Alderney

Alderney

Coat of Arms of Alderney Flag Coat of Arms
Capital	St Anne
Status	Part of Guernsey, Crown dependency of the UK
Official language(s)	English
Head of Government	Sir Norman Browse
Population	2,400
Currency	Pound sterling (GBP). Local coinage is issued, see Alderney pound.

Alderney is also a suburb of Poole in Dorset, England, and a breed of cattle

Alderney (French: Aurigny; Auregnais: Aoeur'gny) is the most northerly of the Channel Islands and a British crown dependency. It is part of the bailiwick of Guernsey. It is 3 miles (5 km) long and 2 miles (3 km) wide making it the third largest island of the Channel Islands. It is around 10 miles (16 km) to the west of La Hague in the Cotentin Peninsula, Normandy, in France, 20 miles (32 km) to the north-east of Guernsey and 60 miles (97 km) from the south coast of England. It is the closest of the Channel Islands to France as well as being the closest to England. It is separated from Cap de la Hague by the dangerous Race of Alderney (Le Raz).

The island has a population of 2400 people, and they are traditionally nicknamed lapins after the number of rabbits seen in the island. The only parish of Alderney is the parish of St Anne, which doubles as the main town, and features a pretty church and cobbled high street. There are a primary school, a secondary school, a post office, hotels, restaurants, banks and shops. Alderney has a somewhat ageing population, being popular with people wanting somewhere quiet to retire.

History

Alderney shares a history with the other Channel Islands, becoming an island in the Neolithic period as the waters of the Channel rose.

File:Panaram Braye Beach.JPG

Panorama of Braye Beach

The etymology of the Island's name is obscure. It is known in Latin as Riduna (giving the rarely-used adjective Ridunian for inhabitants of Alderney), but as with the names of the all the Channel Islands in the Roman period there is a degree of confusion. Riduna may be the original name of Tatihou, while Alderney is conjectured to be identified with Sarmia. Alderney/Aurigny is variously supposed to be a Germanic or Celtic name. It may be a corruption of Adreni or Alrene, which is probably derived from an Old Norse word meaning "island near the coast". Alternatively it may derive from three Norse elements: alda (swelling wave, roller), renna (strong current, race) and oy or ey (island).

After choosing independence from France and loyalty to the English monarch in his role as the Duke of Normandy, in 1204, Alderney developed slowly and was not much involved with the rest of the world. That is, however, until the British government decided to undertake massive fortifications in the 19th century and to create a strategic harbour to deter attacks from France. These fortifications were presciently described by William Ewart Gladstone as "a monument of human folly, useless to us ... but perhaps not absolutely useless to a possible enemy, with whom we may at some period have to deal, and who may possibly be able to extract some profit in the way of shelter and accommodation from the ruins." An influx of English and Irish labourers, plus the sizable British garrison stationed in the island, led to rapid anglicization. The harbour was never completed - the remaining breakwater (designed by James Walker) is one of the island's landmarks, and is longer than any breakwater in the UK.

The last of the hereditary Governors, John Le Mesurier, resigned his patent to the Crown in 1825 since when authority has been exercised by the States of Alderney (as amended by the constitutional settlement of 1948).

The island was occupied by German forces during World War II. Before the Nazi Germany troops landed in June 1940, almost the entire Alderney population evacuated, leaving only 2 % of the population. The Germans built four concentration camps on the island, depending on Neuengamme. Each camp was named after one of the Frisian Islands and included Nordeney located at Saye, Borkum at Platte Saline, Sylt near the old telegraph tower at La Foulère, and Heligoland. Each camp was operated by the Nazi Organisation Todt and used forced labour to build bunkers, gun emplacements, air-raid shelters, and concrete fortifications. In 1942, the Norderney camp, containing Russian and Polish POWs, and Sylt camp, holding Jews, were placed under the control of the SS Haupsturmführer Max List. Over 700 of the inmates are said to have lost their lives before the camps were closed and the remaining inmates transferred to Germany in 1944. The German officer left in charge of the facilities, Kommandant Oberst Schwalm, burned the camps to the ground and destroyed all records connected with their use before the island was liberated by British forces on May 16, 1945. The German garrison on Alderney surrendered a week after the other Channel Islands, and was one of the last garrisons to surrender in Europe. The population was unable to start returning until December 1945.

File:SR030729.JPG

Picture overlooking Braye Harbour

For two years after the end of World War II, Alderney was operated as a communal farm. Craftsmen were paid by their employers, while others were paid by the local government out of the profit from the sales of farm produce. Remaining profits were put aside to repay the British Government for repairing and rebuilding the island. Resentment from the local population towards being unable to control their own land acted as a catalyst for the United Kingdom Home Office to set up an enquiry that led to the "Government of Alderney Law 1948", which came into force on 1 January 1949. The law organised the make up and election of the States of Alderney, the justice system and, for the first time in Alderney, the imposition of taxes. Due to the small population of Alderney, it was believed that the island could not be self-sufficient in running the airport and the harbour, as well as in providing services that would match those of the United Kingdom. The taxes were therefore collected into the general Bailiwick of Guernsey revenue funds (at the same rate as Guernsey) and administered by the States of Guernsey. Guernsey became responsible for providing many governmental functions and services.

The 20th century saw a lot of change in Alderney, from the building of the airport in the late 1930s to the death of the last speakers of the island's language (Auregnais, a dialect of Norman language). The economy has gone from depending largely on agriculture to earning money from the tourism and finance industries.

Politics

The States of Alderney is the legislature of the island, and sends two representatives to the States of Guernsey as well. The origin of the States is unknown, but has operated from the mediaeval period.

The States of Alderney consists of the President, directly elected every 4 years, and 10 States Members, half elected every 2 years for a 4 year mandate. The President of Alderney is Sir Norman Browse (since 2002). The whole island is a single constituency.

Geography

This is a map of the Bailiwick of Guernsey. Alderney is in the North East.

In terms of geography Alderney is similar to the other islands in that it has sheer cliffs broken by stretches of sandy beach and dunes. It has a temperate climate, moderated by the sea, and summers are usually warmer than elsewhere in the British Isles. Trees are rather scarce, as many were cut down in the 17th century to fuel the lighthouses on Alderney and the Casquets. Those trees that remain include some palm trees (due to the mild climate).

Alderney and its surrounding islets feature a rich flora and fauna. Puffins on Burhou and gannets on Les Étacs just off Alderney are a favourite of many visitors to the island . The Blonde hedgehog is a species native to Alderney. The island has its own breed of cattle, called the Alderney; the pure breed became extinct in 1944, but hybrids remain elsewhere, though no longer on Alderney itself. In August 2005, the west coast of Alderney and associated islands, including Burhou and Ortac, were designated as Ramsar wetlands of international importance.

Travelling to Alderney is fairly easy, and in season it is a popular holiday destination. Flights arrive daily from Bournemouth, Shoreham (Brighton), Southampton, Jersey and Guernsey. Boats sail regularly between the island and France, as well as the other Channel Islands.

The Alderney Railway is the only railway now remaining in the Channel Islands.

The island is surrounded by rocks, which have caused hundreds of wrecks. There are two treacherous tidal streams on either side of the island: the Swinge between Alderney and Burhou, just outside the harbour, and Le Raz between the island and the Norman mainland.

Culture

Aerial shot of Alderney (centre) and Burhou (upper right)

Auregnais, the local dialect of Norman is almost extinct, with only one or two islanders remembering it, and French is no longer spoken in the island (except by tourists); it ceased to be an official language in 1966, it declined a great deal from neglect, especially in the education sector, and also when most of the population was evacuated in WWII. To this day however, many, if not most of the local placenames are in French or Auregnais. One or two words linger on in the local English, e.g. vraic (seaweed fertiliser), and the pronunciation of certain local names, e.g. Dupont as 'Dippoh' rather than the French way.

Golf, Fishing and other water sports are popular on the island, though there are many clubs and associations on the island for sports and other leisure activities (List of Clubs & Associations). Due in part to the large numbers of tourists, Alderney has a large number of restaurants and public houses.

Being a quiet and secluded island, Alderney has attracted a number of famous residents, including authors T. H. White (The Once and Future King) and Elizabeth Beresford (The Wombles), cricket commentator John Arlott, cricketer Ian Botham, Beatles producer George Martin, actress Julie Andrews, and olympic swimmer Duncan Goodhew, who still resides there to this day.

Alderney Week

Alderney Week is celebrated from the first Monday of August, during which a number of events take place. Cavalcade Day takes place on the Monday, on which residents and organisations construct parade floats based upon a particular theme. The Torchlight Procession, on the Saturday evening of the week, sees a parade of people walking through the town centre, carrying torches towards a large bonfire upon the local green. The evening ends with a fireworks display and an open-air music event held in a now-disused quarry.

Alderney week is a traditional week of festivities, ranging from rifle shooting in one of the many forts, to more wacky events. These events happen each year, though on occasion a new event will be added, or an old one taken away. The main events are:

• The man powered flight competition in which entrants build a fantastical flying machine, and then throw themselves off the quay at Braye beach
• The daft raft race (similar to the man powered flight competition, only with boats instead of planes)(Braye beach)
• The sandcastle competition (children and adults are split up into their respective age groups, and then have a set time limit for that age group in whcih to built a sandcastle. Some very talented artists)(Braye beach)

And many more.

References

• Alderney Place Names, Royston Raymond, 1999 Alderney ISBN 0-9537127-0-2
• Noms de lieux de Normandie, René Lepelley, 1999 Paris ISBN 2-86253-247-9

External links

• Alderney official site
• Aurigny Airlines - flights to Alderney
• Alderney language
• Fortress Alderney

49°44′N 2°15′W