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{{mergeto|Penjing|date=September 2020}}{{short description|Japanese three-dimensional landscape art}} |
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{{Distinguish|Bonseki}} |
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{{Italic title|reason=[[:Category:Japanese words and phrases]]}} |
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[[File:Utagawa Yoshishige 001.jpg|thumbnail|Prints out of the "53 Stations of the Tōkaidō as Potted Landscapes" depicting ''Bonkei'' and ''[[Saikei]]'', by Utagawa Yoshishige (1848)]] |
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'''''Bonkei''''' ([[wiktionary:盆景|盆景]]) is [[Japanese language|Japanese]] for "tray landscape".<ref name="saikei_and_art">{{cite book | author= Buller, Lew | title=Saikei and Art | publisher=Lew Buller | year=2005 | isbn = 0-9772443-0-X}}</ref>{{rp|15–19}} A ''bonkei'' is a temporary or permanent three-dimensional depiction of a landscape in miniature, portrayed using mainly dry materials like rock, ''[[papier-mâché]]'' or cement mixtures, and sand in a shallow tray.<ref name="bonkei_tray_landscapes">{{cite book | author= Hirota, Jozan | title=Bonkei: Tray Landscapes | publisher=Kodansha International Ltd. | year=1970 | isbn = 0-87011-495-6 }}</ref>{{rp|23}} A ''bonkei'' contains no living material, in contrast with related Japanese art forms ''[[bonsai]]'' and ''[[saikei]]'': ''bonsai'' contain living trees, and ''saikei'' contain living trees and other vegetation. |
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== Description == |
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Its three-dimensional character and permanence distinguish ''bonkei'' from ''[[bonseki]]'', which is a Japanese form of sand-painting that produces mostly-flat images on a display tray, usually for transient viewing before being erased for a new creation. Although ''bonkei'' materials are usually dry, flowing water and seasides are often depicted, with varying colors of gravel or sand making up the land and the water elements. A ''bonkei'' may also contain miniature figures of people, animals, buildings, bridges, and other common outdoor items. |
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The goal of the form is to provide an aesthetically pleasing miniature landscape for display and contemplation. The landscape is depicted in full three dimensions, and contained in a wide, low-sided tray. Raised areas representing river banks, hills, cliffs, or mountains are built up from sculptable materials like [[Calcium aluminate cements|''ciment fondu'']], clay, ''papier mache'', or a dried and powdered peat called ''keto'' in Japan.<ref name="bonkei_tray_landscapes"/>{{rp|33–42}} These sculpted elements are frequently painted to resemble the natural environment as closely as possible, for example, through painting ice, rock, and vegetation colors onto sculpted mountains. Flat areas representing plains or open water are covered with colored sand or gravel. Real rocks may be embedded in the landscape. |
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Human and animal figurines and miniature models of structures and vehicles are placed on top of the bonkei's base landscape to create a fully realized scene. Even model trees and other vegetation may be incorporated, though live plants are not generally considered elements of bonkei. The completed bonkei can be displayed in the home similar to "a bonsai, a painting, or a floral arrangement - at proper height, against an uncluttered background".<ref name="bonsai_saikei_and_bonkei">{{cite book | author= Behme, Robert Lee | title=Bonsai, Saikei and Bonkei: Japanese Dwarf Trees and Tray Landscapes | publisher=William Morrow and Co., Inc., New York | year=1969 | isbn = 978-0-688-05205-8}}</ref>{{rp|209}} |
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''Bonkei'' is similar in some ways to the Japanese ''[[saikei]]'' (plant landscape), Chinese ''[[penjing]]'', or Vietnamese ''hon non bo'' art forms. Although the aesthetic goals and practical aspects of [[Rail transport modelling|model railroads]] are quite different, some similarities with ''bonkei'' can be seen in the model railroader's depiction of the natural environment. Robert Behme says that bonkei differs from saikei in that a ''bonkei'' "is essentially a dry landscape, and living plants are rarely used; a ''saikei'' depends exclusively on living plants for effect." <ref name="bonsai_saikei_and_bonkei"/>{{rp|10}} As a result of this key difference, many ''bonkei'' specimens can last a long time with no maintenance, where a ''saikei'' requires frequent tending and a favorable environment for growth of the trees and other vegetation it contains. |
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== History == |
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The ''[[ukiyo-e]]'' artist Utagawa Yoshishige (歌川芳重) created a series of prints of ''bonkei'' and ''saikei'' titled ''53 Stations of the Tōkaidō as Potted Landscapes'' (''Tokaido Gojusan-eki Hachiyama Edyu'') in 1848. The book might have been inspired by [[Utagawa Hiroshige]]'s ''[[The Fifty-three Stations of the Tōkaidō]]''. The ''bonkei'' and ''saikei'' pieces were created by Kimura Tōsen.<ref>https://publicdomainreview.org/collection/53-stations-of-the-tokaido-as-potted-landscapes-1848</ref><ref>https://library.si.edu/digital-library/book/toykaidoygojuysv1kimu</ref> |
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==See also== |
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* ''[[Bonsai]]'' |
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* ''[[Saikei]]'' |
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* ''[[Bonseki]]'' |
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* [[Kokan Shiren#Rhymeprose on a Miniature Landscape Garden|Rhymeprose on a Miniature Landscape Garden]] |
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==References== |
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{{reflist}} |
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== External links == |
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{{commonscat-inline}} |
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[[Category:Japanese style of gardening]] |
[[Category:Japanese style of gardening]] |
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[[Category:Decorative arts]] |
[[Category:Decorative arts]] |
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Revision as of 16:55, 22 September 2020
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