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[[File:India UK.svg|thumb|The state of Uttarakhand within India]]
[[File:India UK.svg|thumb|The state of Uttarakhand within India]]
The '''2016 Uttarakhand forest fires''' were a series of widespread and damaging [[Wildfire|wildfires]] that took place in [[Uttarakhand]], [[India]] between April and May 2016. The event was caused by a heatwave spread across the Uttarakhand region during the season. They were stated to be the worst forest fires on record for Uttarakhand; a reported {{convert|4,538|ha|acre}} of forest burnt down and seven people dead.<ref name=timesofindia-12Feb20>{{Cite news |title=Second-worst in 16 yrs, fires destroy 2,521 hectares forest cover in Uttarakhand |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/forest-fires-rage-in-ukhand-despite-crores-spent-on-mitigation/articleshow/69660263.cms |date=12 February 2020 |first1=Vineet |last1=Upadhyay |access-date=25 August 2020 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref name="IE4May16" />
The '''2016 Uttarakhand forest fires''' were a series of widespread and damaging [[Wildfire|wildfires]] that took place in [[Uttarakhand]], [[India]] between April and May 2016. The event was caused by a [[Heat wave|heatwave]] spread across the Uttarakhand region during the season. They were stated to be the worst forest fires on record for Uttarakhand; a reported {{convert|4,538|ha|acre}} of forest burnt down and seven people dead.<ref name=timesofindia-12Feb20>{{Cite news |title=Second-worst in 16 yrs, fires destroy 2,521 hectares forest cover in Uttarakhand |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/forest-fires-rage-in-ukhand-despite-crores-spent-on-mitigation/articleshow/69660263.cms |date=12 February 2020 |first1=Vineet |last1=Upadhyay |access-date=25 August 2020 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref name="IE4May16" />


Nearly 1,600 fires were detected across the region and were brought under control by May 2. On May 3, rainfall helped to reduce the impact of the wildfires.<ref>{{cite news |date=4 May 2016 |title=Showers help in fighting Uttarakhand forest fires |newspaper=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/showers-help-in-fighting-uttarakhand-forest-fires/article8552452.ece}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=2 May 2016 |title=Uttarakhand forest fire controlled: Rijiju |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/uttarakhand-forest-fire-controlled-rijiju/article8547156.ece}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Centre gives over Rs 47,000 cr to 27 states for green activities - The Economic Times|url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/centre-gives-over-rs-47000-cr-to-27-states-for-green-activities/amp_articleshow/70893919.cms|access-date=2020-08-25|website=m.economictimes.com}}</ref> An initial report on 4 May 2016 noted that {{convert|3500|ha}} had been destroyed by the fire.<ref name="Hindu30Apr16">{{cite news |first1=Kavita |last1=Upadhyay |date=30 April 2016 |title=Uttarakhand battles fire crisis|newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |place=Dehradun |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/forest-fire-claims-five-lives-ndrf-forces-deployed-to-control-flames/article8538875.ece |accessdate=9 May 2016}}</ref><ref name="IE4May16">{{cite news |date=4 May 2016 |title=Uttarakhand forest fire: Rain brings relief, death toll reaches seven |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/uttarakhand-forest-fires-rain-brings-relief-death-toll-reaches-seven-2783585/}}</ref>
Nearly 1,600 fires were detected across the region and were brought under control by May 2. On May 3, rainfall helped to reduce the impact of the wildfires.<ref>{{cite news |date=4 May 2016 |title=Showers help in fighting Uttarakhand forest fires |newspaper=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/showers-help-in-fighting-uttarakhand-forest-fires/article8552452.ece}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=2 May 2016 |title=Uttarakhand forest fire controlled: Rijiju |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/uttarakhand-forest-fire-controlled-rijiju/article8547156.ece}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Centre gives over Rs 47,000 cr to 27 states for green activities - The Economic Times|url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/centre-gives-over-rs-47000-cr-to-27-states-for-green-activities/amp_articleshow/70893919.cms|access-date=2020-08-25|website=m.economictimes.com}}</ref> An initial report on 4 May 2016 noted that {{convert|3500|ha}} had been destroyed by the fire.<ref name="Hindu30Apr16">{{cite news |first1=Kavita |last1=Upadhyay |date=30 April 2016 |title=Uttarakhand battles fire crisis|newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |place=Dehradun |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/forest-fire-claims-five-lives-ndrf-forces-deployed-to-control-flames/article8538875.ece |accessdate=9 May 2016}}</ref><ref name="IE4May16">{{cite news |date=4 May 2016 |title=Uttarakhand forest fire: Rain brings relief, death toll reaches seven |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/uttarakhand-forest-fires-rain-brings-relief-death-toll-reaches-seven-2783585/}}</ref>
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zone which is prone to fire.
zone which is prone to fire.
[[File:Chir pine trees felled by forest fires .jpg|thumb|left|Burnt Chir Pine]]
[[File:Chir pine trees felled by forest fires .jpg|thumb|left|Burnt Chir Pine]]
But the pine itself is resistant to the fire, and instead of harming them, these fires help in their regeneration by reducing coverage of broad-leaf trees, which leads to an increase in the land covered by chir pine and oak. The broad-leaved forest is dominated by oak species, including Banj oak (''[[Quercus leucotrichophora]]''). Resin is harvested from these pines, and fires are often intentionally set to remove the carpet of pine needles that come in the way of harvesting activity.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Chandran|first=Manoj|url=http://www.wildfire2011.org/material/papers/Manoj_Chandran.pdf|title=Replacing controlled burning practice by alternate methods of reducing fuel load in the Himalayan longleaf pine(Pinus roxburghii Sarg.) forests |last2=Sinha |first2=A.R. |last3=Rawat|first3=R.B.S. |publisher=5th International Wildland Fire Conference |year=2011 |isbn= |location= |pages= |access-date=4 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412120539/http://wildfire2011.org/material/papers/Manoj_Chandran.pdf |archive-date=12 April 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In June 1981, a blanket ban was introduced against felling of standing trees 1000&nbsp;meters above sea level, a ban that prohibits the removal of pine trees in the areas where they are invading. Apart from accidental fires, several causes and motivations for setting fires have been noted which include encroachment on forest lands and concealing illegal timber extraction. Fires are also set by honey and sal seed collectors to scare away wild animals or to improve grass growth.<ref>{{cite book |author=Mehta, J.S. |title=Land Utilization in the Central Himalaya: Problems and Management Options|publisher=Indus Publishing|year=1996|editor1=Kumar, Kireet|pages=125–133|chapter=Forest fires and land degradation in Uttarakhand |editor2=Dhyani, P.P |editor3=Palni, L.M.S.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Bhandari, B.S.|url=http://gbpihed.gov.in/PDF/Publication/Glimpses%20of%20forestry%20research%20in%20the%20indian%20himalayan%20region.pdf|title=Glimpses of Forestry Research in the Indian Himalayan Region|author2=Mehta, J.P.|author3=Semwal, R.L.|publisher=G.B. Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment and Development|year=2012|editor1=Negi, GCS|place=Almora|pages=167–175|chapter=Forest Fire in Uttarakhand Himalaya : An Overview|editor2=Dhyani, P.P}}</ref>
But the pine itself is resistant to the fire, and instead of harming them, these fires help in their regeneration by reducing coverage of broad-leaf trees, which leads to an increase in the land covered by [[Chir Pine|chir pine]] and [[oak]]. The broad-leaved forest is dominated by oak species, including Banj oak (''[[Quercus leucotrichophora]]''). [[Resin]] is harvested from these pines, and fires are often intentionally set to remove the carpet of pine needles that come in the way of harvesting activity.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Chandran|first=Manoj|url=http://www.wildfire2011.org/material/papers/Manoj_Chandran.pdf|title=Replacing controlled burning practice by alternate methods of reducing fuel load in the Himalayan longleaf pine(Pinus roxburghii Sarg.) forests |last2=Sinha |first2=A.R. |last3=Rawat|first3=R.B.S. |publisher=5th International Wildland Fire Conference |year=2011 |isbn= |location= |pages= |access-date=4 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412120539/http://wildfire2011.org/material/papers/Manoj_Chandran.pdf |archive-date=12 April 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In June 1981, a blanket ban was introduced against felling of standing trees 1000&nbsp;meters above sea level, a ban that prohibits the removal of pine trees in the areas where they are invading. Apart from accidental fires, several causes and motivations for setting fires have been noted which include encroachment on forest lands and concealing illegal timber extraction. Fires are also set by honey and sal seed collectors to scare away wild animals or to improve grass growth.<ref>{{cite book |author=Mehta, J.S. |title=Land Utilization in the Central Himalaya: Problems and Management Options|publisher=Indus Publishing|year=1996|editor1=Kumar, Kireet|pages=125–133|chapter=Forest fires and land degradation in Uttarakhand |editor2=Dhyani, P.P |editor3=Palni, L.M.S.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Bhandari, B.S.|url=http://gbpihed.gov.in/PDF/Publication/Glimpses%20of%20forestry%20research%20in%20the%20indian%20himalayan%20region.pdf|title=Glimpses of Forestry Research in the Indian Himalayan Region|author2=Mehta, J.P.|author3=Semwal, R.L.|publisher=G.B. Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment and Development|year=2012|editor1=Negi, GCS|place=Almora|pages=167–175|chapter=Forest Fire in Uttarakhand Himalaya : An Overview|editor2=Dhyani, P.P}}</ref>


Fires directly destroy biodiversity and have indirect long-term impacts, including the encouragement of fire and pioneer species. It has been suggested that the dark carbon dust emitted by the fires deposited on Himalayan glaciers could hasten the glaciers' melting. This could affect the hydrology of the rivers that are a source of water for human populations in northern India.<ref>{{cite news |date=3 May 2016 |title=Uttarakhand forest fires could melt glaciers faster, say experts|newspaper=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Uttarakhand-forest-fires-could-melt-glaciers-faster-say-experts/articleshow/52084218.cms}}</ref> The average temperature of northern India saw an increase of 0.2&nbsp;°C.<ref name="Rediff3May16">{{cite web |date=3 May 2016 |title=The devastating effects of the Uttarakhand fires|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/report/the-devastating-impact-on-glaciers-animals-due-to-uttarakhand-fires/20160503.htm |accessdate=11 May 2016 |work=[[Rediff]]}}</ref>
Fires directly destroy biodiversity and have indirect long-term impacts, including the encouragement of fire and pioneer species. It has been suggested that the dark carbon dust emitted by the fires deposited on Himalayan glaciers could hasten the glaciers' melting. This could affect the hydrology of the rivers that are a source of water for human populations in northern India.<ref>{{cite news |date=3 May 2016 |title=Uttarakhand forest fires could melt glaciers faster, say experts|newspaper=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Uttarakhand-forest-fires-could-melt-glaciers-faster-say-experts/articleshow/52084218.cms}}</ref> The average temperature of northern India saw an increase of 0.2&nbsp;°C.<ref name="Rediff3May16">{{cite web |date=3 May 2016 |title=The devastating effects of the Uttarakhand fires|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/report/the-devastating-impact-on-glaciers-animals-due-to-uttarakhand-fires/20160503.htm |accessdate=11 May 2016 |work=[[Rediff]]}}</ref>

Revision as of 06:14, 11 September 2020

2016 Uttarakhand forest fires
Forest fire in Almora district of Uttarakhand state
Date(s)April – May 2016
LocationUttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh, India
Statistics
Total area4538 hectares (11,214 acres)[1]
Impacts
Deaths7
The state of Uttarakhand within India

The 2016 Uttarakhand forest fires were a series of widespread and damaging wildfires that took place in Uttarakhand, India between April and May 2016. The event was caused by a heatwave spread across the Uttarakhand region during the season. They were stated to be the worst forest fires on record for Uttarakhand; a reported 4,538 hectares (11,210 acres) of forest burnt down and seven people dead.[2][3]

Nearly 1,600 fires were detected across the region and were brought under control by May 2. On May 3, rainfall helped to reduce the impact of the wildfires.[4][5][6] An initial report on 4 May 2016 noted that 3,500 hectares (8,600 acres) had been destroyed by the fire.[7][3]

History

Forest fires caused by humans in the Himalayan state of Uttarakhand have been a regular event. Since the formation of the state in 2000, more than 44,518 hectares (110,010 acres) of forest land has been lost to fire.[2]

Some fires during 1921,1930 and 1942 have been associated with popular movements against the then British government's forestry policies and as a call for independence. Most of these fires occur in the chir pine (Pinus roxburghii) zone which is prone to fire.

Burnt Chir Pine

But the pine itself is resistant to the fire, and instead of harming them, these fires help in their regeneration by reducing coverage of broad-leaf trees, which leads to an increase in the land covered by chir pine and oak. The broad-leaved forest is dominated by oak species, including Banj oak (Quercus leucotrichophora). Resin is harvested from these pines, and fires are often intentionally set to remove the carpet of pine needles that come in the way of harvesting activity.[8] In June 1981, a blanket ban was introduced against felling of standing trees 1000 meters above sea level, a ban that prohibits the removal of pine trees in the areas where they are invading. Apart from accidental fires, several causes and motivations for setting fires have been noted which include encroachment on forest lands and concealing illegal timber extraction. Fires are also set by honey and sal seed collectors to scare away wild animals or to improve grass growth.[9][10]

Fires directly destroy biodiversity and have indirect long-term impacts, including the encouragement of fire and pioneer species. It has been suggested that the dark carbon dust emitted by the fires deposited on Himalayan glaciers could hasten the glaciers' melting. This could affect the hydrology of the rivers that are a source of water for human populations in northern India.[11] The average temperature of northern India saw an increase of 0.2 °C.[12]

Early 2016 events and controversy

The forest fires in the spring of 2016 went unnoticed for several weeks,[13] while parliament was in a state of outrage over the presidential rule which had been imposed on Uttarakhand[14]

Consequently, these fires went largely unchecked and spread from the pine forests on the slopes of the sub-Himalayan region to the oak and broadleaf forests which resulted in heavy clouds of smoke that changed the usually blue skies to grey. This smoke affected tourism within the state and fearing bad publicity, the locals did not report the fires.Template:Need source

The conservationist Ela Smetacek started a public awareness campaign to highlight the damage from the fires calling on the Indian government to address the issue. Her Facebook post post was shared over 58,000 times. It showed entire hillsides ablaze with walls of flames engulfing even the tallest trees.[15]

The campaign gathered widespread support from social media users and Indian media. This led to a series of claims and counter-claims between the environment minister, the conservationist, and other activists ensued, as Smetacek blamed the timber and builder mafia for the purposely-lit fires, stating that 1,300 fires could be seen from NASA satellite pictures and that an arson attack across the state was evident.[16] The post demanding the fires be recognized as a national emergency, and the need of immediate deployment of NDRF teams, led to the government taking action, deploying the National Disaster Response Force and making use of Indian Air Force Mi-17 helicopters fitted with "Bambi buckets" to douse the fires with water.

Seven fatalities were reported as of 4 May 2016.[3] The Pinegrove School, a boarding school at Kasauli, was evacuated as fires had reached its compound walls.[17] Tourism and wildlife at the Jim Corbett National Park and Rajaji Tiger reserve regions were affected.[18] Various other locations in these Himalayan states of Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh are tourist attractions in summer, and they now face heavy air pollution.[19] The forest fires also disrupted the functioning of the Kalka–Shimla Railway line.[20] On 3 May, the forest department estimated the monetary losses at approximately ₹29 lakh (US$35,000). The estimate is based on the standard rule book followed by the department with empirical formulae for such calculations. Various ecologists and environmental activists have disregarded the estimate, noting that it does not take into account ecological and wildlife losses. They added that these fires have also destroyed vegetation which holds rainfall, which might result in floods in the monsoon season.[21]

Scientists of the Govind Ballabh Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment and Development formed a team to survey the area and study the effects of the fires on the melting of glaciers.[12] Ecologists suggested that clearing of forest floors of the fallen pine leaves, which are readily combustible, should be undertaken by the forest department as well as locals on a grassroots level to prevent such major fire outbreaks. Production of biomass briquettes from these pine needles should be promoted, serving as a source of fuel as well as a solution to prevent wildfires.[22][23] On 30 April, National Disaster Response Force was deployed for rescue operations in the Kumaon and Garhwal areas. Around 6,000 personnel from the Forest Department were deployed. As of 30 April 2016, 922 incidences of fire were reported affecting around 2,000 hectares (4,900 acres) of forest area.[7] The Mi-17 helicopters of the Indian Air Force with "Bambi buckets" were used to douse the fires with water. However, the heavy smog that developed in the area affected the aerial operations of the army.[24] The affected area later increased to around 3,500 hectares (8,600 acres), extending into Himachal Pradesh. The regions saw rainfalls on 3 May ranging from 7mm to 11mm, which helped in controlling the fire.[3]

Soaring temperatures reignited the forest fires on 18 May 2016 covering an area of nearly 180 hectares of green land spreading over 111 districts. Rangers and Divisional Forest Officers rush to the spot and extinguish the fire as soon as possible to reduce the damage done. This was the result of the temperatures of Uttarakhand which were about 4 to 5 degrees higher than the average temperatures at this time of the year. According to government sources, the forest fires combined have destroyed nearly 4,048 hectares of land, in 1,857 incidents.[1]

Subsequently, the World Bank granted 500 crores rupees (US$75M) to the Uttarakhand forest department to research the cause of the forest fires, which was later increased[25] by ₹600 crores (US$90M).[26]

The Indian central government later announced a series of funds amounting to over ₹50,000 crores (US$7.5B) to go towards afforestation across the state of Uttarakhand and the country.[27]

Vegetation destroyed in a forest near Dhaulinag Temple in Bageshwar district

Controversy and long term impact

Reports were published in the local media which variously blamed local people and timber mafia for the forest fires. Environmental journalist Bahar Dutt blamed the television media for their "Delhi centrist world view" that disregarded the historical and ecological natural causes of fire, due to the high density of pine trees that increases the fire hazards.[28] Various tourism-related associations noted that the exaggerated representation of the fires by the media could reduce tourism, a major part of the state economy. Part of a team of conservationists and biologists who studied the private and state forests since 1950, Smetacek maintained forest fires did not occur naturally in the geographical topography of the region concerned. Natural fires are not seen anywhere in Indian forests, she added. The introduction of pine trees by the British caused a more volatile fuel to the (man-made) fires.[29]

Drops in tourism after the 2013 North India floods and April 2015 Nepal earthquake were reported.[30]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "Fresh forest fires in Uttarakhand destroy 180 hectares of green cover". 18 May 2016.
  2. ^ a b Upadhyay, Vineet (12 February 2020). "Second-worst in 16 yrs, fires destroy 2,521 hectares forest cover in Uttarakhand". The Times of India. Retrieved 25 August 2020.
  3. ^ a b c d "Uttarakhand forest fire: Rain brings relief, death toll reaches seven". The Indian Express. 4 May 2016.
  4. ^ "Showers help in fighting Uttarakhand forest fires". The Hindu. 4 May 2016.
  5. ^ "Uttarakhand forest fire controlled: Rijiju". The Hindu. 2 May 2016.
  6. ^ "Centre gives over Rs 47,000 cr to 27 states for green activities - The Economic Times". m.economictimes.com. Retrieved 25 August 2020.
  7. ^ a b Upadhyay, Kavita (30 April 2016). "Uttarakhand battles fire crisis". The Hindu. Dehradun. Retrieved 9 May 2016.
  8. ^ Chandran, Manoj; Sinha, A.R.; Rawat, R.B.S. (2011). Replacing controlled burning practice by alternate methods of reducing fuel load in the Himalayan longleaf pine(Pinus roxburghii Sarg.) forests (PDF). 5th International Wildland Fire Conference. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 April 2016. Retrieved 4 May 2016.
  9. ^ Mehta, J.S. (1996). "Forest fires and land degradation in Uttarakhand". In Kumar, Kireet; Dhyani, P.P; Palni, L.M.S. (eds.). Land Utilization in the Central Himalaya: Problems and Management Options. Indus Publishing. pp. 125–133.
  10. ^ Bhandari, B.S.; Mehta, J.P.; Semwal, R.L. (2012). "Forest Fire in Uttarakhand Himalaya : An Overview". In Negi, GCS; Dhyani, P.P (eds.). Glimpses of Forestry Research in the Indian Himalayan Region (PDF). Almora: G.B. Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment and Development. pp. 167–175.
  11. ^ "Uttarakhand forest fires could melt glaciers faster, say experts". The Times of India. 3 May 2016.
  12. ^ a b "The devastating effects of the Uttarakhand fires". Rediff. 3 May 2016. Retrieved 11 May 2016.
  13. ^ "India fires: Rainfall douses deadly blazes in Uttarakhand". BBC News. 5 May 2016. Retrieved 3 September 2020.
  14. ^ "All you need to know about President's rule in Uttarakhand". Hindustan Times. 27 March 2016. Retrieved 23 August 2020.
  15. ^ "How India's 'tree hugger' is tackling forest fires". BBC News. 5 May 2016. Retrieved 25 August 2020.
  16. ^ "Daily fire bulletin to be issued in Uttarakhand to keep fake news on forest fires under check". Hindustan Times. 2 June 2020. Retrieved 3 September 2020.
  17. ^ "Forest Fires Reach Boarding School In Himachal's Kasauli, Children Safe". NDTV. 2 May 2016. Retrieved 11 May 2016.
  18. ^ Jotirmay Thapliyal. "Forest fires threaten tiger reserves". Tribune India. Retrieved 11 May 2016.
  19. ^ Ghosh, Deepshikha (3 May 2016). "In Uttarakhand Fires, Devastating Impact On Glaciers, Birds: 10 Developments". NDTV. Retrieved 11 May 2016.
  20. ^ Modi, Ajay (3 May 2016). "Peak tourism season in Uttarakhand hit by forest fire". Business Standard. Retrieved 9 May 2016.
  21. ^ Trivedi, Anupam (3 May 2016). "Uttarakhand forest fire: Loss much more than estimated, say ecologists". Hindustan Times. Dehradun. Retrieved 11 May 2016.
  22. ^ Vibha Sharma (2 May 2016). "Poor mgmt reason for forest fires: Experts". Tribune India. Retrieved 11 May 2016.
  23. ^ "Uttarakhand fires: Battle to douse deadly blaze in Indian state". BBC. 2 May 2016. Retrieved 11 May 2016.
  24. ^ Sharma, Mohit (3 May 2016). "Thick smog in Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh fires spread". Asian Age. Retrieved 11 May 2016.
  25. ^ "ADB's Rs 500 crore grant to help Uttarakhand fight forest fires - Times of India". The Times of India.
  26. ^ "Uttarakhand to get Rs 600-Cr World Bank aid to bolster forest fire-fighting efforts - Times of India". The Times of India.
  27. ^ "It Took a Viral Facebook Post to Put Out the Uttarakhand Fires". The New Indian Express.
  28. ^ Dutt, Bahar (6 May 2016). "How the media got the Uttarakhand fire story wrong". Live Mint. Retrieved 9 May 2016.
  29. ^ Mehta, Mayank Aggarwal,Nikita (2 May 2016). "Understanding the Uttarakhand forest fire". Livemint. Retrieved 3 September 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  30. ^ Mantri, Geetika (2 May 2016). "Is Uttarkhand really on fire? Tourism industry says coverage exaggerated". The News Minute. Retrieved 11 May 2016.
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