the [[Siege of Odessa (1941)|Battle of Odessa]] and the Battle of the Elbow of the Don. He was decorated on November 7, 1941 with the ''[[Order of the Star of Romania ]]'' with swords in the rank of Grand Officer with the ribbon of "[[Military Virtue Medal|Military Virtue]]" ''"for the dexterity with which he led the troops of the Army Corps in the battle of Odessa. Acting with all his might, he definitively defeated the enemy resistance in the South Tătarca region, entering Odessa."''<ref name=Decretul3086>Decretul Regal nr. 3.086 din 7 noiembrie 1941 pentru conferiri de decorațiuni de războiu, publicat în ''Monitorul Oficial'', anul CIX, nr. 278 din 22 noiembrie 1941, partea I-a, p. 7.284.</ref> He was promoted to the rank of Army Corps General on January 24, 1942.<ref name=Loghin370/><ref name=Decret505/>
When Romania has entered into [[World War II]] (June 22, 1941), General Sănătescu was the commanding officer of the [[4th Territorial Army Corps (Romania)|4th Army Corps]]. He participated for two years in the battles on the [[Eastern Front (World War II)|Eastern Front]], standing out in the [[Siege of Odessa (1941)|Battle of Odessa]] and the [[Battle of Stalingrad]]. He was decorated on November 7, 1941 with the ''[[Order of the Star of Romania ]]'' with swords in the rank of Grand Officer with the ribbon of "[[Military Virtue Medal|Military Virtue]]" ''"for the dexterity with which he led the troops of the Army Corps in the battle of Odessa. Acting with all his might, he definitively defeated the enemy resistance in the South Tătarca region, entering Odessa."''<ref name=Decretul3086>Decretul Regal nr. 3.086 din 7 noiembrie 1941 pentru conferiri de decorațiuni de războiu, publicat în ''Monitorul Oficial'', anul CIX, nr. 278 din 22 noiembrie 1941, partea I-a, p. 7.284.</ref> He was promoted to the rank of Army Corps General on January 24, 1942.<ref name=Loghin370/><ref name=Decret505/>


In March 1943 he was called from the front and appointed head of the Royal Military House (March 20, 1943 - January 24, 1944) and then marshal of the Palace (April 1, 1944 - August 23, 1944).<ref name=Loghin370/> He participated in several meetings with civilians and soldiers close to the [[Romanian royal family|Royal House]], who planned the overthrow of the Antonescu regime, Romania's exit from the anti-Soviet war and turning around the weapons against [[Nazi Germany]].<ref name=Loghin370/>
In March 1943 he was called from the front and appointed head of the Royal Military House (March 20, 1943 – January 24, 1944) and then marshal of the Palace (April 1, 1944 – August 23, 1944).<ref name=Loghin370/> He participated in several meetings with civilians and soldiers close to the [[Romanian royal family|Royal House]], who planned the overthrow of the Antonescu regime, Romania's exit from the anti-Soviet war and turning around the weapons against [[Nazi Germany]].<ref name=Loghin370/>


On August 23, 1944, [[King of Romania|King]] [[Michael of Romania|Michael]] dismissed and arrested Marshal [[Ion Antonescu]], by the historical act called today [[King Michael's Coup|Coup d'etat of August 23, 1944]].<ref name=Loghin370/> General Sănătescu was one of the organizers of the coup, being a close friend of King Michael.<ref name=Loghin370/> On the evening of the same day, he was appointed President of the Council of Ministers, forming a military cabinet in which the leaders of the four parties that had supported King Michael had one representative without a portfolio.<ref name=Loghin370/> The communist Lucrețiu Pătrășcanu also held the position of ad-interim minister of justice.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://countrystudies.us/romania/23.htm|first1=Ronald D.|last1= Bachman|title= Romania: A Country Study|location= Washington|publisher= GPO for the [[Library of Congress]]|year= 1989|chapter=Armistice Negotiations and Soviet Occupation|access-date=April 19, 2020}}</ref>
On August 23, 1944, [[King of Romania|King]] [[Michael I of Romania|Michael I]] dismissed and arrested [[Mareșal (Romania)|Marshal]] [[Ion Antonescu]] during the act called today [[King Michael's Coup]]. Sănătescu was one of the organizers of the coup, being a close friend of King Michael.<ref name=Loghin370/> On the evening of the same day, he was appointed President of the Council of Ministers, forming a military cabinet in which the leaders of the four parties that had supported King Michael had one representative without a portfolio.<ref name=Loghin370/> The [[Romanian Communist Party|communist]] [[Lucrețiu Pătrășcanu]] also held the position of ad-interim minister of justice.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://countrystudies.us/romania/23.htm|first1=Ronald D.|last1= Bachman|title= Romania: A Country Study|location= Washington|publisher= GPO for the [[Library of Congress]]|year= 1989|chapter=Armistice Negotiations and Soviet Occupation|access-date=April 19, 2020}}</ref>


The Sănătescu government was entrusted with the important mission of consolidating the coup by repelling the attack of the German contingents in the country, and in the battles between August 24 and August 31 a large part of Romania was liberated (although the Soviet Union de facto occupied the country ). The appointment of Sănătescu to head the government was made official by a royal decree issued only on September 1, 1944.<ref name=Decret1627>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Monitorul_Oficial_al_Rom%C3%A2niei._Partea_1_1944-09-02,_nr._202.pdf Decretul regal nr. 1.627 din 1 septembrie 1944 pentru numirea Președintelui Consiliului de Miniștri]</ref>
The Sănătescu government was entrusted with the important mission of consolidating the coup by repelling the attack of the German contingents in the country. In the battles between August 24 and August 31, a large part of Romania was liberated, although the [[Soviet Union]] de facto [[Soviet occupation of Romania|occupied the country]]. The appointment of Sănătescu to head the government was made official by a royal decree issued only on September 1, 1944.<ref name=Decret1627>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Monitorul_Oficial_al_Rom%C3%A2niei._Partea_1_1944-09-02,_nr._202.pdf Decretul regal nr. 1.627 din 1 septembrie 1944 pentru numirea Președintelui Consiliului de Miniștri]</ref>


The Sănătescu government sent a delegation consisting of [[Barbu Știrbey|Prince Barbu A. Știrbey]], General [[Dumitru Dămăceanu]], [[Lucrețiu Pătrășcanu]] and Ghiță Popp to negotiate and sign the Armistice Convention in [[Moscow]] with the [[United Nations]]; the Russians delayed receiving the delegation until their army occupied Romanian territory, the deed being signed on September 12.<ref name=1996neagoe53>{{Harvnb|Neagoe|1996|p=53}}</ref> On September 15, a working meeting took place between members of the Constantin Sănătescu government and participants in the signing of the armistice, during which [[Iuliu Maniu]] observed that Romania's negotiators had to ''"accept points that represent a real capitulation, not a free Armistice contract."''<ref name=1996neagoe58>{{Harvnb|Neagoe|1996|p=58}}</ref> Also, on September 12, 1944, at the energetic intervention of General Sănătescu, Anton Buga was released, who had been sentenced to death.
The Sănătescu government sent a delegation consisting of [[Barbu Știrbey|Prince Barbu A. Știrbey]], General [[Dumitru Dămăceanu]], [[Lucrețiu Pătrășcanu]], and Ghiță Popp to negotiate and sign the Armistice Convention in [[Moscow]] with the [[United Nations]]. The Russians delayed receiving the delegation until their army fully occupied the Romanian territory, the deed being signed on September 12.<ref name=1996neagoe53>{{Harvnb|Neagoe|1996|p=53}}</ref> On September 15, a working meeting took place between members of the Sănătescu government and participants in the signing of the armistice, during which [[Iuliu Maniu]] observed that Romania's negotiators had to ''"accept points that represent a real capitulation, not a free Armistice contract."''<ref name=1996neagoe58>{{Harvnb|Neagoe|1996|p=58}}</ref> Also, on September 12, 1944, at the energetic intervention of Sănătescu, Anton Buga (who had been sentenced to death) was released,.


On November 4, 1944, the second government was formed, led by General Constantin Sănătescu. The cabinet faced the challenges of the [[Romanian Communist Party]] (supported by the Soviet Union), which requested that it be granted two strategic ministries, the Ministry of Interior and the Ministry of War. Losing the trust of the leaders of the [[National Liberal Party (Romania)|liberal]] and [[National Peasants' Party|peasant parties]], who perceived him too moderately towards the communists, Sănătescu submitted his mandate on December 2, 1944.
On November 4, 1944, the second government was formed, led by General Sănătescu. The cabinet faced the challenges of the [[Romanian Communist Party]] (supported by the Soviet Union), which requested that it be granted two strategic ministries, the Ministry of Interior and the Ministry of War. Losing the trust of the leaders of the [[National Liberal Party (Romania)|liberal]] and [[National Peasants' Party|peasant parties]], who perceived him too moderately towards the communists, Sănătescu submitted his mandate on December 2, 1944.


Constantin Sănătescu was promoted to the rank of adjutant army general on December 6, 1944. He then served as Chief of the General Staff of the Romanian Army (December 11, 1944 - June 20, 1945), elaborating the battle plans of the Romanian Army and leading the military operations until the final defeat of Germany.<ref name=Loghin370/>
Sănătescu was promoted to the rank of adjutant army general on December 6, 1944. He then served as Chief of the General Staff of the Romanian Army (December 11, 1944 - June 20, 1945), elaborating the battle plans of the Romanian Army and leading the military operations until the final defeat of Germany.<ref name=Loghin370/>


After the end of the war, General Sănătescu served for a period as inspector general of the army.<ref name=Loghin370/>
After the end of the war, General Sănătescu served for a period as inspector general of the army.<ref name=Loghin370/>

Revision as of 21:42, 5 September 2020

General
Constantin Sănătescu
44th Prime Minister of Romania
In office
23 August 1944 – 5 December 1944
MonarchMichael
DeputyPetru Groza
Preceded byIon Antonescu
Succeeded byNicolae Rădescu
45th Chief of the General Staff
In office
11 December 1944 – 20 June 1945
MonarchMichael
Preceded byNicolae Rădescu
Succeeded byCostin Ionașcu
Minister of Internal Affairs
In office
6 December 1944 – 14 December 1944
Prime MinisterNicolae Rădescu
Preceded byNicolae Penescu
Succeeded byNicolae Rădescu
Personal details
Born(1885-01-14)January 14, 1885
Craiova, Kingdom of Romania
DiedNovember 8, 1947(1947-11-08) (aged 62)
Bucharest, Kingdom of Romania
Resting placeBellu Cemetery, Bucharest
CabinetSănătescu I
Sănătescu II
AwardsOrder of the Crown
Order of the Star of Romania
Order of Michael the Brave, 3rd Class
Order of Saint Sava
Military service
Branch/serviceArmy
Years of service1907–1947
RankGeneral
Commands4th Corps (1941–1943)
4th Army (1943–1944)
Battles/warsSecond Balkan War
World War I
World War II

Constantin Sănătescu (14 January 1885, Craiova – 8 November 1947, Bucharest[1]) was a Romanian general and statesman who served as the 44th Prime Minister of Romania after the 23 August 1944 coup, through which Romania left the Axis Powers and joined the Allies.

Biography

Youth and start of military carrier

Sănătescu was born on January 14, 1885 in Craiova. He was the son of the infantry lieutenant Gheorghe Sănătescu (1858-1942), future general.[2] He graduated from the School of Sons of Soldiers in Iași (1905), then attended the Military School of Infantry and Cavalry in Bucharest (September 1, 1905 – July 1, 1907). He attended military school in the same class with the future generals Gheorghe Mihail and Nicolae Macici, being promoted after graduation to the rank of lieutenant (July 1, 1907) and assigned to the 5th Roșiori Regiment.[2] Sănătescu was promoted to lieutenant on July 1, 1910 and transferred on October 16, 1910 as an instructing officer to the Military School of Active Cavalry Officers. He obtained the rank of captain on April 1, 1915 and was appointed first as the commander of the squadron of the 10th Călărași Regiment and then in the 7th Roșiori Regiment.[2] He fought against Bulgaria in the Second Balkan War (1913).

First World War

Captain Sănătescu took part in the battles of the First World War, being promoted to the rank of major on September 1, 1917. From February 15, 1918 he served in the staff of the 16th Infantry Division, then was transferred to the General Staff, and later became an instructor at the Military School of Active Cavalry Officers.[2]

Inter-war period

He then attended the Higher War School (April 1, 1919 – November 1, 1920), being assigned to the General Staff after graduation. He was promoted to the rank of lieutenant colonel on April 1, 1921. On November 2, 1926, he was transferred to the General Secretariat of the Ministry of War, and then, on July 1, 1927, he was promoted to colonel.[2]

Colonel Sănătescu was appointed on May 5, 1928 as a military attaché in the Romanian Legation in London, where he remained for two years until June 30, 1930. [2] After returning to Romania, he was entrusted with the command of the Mounted Guards Regiment.[3] He was appointed the Chief of Staff of the General Inspectorate of the Cavalry on October 1, 1933; after a year he returned to the General Staff, and on June 15, 1935, became the commander of the 3rd Cavalry Brigade. He was promoted to the rank of brigadier general on October 16, 1935.[3] After two years in command, he was appointed on November 1, 1937, as Deputy Chief of the General Staff, fulfilling this position during the term of Major General Ștefan Ionescu.[3] On February 27, 1939, shortly after the replacement on February 1, 1939 of General Ionescu with General Țenescu as Chief of the General Staff, Constantin Sănătescu passed to the command of the 3rd Cavalry Division, being promoted on October 25, 1939 to the rank of General division.[4] He then held the positions of commander of the 8th Army Corps, commander of the Cavalry Corps, commander of the Military Command of the Capital during the Legionary Rebellion and commander of the 4th Army Corps (1941-1943). As commander of the 8th Army Corps, it was General Sănătescu who stopped the Pogrom from Dorohoi against the Jews launched in 1940.

Second World War

When Romania has entered into World War II (June 22, 1941), General Sănătescu was the commanding officer of the 4th Army Corps. He participated for two years in the battles on the Eastern Front, standing out in the Battle of Odessa and the Battle of Stalingrad. He was decorated on November 7, 1941 with the Order of the Star of Romania with swords in the rank of Grand Officer with the ribbon of "Military Virtue" "for the dexterity with which he led the troops of the Army Corps in the battle of Odessa. Acting with all his might, he definitively defeated the enemy resistance in the South Tătarca region, entering Odessa."[5] He was promoted to the rank of Army Corps General on January 24, 1942.[3][4]

In March 1943 he was called from the front and appointed head of the Royal Military House (March 20, 1943 – January 24, 1944) and then marshal of the Palace (April 1, 1944 – August 23, 1944).[3] He participated in several meetings with civilians and soldiers close to the Royal House, who planned the overthrow of the Antonescu regime, Romania's exit from the anti-Soviet war and turning around the weapons against Nazi Germany.[3]

On August 23, 1944, King Michael I dismissed and arrested Marshal Ion Antonescu during the act called today King Michael's Coup. Sănătescu was one of the organizers of the coup, being a close friend of King Michael.[3] On the evening of the same day, he was appointed President of the Council of Ministers, forming a military cabinet in which the leaders of the four parties that had supported King Michael had one representative without a portfolio.[3] The communist Lucrețiu Pătrășcanu also held the position of ad-interim minister of justice.[6]

The Sănătescu government was entrusted with the important mission of consolidating the coup by repelling the attack of the German contingents in the country. In the battles between August 24 and August 31, a large part of Romania was liberated, although the Soviet Union de facto occupied the country. The appointment of Sănătescu to head the government was made official by a royal decree issued only on September 1, 1944.[7]

The Sănătescu government sent a delegation consisting of Prince Barbu A. Știrbey, General Dumitru Dămăceanu, Lucrețiu Pătrășcanu, and Ghiță Popp to negotiate and sign the Armistice Convention in Moscow with the United Nations. The Russians delayed receiving the delegation until their army fully occupied the Romanian territory, the deed being signed on September 12.[8] On September 15, a working meeting took place between members of the Sănătescu government and participants in the signing of the armistice, during which Iuliu Maniu observed that Romania's negotiators had to "accept points that represent a real capitulation, not a free Armistice contract."[9] Also, on September 12, 1944, at the energetic intervention of Sănătescu, Anton Buga (who had been sentenced to death) was released,.

On November 4, 1944, the second government was formed, led by General Sănătescu. The cabinet faced the challenges of the Romanian Communist Party (supported by the Soviet Union), which requested that it be granted two strategic ministries, the Ministry of Interior and the Ministry of War. Losing the trust of the leaders of the liberal and peasant parties, who perceived him too moderately towards the communists, Sănătescu submitted his mandate on December 2, 1944.

Sănătescu was promoted to the rank of adjutant army general on December 6, 1944. He then served as Chief of the General Staff of the Romanian Army (December 11, 1944 - June 20, 1945), elaborating the battle plans of the Romanian Army and leading the military operations until the final defeat of Germany.[3]

After the end of the war, General Sănătescu served for a period as inspector general of the army.[3]

Death

Constantin Sănătescu died of cancer in 1947 in Bucharest,[3] being buried at Bellu Cemetery. He was the last general of the Romanian Army buried with full honours according to his rank.[10]

Medals

Sănătescu was decorated with numerous Romanian and foreign decorations and medals, including:

and a number of other decorations.

Notes

  1. ^ Constantin Sănătescu, Encyclopædia Britannica, retrieved 17 August 2020
  2. ^ a b c d e f Leonida Loghin, Aurel Lupășteanu, Constantin Ucrain, Bărbați ai datoriei: 23 august 1944 – 12 mai 1945. Mic dicționar, Editura Militară, București, 1985, p. 369.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Leonida Loghin, Aurel Lupășteanu, Constantin Ucrain, Bărbați ai datoriei: 23 august 1944 – 12 mai 1945. Mic dicționar, Editura Militară, București, 1985, p. 370.
  4. ^ a b Decretul Conducătorului Statului nr. 505 din 19 februarie 1942 pentru înaintări în Armata de Uscat, publicat în Monitorul Oficial, anul CX, nr. 44 din 20 februarie 1942, partea I-a, p. 1.157.
  5. ^ Decretul Regal nr. 3.086 din 7 noiembrie 1941 pentru conferiri de decorațiuni de războiu, publicat în Monitorul Oficial, anul CIX, nr. 278 din 22 noiembrie 1941, partea I-a, p. 7.284.
  6. ^ Bachman, Ronald D. (1989). "Armistice Negotiations and Soviet Occupation". Romania: A Country Study. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress. Retrieved April 19, 2020.
  7. ^ Decretul regal nr. 1.627 din 1 septembrie 1944 pentru numirea Președintelui Consiliului de Miniștri
  8. ^ Neagoe 1996, p. 53
  9. ^ Neagoe 1996, p. 58
  10. ^ Șomâcu, Cornel (February 8, 2012). "Generalul Constantin Sănătescu, salvator sau trădător?" (in Romanian). Retrieved April 19, 2020.
  11. ^ Decretul regal nr. 1.300 din 9 mai 1941 pentru acordări de decorații, publicat în Monitorul Oficial, anul CIX, nr. 109 din 10 mai 1941, partea I-a, p. 2.486.
  12. ^ Acović, Dragomir (2012). Slava i čast: Odlikovanja među Srbima, Srbi među odlikovanjima. Belgrade: Službeni Glasnik. p. 615. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

References

Political offices
Preceded by Prime Minister of Romania
August 23, 1944 – December 2, 1944 		Succeeded by
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