Ice volcano: Difference between revisions

Content deleted Content added

Inline

Revision as of 14:59, 29 September 2020

</ref>

Formation

These features are distinct from pressure ridges,^[1] which are uplifts formed by the compression of ice against a shoreline or another floe.<ref name="britannica">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Jeffries |first=Martin O. |editor1-last=Rafferty |editor1-first=John P. |title=Sea ice |encycl

^ Leonard Bryan, M.; Marcus, Melvin G. (September 1972). "Physical Characteristics of Near-Shore Ice Ridges". Arctic. 25 (3): 182–192. doi:10.14430/arctic2960. JSTOR 40508045.

[LeonardBryan1972-1] Leonard Bryan, M.; Marcus, Melvin G. (September 1972). "Physical Characteristics of Near-Shore Ice Ridges". Arctic. 25 (3): 182–192. doi:10.14430/arctic2960. JSTOR 40508045.

[1]

@@ Line 3: / Line 3: @@
 ==Formation==
-These features are distinct from [[pressure ridge (ice)|pressure ridges]],<ref name="LeonardBryan1972">{{cite journal |last1=Leonard Bryan |first1=M. |last2=Marcus |first2=Melvin G. |last3= |first3= |last4= |first4= |date=September 1972 |title=Physical Characteristics of Near-Shore Ice Ridges |jstor=40508045|journal=Arctic |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=182–192 |doi= 10.14430/arctic2960}}</ref> which are uplifts formed by the compression of ice against a shoreline or another [[ice floe|floe]].<ref name="britannica">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Jeffries |first=Martin O. |editor1-last=Rafferty |editor1-first=John P. |title=Sea ice |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica |date=December 29, 2006 |publisher= |location=Chicago |id= }}</ref> Instead, ice volcanoes are created by waves colliding with irregularities at the edge of an ice sheet. The abnormalities concentrate the wave energy in a small area, where the ice is eroded to form a V-shaped channel. Spray, ice, and slush splashing out of the feature create a volcanic cone at the channel's shoreward end. This process takes only a few hours.<ref name="Fahnestock1973"/> The lakeward end of the channel may then by sealed by ice, but the volcano may continue to erupt. A wave [[amplitude]] of at least {{convert|1|m|spell=in||}} is needed to induce eruptions, so ice volcanoes are rarely active without storm-force winds. Formation near land is suppressed by [[reef]]s and [[shoals]], which absorb the wave energy needed for the phenomenon. Nonetheless, they may produce larger cones further out at sea, where the greater depth makes this possible.<ref name="MTU">{{cite web |url=http://www.geo.mtu.edu/volcanoes/ice/ |title=Ice Volcanoes of Lake Superior's South Shore |last1=Dolan |first1=Michael |last2=Kimberly |first2=Paul |publisher=Department of Geological and Mining Engineering and Sciences at Michigan Technological University |date=2011-02-07 |website=Michigan Technological University |access-date=2018-05-25}}</ref> Formation is more thoroughly suppressed by powerful storms, which erode the ice too fast for mound creation.<ref name="Fahnestock1973"/>
+These features are distinct from [[pressure ridge (ice)|pressure ridges]],<ref name="LeonardBryan1972">{{cite journal |last1=Leonard Bryan |first1=M. |last2=Marcus |first2=Melvin G. |last3= |first3= |last4= |first4= |date=September 1972 |title=Physical Characteristics of Near-Shore Ice Ridges |jstor=40508045|journal=Arctic |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=182–192 |doi= 10.14430/arctic2960}}</ref> which are uplifts formed by the compression of ice against a shoreline or another [[ice floe|floe]].<ref name="britannica">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Jeffries |first=Martin O. |editor1-last=Rafferty |editor1-first=John P. |title=Sea ice |encycl
-==Appearagest ones located far from the shore.<ref name="MTU"/> Eruptions over ten meters high have been observed, but it is believed that the height of the eruptions are proportional to the size of the mounds. A single eruption may increase the height of the volcano by several centimeters.<ref name="Fahnestock1973"/> When an eruption occurs above 0&nbsp;°C, however, the water erodes the uplift instead of expanding it. Spacing is determined by the amplitude and direction of the waves. In general, the appearance and number of ice volcanoes change considerably between winters.<ref name="MTU"/>
-Different types of ice volcanoes have been compared to [[shield volcano]]es and [[stratovolcano]]es. They are noted for their symmetry. Cold spot volcanoes are particularly symmetrical, but their eruption has not been observed.<ref name="MTU"/>
-== Further reading ==
-* {{cite web |title=Bizarre 'ice volcanoes' erupt on Lake Michigan beach |language=en |date=19 Feb 2020 |website=Live Science |url=https://www.livescience.com/ice-volcanoes-on-lake-michigan-beach.html}}
-* {{cite web |title=Dozens of Ice Volcanoes Discovered on Nearby Dwarf Planet |author=Nadia Drake |language=en |date=17 Sep 2018 |website=National Geographic |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2018/09/news-ice-volcanoes-ceres-nasa-dawn-dwarf-planets-space/}}
-== References ==
-<references/>
-{{Ice|expanded}}
-[[Category:Glaciology]]
-[[Category:Sea ice]]
-[[Category:Snow or ice weather phenomena]]