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'''Robert Recorde''' (c. 1512 – 1558) was a [[Welsh people|Welsh]] physician and mathematician. He invented the [[equals sign]] (=) and also introduced the pre-existing [[plus and minus signs|plus sign]] (+) to English speakers in 1557. |
'''Robert Recorde''' (c. 1512 – 1558) was a [[Welsh people|Welsh]] physician and mathematician. He invented the [[equals sign]]{{Citation needed}} (=) and also introduced the pre-existing [[plus and minus signs|plus sign]] (+) to English speakers in 1557. |
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==Biography== |
==Biography== |
Revision as of 01:26, 28 September 2020
Robert Recorde | |
---|---|
Born | c. 1512 Tenby, Pembrokeshire, Wales |
Died | 1558 London, England |
Nationality | Welsh |
Alma mater | University of Oxford University of Cambridge |
Known for | Inventing the equals sign (=) |
Scientific career | |
Fields | Physician and mathematician |
Institutions | University of Oxford Royal Mint |
Robert Recorde (c. 1512 – 1558) was a Welsh physician and mathematician. He invented the equals sign[citation needed] (=) and also introduced the pre-existing plus sign (+) to English speakers in 1557.
Biography
Born around 1512, Robert Recorde was the second son of Thomas and Rose Recorde of Tenby, Pembrokeshire, in Wales.[1]
Recorde entered the University of Oxford about 1525, and was elected a Fellow of All Souls College there in 1531. Having adopted medicine as a profession, he went to the University of Cambridge to take the degree of M.D. in 1545. He afterwards returned to Oxford, where he publicly taught mathematics, as he had done prior to going to Cambridge. It appears that he afterwards went to London, and acted as physician to King Edward VI and to Queen Mary, to whom some of his books are dedicated. He was also controller of the Royal Mint and served as Comptroller of Mines and Monies in Ireland.[2] After being sued for defamation by a political enemy, he was arrested for debt and died in the King's Bench Prison, Southwark, by the middle of June 1558.
Publications
Recorde published several works upon mathematical and medical subjects, chiefly in the form of dialogue between master and scholar, such as the following:
- The Grounde of Artes, teachings the Worke and Practise, of Arithmeticke, both in whole numbers and fractions (1543),[1] the first English language book on algebra.
- The Pathway to Knowledge, containing the First Principles of Geometry ... bothe for the use of Instrumentes Geometricall and Astronomicall, and also for Projection of Plattes (London, 1551)
- The Castle of Knowledge, containing the Explication of the Sphere both Celestiall and Materiall, etc. (London, 1556) A book explaining Ptolemaic astronomy while mentioning the Copernican heliocentric model in passing.
- The Whetstone of Witte, whiche is the seconde parte of Arithmeteke: containing the extraction of rootes; the cossike practise, with the rule of equation; and the workes of Surde Nombers (London, 1557). This was the book in which the equals sign was introduced. With the publication of this book Recorde is credited with introducing algebra into the Island of Britain with a systematic notation.[3][4]
- A medical work, The Urinal of Physick (1548), frequently reprinted.[5]
Several books whose authors are unknown have been attributed to him: Cosmographiae isagoge, De Arte faciendi Horologium and De Usu Globorum et de Statu temporum.[6]
See also
- Equality
- Equals sign
- Equation
- History of mathematical notation
- St. Mary's Church, Tenby
- The Ground of Arts
- Welsh mathematicians
- Zenzizenzizenzic – a word to describe a number to the eighth power coined by Robert Recorde
Notes
- ^ a b Johnston, Stephen (2004). "Recorde, Robert (c. 1512–1558)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/23241. Retrieved 26 January 2012. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
- ^ Newman, James R. (1956). The World of Mathematics.
- ^ Jourdain, Philip E. B. (1913). The Nature of Mathematics.
- ^ Robert Recorde, The Whetstone of Witte (London, England: John Kyngstone, 1557), p. 236 (although the pages of this book are not numbered). From the chapter titled "The rule of equation, commonly called Algebers Rule" (p. 236): "Howbeit, for easie alteration of equations. I will propounde a fewe examples, bicause the extraction of their rootes, maie the more aptly bee wroughte. And to avoide the tediouse repetition of these woordes: is equalle to: I will sette as I doe often in worke use, a paire of paralleles, or Gemowe [twin, from gemew, from the French gemeau (twin / twins), from the Latin gemellus (little twin)] lines of one lengthe, thus: = , bicause noe .2. thynges, can be moare equalle." (However, for easy manipulation of equations, I will present a few examples in order that the extraction of roots may be more readily done. And to avoid the tedious repetition of these words "is equal to", I will substitute, as I often do when working, a pair of parallels or twin lines of the same length, thus: = , because no two things can be more equal.)
- ^ The Urinal of Physick, by Robert Recorde, 1548; at Google Books
- ^ John Hall, "An Historiall Expostulation", p. 60. In Early English Poetry, Ballads, and Popular Literature of the Middle Ages, v. XI. London: T. Richards, 1844
References
- public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Recorde, Robert". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 966. This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
- James R. Newman (1956). The World of Mathematics Vol. 1 Commentary on Robert Recorde
- Philip E. B. Jourdain (1913). The Nature of Mathematics
- Gareth Roberts and Fenny Smith, editors (2012). Robert Recorde: The Life and Times of a Tudor Mathematician (University of Wales Press, distributed by University of Chicago Press) 232 pages
- Jack Williams (2011). Robert Recorde: Tudor Polymath, Expositor and Practitioner of Computation (Heidelberg, Springer) (History of Computing).
- J. W. S. Cassels (1976). Is This a Recorde?, The Mathematical Gazette Vol. 60 No. 411 March 1976 p 59-61
- Gordon Roberts (2016). Robert Recorde: Tudor Scholar and Mathematician (University of Wales Press).
- Frank J. Swetz and Victor J. Katz (2011). "Mathematical Treasures - Robert Recorde's Whetstone of Witte," Convergence (January 2011)
External links
- St. Andrew's University Maths History biography
- Robert Recorde and other Welsh Mathematicians
- 100 Welsh Heroes – Robert Recorde
- Earliest Uses of Symbols of Relation
- Earliest Known Uses of Some of the Words of Mathematics This contains numerous quotations from Recorde.
- RECORDE (Robert) in Charles Hutton's Mathematical and Philosophical Dictionary[dead link ]
- Robert Recorde's life and works on h2g2
- Current publisher of Robert Recorde's books in the form of original reproductions
- Works by Robert Record at Project Gutenberg
- Works by or about Robert Recorde at the Internet Archive
- 1510s births
- 1558 deaths
- People from Tenby
- Welsh scientists
- Welsh philosophers
- Alumni of the University of Oxford
- Alumni of the University of Cambridge
- Welsh mathematicians
- 16th-century mathematicians
- 16th-century Welsh medical doctors
- Fellows of All Souls College, Oxford
- People imprisoned for debt
- 16th-century Welsh scientists
- 16th-century philosophers
- 16th-century Welsh writers
- 16th-century male writers