Germanium telluride: Difference between revisions
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== Synthesis == |
== Synthesis == |
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=== Single-crystalline GeTe nanowires and nanohelices<ref>{{cite journal| journal = J. Am. Chem. Soc.| volume = 128| issue =25| year = 2006| title = Germanium Telluride Nanowires and Nanohelices with Memory-Switching Behavior|author1=D. Yu |author2=J. Wu |author3=Q. Gu |author4=H. Park | pages = 8148–9| doi=10.1021/ja0625071| pmid = 16787074}}</ref> === |
=== Single-crystalline GeTe nanowires and nanohelices<ref>{{cite journal| journal = J. Am. Chem. Soc.| volume = 128| issue =25| year = 2006| title = Germanium Telluride Nanowires and Nanohelices with Memory-Switching Behavior|author1=D. Yu |author2=J. Wu |author3=Q. Gu |author4=H. Park | pages = 8148–9| doi=10.1021/ja0625071| pmid = 16787074}}</ref> === |
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Semiconducting GeTe nanowires (NW) and nanohelices (NH) are synthesized via vapor transport method, with metal nanoparticle catalysts. GeTe was evaporated and carried by Ar gas at optimum temperature, pressure, time, and gas flow rate to the downstream collecting/grow site (SiO<sub>2</sub> surface coated with colloidal gold nanoparticles. High temperature over 500 °C produces thicker nanowires and crystalline chunks. Au is essential to the growth of NW and NH and is suggested to the metal catalyst of the reaction. This method gives rise to NW and NH with a 1:1 ratio of Ge and Te. NW produced by this method average about 65 nm in diameter and up to 50 μm in length. NHs averages to 135 nm in helix diameter. |
Semiconducting GeTe nanowires (NW) and nanohelices (NH) are synthesized via vapor transport method, with metal nanoparticle catalysts. GeTe was evaporated and carried by Ar gas at optimum temperature, pressure, time, and gas flow rate to the downstream collecting/grow site (SiO<sub>2</sub> surface coated with colloidal gold nanoparticles). High temperature over 500 °C produces thicker nanowires and crystalline chunks. Au is essential to the growth of NW and NH and is suggested to the metal catalyst of the reaction. This method gives rise to NW and NH with a 1:1 ratio of Ge and Te. NW produced by this method average about 65 nm in diameter and up to 50 μm in length. NHs averages to 135 nm in helix diameter. |
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=== Nanocrystal (quantum size effect)<ref>{{cite journal| journal = J. Am. Chem. Soc.| volume = 133| issue =7| year = 2011| title = Controlled Synthesis and Size-Dependent Polarization Domain Structure of Colloidal Germanium Telluride Nanocrystals|author1=M. J. Polking |author2=H. Zheng |author3=R. Ramesh |author4=A. P. Alivisatos | pages = 2044–7| doi=10.1021/ja108309s| pmid = 21280629}}</ref> === |
=== Nanocrystal (quantum size effect)<ref>{{cite journal| journal = J. Am. Chem. Soc.| volume = 133| issue =7| year = 2011| title = Controlled Synthesis and Size-Dependent Polarization Domain Structure of Colloidal Germanium Telluride Nanocrystals|author1=M. J. Polking |author2=H. Zheng |author3=R. Ramesh |author4=A. P. Alivisatos | pages = 2044–7| doi=10.1021/ja108309s| pmid = 21280629}}</ref> === |
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The synthesis described above has not reached the sized required to exhibit quantum size effect. Nanostructures that reach the quantum regime exhibit a different set of phenomena unseen at a larger scale, for example, spontaneous polar ordering and the splitting of diffraction spots. The synthesis of GeTe nanocrystals of average size of 8, 17, and 100 nm involves divalent Ge(II) chloride – 1,4 dioxane complex and bis[bis(trimethylsilyl)amino]Ge (II) and trioctylphosphine-tellurium in a solvent such as 1,2-dichlorobenzene or phenyl ether. Ge(II) reduction kinetics has been thought to determine the GeTe formation. Large the Ge(II) reduction rate may lead to the increase in particle nucleation rate, resulting in the reduction of particle diameter. |
The synthesis described above has not reached the sized required to exhibit quantum size effect. Nanostructures that reach the quantum regime exhibit a different set of phenomena unseen at a larger scale, for example, spontaneous polar ordering and the splitting of diffraction spots. The synthesis of GeTe nanocrystals of average size of 8, 17, and 100 nm involves divalent Ge(II) chloride – 1,4 dioxane complex and bis[bis(trimethylsilyl)amino]Ge (II) and trioctylphosphine-tellurium in a solvent such as 1,2-dichlorobenzene or phenyl ether. Ge(II) reduction kinetics has been thought to determine the GeTe formation. Large the Ge(II) reduction rate may lead to the increase in particle nucleation rate, resulting in the reduction of particle diameter. |
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Revision as of 21:10, 24 September 2020
-tellurid.png) Unit cell of germanium telluride.
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| Identifiers | |
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3D model (JSmol)
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| ChemSpider | |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.031.538 |
PubChem CID
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CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
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| Properties | |
| GeTe | |
| Molar mass | 200.21 g/mol |
| Appearance | solid |
| Density | 6.14 g/cm3 |
| Melting point | 725 °C (1,337 °F; 998 K) |
| Band gap | 0.6 eV [1] |
Refractive index (nD)
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5 |
| Structure | |
| Rhombohedral, hR6 | |
| R3m, No. 160 | |
a = 4.1719 Å, c = 10.710 Å[2]
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Lattice volume (V)
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161.430 Å3 |
| Related compounds | |
Other anions
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Germanium monoxide Germanium monosulfide Germanium monoselenide |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Germanium telluride (GeTe) is a chemical compound of germanium and tellurium and is a component of chalcogenide glasses. It shows semimetallic conduction and ferroelectric behaviour.[3]
Germanium telluride exists in three major crystalline forms, room-temperature α (rhombohedral) and γ (orthorhombic) structures and high-temperature β (cubic, rocksalt-type) phase; α phase being most phase for pure GeTe below the ferroelectric Curie temperature of approximately 670 K.[4][5]
Doped germanium telluride is a low temperature superconductor.[6]
Phase Transition
Solid GeTe can transform between amorphous and crystalline states. The crystalline state has a low resistivity (semiconducting at room temperature) and the amorphous state has a high resistivity.[7] The difference in resistivity can be up to six orders of magnitude depending on the film quality, GeTe compositions, and nucleation site formation.[7][8] The drastic changes in the properties of the material have been exploited in data storage applications. The phase transitions of GeTe can be fast, reversible and repeatable, with drastic property changes, making GeTe a promising candidate in applications like radio frequency (RF) switching and direct current (DC) switching.[8] Researches on mechanisms that relate the phase transition and radio frequency (RF) switching is underway, with promising future in optimization for telecommunication applications.[8] Although both solid states can exist at room temperatures, the transition requires specific heating and cooling process known as the thermal actuation method.[8] To achieve the amorphous state the solid is heated up beyond the melting temperature with a high current pulse in a short amount of time and rapidly quenched or cooled down. Crystallization happens when the GeTe is heated to a crystallization temperature lower than the melting temperature with a relatively longer and lower current pulse, and a slow quenching process with the current gradually reduced.[8] Both direct and indirect heating can induce phase changes.[8] Joule heating approach is the common direct heating method and indirect heating can be accomplished by a separate layer of dielectric material added to the RF switch.[8] The crystal structure of GeTe is rhombohedrally distorted rock salt-type structure that forms a face-centered cubic (FCC) sublattice at room temperature.[8]
Synthesis
Single-crystalline GeTe nanowires and nanohelices[9]
Semiconducting GeTe nanowires (NW) and nanohelices (NH) are synthesized via vapor transport method, with metal nanoparticle catalysts. GeTe was evaporated and carried by Ar gas at optimum temperature, pressure, time, and gas flow rate to the downstream collecting/grow site (SiO2 surface coated with colloidal gold nanoparticles). High temperature over 500 °C produces thicker nanowires and crystalline chunks. Au is essential to the growth of NW and NH and is suggested to the metal catalyst of the reaction. This method gives rise to NW and NH with a 1:1 ratio of Ge and Te. NW produced by this method average about 65 nm in diameter and up to 50 μm in length. NHs averages to 135 nm in helix diameter.
Nanocrystal (quantum size effect)[10]
The synthesis described above has not reached the sized required to exhibit quantum size effect. Nanostructures that reach the quantum regime exhibit a different set of phenomena unseen at a larger scale, for example, spontaneous polar ordering and the splitting of diffraction spots. The synthesis of GeTe nanocrystals of average size of 8, 17, and 100 nm involves divalent Ge(II) chloride – 1,4 dioxane complex and bis[bis(trimethylsilyl)amino]Ge (II) and trioctylphosphine-tellurium in a solvent such as 1,2-dichlorobenzene or phenyl ether. Ge(II) reduction kinetics has been thought to determine the GeTe formation. Large the Ge(II) reduction rate may lead to the increase in particle nucleation rate, resulting in the reduction of particle diameter.
Applications[8]
Memory storage
GeTe has been heavily used in non-volatile optical data storage such as CDs, DVDs, and blue-ray and may replace dynamic and flash random access memories. In 1987, Yamada et al. explored the phase changing properties of GeTe and Sb2Te3 for optical storage. The short crystallization time, cyclability and high optical contrast made these material better options than Te81Ge15Sb2S2 which has a slow transition time.
RF switching
The high contrast in resistivity between the amorphous and crystalline states and the ability to reverse the transition repeatedly make GeTe a good candidate for RF switching. RF requires a thin layer of GeTe film to be deposited on the surface of the substrate. Seed layer structure, precursor composition, deposition temperature, pressure, gas flow rates, precursor bubbling temperatures and the substrates all play a role in the film properties.
References
- ^ R. Tsu; et al. (1968). "Optical and Electrical Properties and Band Structure of GeTe and SnTe". Phys. Rev. 172 (3): 779–788. Bibcode:1968PhRv..172..779T. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.172.779.
- ^ Bauer Pereira, Paula; Sergueev, Ilya; Gorsse, Stéphane; Dadda, Jayaram; Müller, Eckhard; Hermann, Raphaël P. (2013). "Lattice dynamics and structure of Ge Te, Sn Te and Pb Te". Physica Status Solidi (B). 250 (7): 1300–1307. Bibcode:2013PSSBR.250.1300B. doi:10.1002/pssb.201248412.
- ^ A. I. Lebedev; I. A. Sluchinskaya; V. N. Demin; I. H. Munro (1997). "Influence of Se, Pb and Mn impurities on the ferroelectric phase transition in GeTe studied by EXAFS". Phase Transitions. 60 (2): 67. doi:10.1080/01411599708220051.
- ^ E. I. Givargizov; A.M. Mel'nikova (2002). Growth of Crystals. Birkhäuser. p. 12. ISBN 0-306-18121-5.
- ^ Pawley, G.; Cochran, W.; Cowley, R.; Dolling, G. (1966). "Diatomic Ferroelectrics". Physical Review Letters. 17 (14): 753. Bibcode:1966PhRvL..17..753P. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.17.753.
- ^ Hein, R.; Gibson, J.; Mazelsky, R.; Miller, R.; Hulm, J. (1964). "Superconductivity in Germanium Telluride". Physical Review Letters. 12 (12): 320. Bibcode:1964PhRvL..12..320H. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.12.320.
- ^ a b A. H. Gwin; R. A. Coutu Jr. (2015). Teherani, Ferechteh H; Look, David C; Rogers, David J (eds.). "Electronic control of Germanium Telluride (GeTe) phase transition for electronic memory applications". Proceedings. Oxide-based Materials and Devices VI. 9364: 93640G. doi:10.1117/12.2079359. S2CID 122243829.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i P. Mahanta; M. Munna; R. A. Coutu Jr. (2018). "Performance Comparison of Phase Change Materials and Metal-Insulator Transition Materials for Direct Current and Radio Frequency Switching Applications". Technologies. 6 (2): 48. doi:10.3390/technologies6020048.
- ^ D. Yu; J. Wu; Q. Gu; H. Park (2006). "Germanium Telluride Nanowires and Nanohelices with Memory-Switching Behavior". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 128 (25): 8148–9. doi:10.1021/ja0625071. PMID 16787074.
- ^ M. J. Polking; H. Zheng; R. Ramesh; A. P. Alivisatos (2011). "Controlled Synthesis and Size-Dependent Polarization Domain Structure of Colloidal Germanium Telluride Nanocrystals". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 133 (7): 2044–7. doi:10.1021/ja108309s. PMID 21280629.
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