Jump to content

TI-99/4A: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
m Importing Wikidata short description: "Home computer by Texas Instruments" (Shortdesc helper)
change to past tense—they ain't makin' these no more
Tag: Reverted
Line 85: Line 85:
The TI-99/4A remained mostly the same as its predecessor, with the major changes being a full-travel keyboard to replace the calculator-style keys, an improved graphics chip with support for bitmap modes, and a cleaner method of adding expansion cards. The price was also half of the original model. Texas Instruments supported the 4A with a line of peripherals, including a speech synthesizer, and a "Peripheral Expansion System" box to contain hardware add-ons.
The TI-99/4A remained mostly the same as its predecessor, with the major changes being a full-travel keyboard to replace the calculator-style keys, an improved graphics chip with support for bitmap modes, and a cleaner method of adding expansion cards. The price was also half of the original model. Texas Instruments supported the 4A with a line of peripherals, including a speech synthesizer, and a "Peripheral Expansion System" box to contain hardware add-ons.


While the TI-99/4A's specifications look impressive on paper, architectural issues keep it from reaching the performance it appears capable of. The system failed to catch on with third party developers, with the majority of games and other software created and sold by TI. A price war with Commodore's [[Commodore VIC-20|VIC-20]] resulted in 99-4/A prices dropping below US$100. Despite the increased user base created from selling large numbers of systems and peripherals at heavy discounts, after a US$330 million loss in the third quarter of 1983{{r|ahl198403}} Texas Instruments announced the discontinuation of the TI-99/4A in October of 1983, and stopped production in March of 1984.
While the TI-99/4A's specifications look impressive on paper, architectural issues kept it from reaching optimal performance. The system failed to catch on with third-party developers; the majority of games and other software were created and sold by TI. A price war with Commodore's [[Commodore VIC-20|VIC-20]] resulted in 99-4/A prices dropping below US$100. Despite the increased user base created from selling large numbers of systems and peripherals at heavy discounts, after a US$330 million loss in the third quarter of 1983{{r|ahl198403}} Texas Instruments announced the discontinuation of the TI-99/4A in October of 1983, and stopped production in March of 1984.


==Features==
==Features==
<!-- Please read and understand [[WP:COMPNOW]]. The below is written in present tense whenever appropriate. -->
<!-- Please read and understand [[WP:COMPNOW]]. The below is written in present tense whenever appropriate. -->
The TI-99/4A is a self-contained console with the [[Central processing unit|CPU]], [[motherboard]], [[ROM cartridge]] slot, and full-travel keyboard in the same case. An external power supply varies with the country of sale, and an [[RF modulator]] allows using a television as a monitor. The system displays lowercase letters as smaller capitals, instead of separate glyphs.
The TI-99/4A was a self-contained console with the [[Central processing unit|CPU]], [[motherboard]], [[ROM cartridge]] slot, and full-travel keyboard in the same case. An external power supply varied with the country of sale, and an [[RF modulator]] allowed using a television as a monitor. The system displayed lowercase letters as smaller capitals instead of separate glyphs.


[[TI BASIC (TI 99/4A)|TI BASIC]] is built-in. It's an [[ANSI]]-compliant [[BASIC]] interpreter, based on [[Dartmouth BASIC]], with additions for graphics, sound, and file system access. Unlike most BASICs, only one statement is allowed per source line.
[[TI BASIC (TI 99/4A)|TI BASIC]] was built-in. It was an [[ANSI]]-compliant [[BASIC]] interpreter, based on [[Dartmouth BASIC]], with additions for graphics, sound, and file system access. Unlike most BASICs, only one statement was allowed per source line.


Peripherals include a 5¼" [[floppy disk drive]] and controller, an [[RS-232]] card comprising two serial ports and one parallel port, a [[UCSD Pascal|P-code]] card for [[Pascal (programming language)|Pascal]] support, a [[thermal printer]], a 300-baud [[acoustic coupler]], a [[tape drive]] using standard [[Cassette tape#Data recording|audio cassettes]] as media, and a 32 [[kilobyte|KB]] memory [[expansion card]].
Peripherals included a 5¼" [[floppy disk drive]] and controller, an [[RS-232]] card comprising two serial ports and one parallel port, a [[UCSD Pascal|P-code]] card for [[Pascal (programming language)|Pascal]] support, a [[thermal printer]], a 300-baud [[acoustic coupler]], a [[tape drive]] using standard [[Cassette tape#Data recording|audio cassettes]] as media, and a 32 [[kilobyte|KB]] memory [[expansion card]].


Later versions of the 99/4A, identified by <code>(C)1983 TEXAS INSTRUMENTS V2.2</code> on the title page, remove the ability to use unlicensed [[Read-only memory|ROM]]-based cartridges, [[lockout chip|locking out]] third-party manufacturers such as [[Atarisoft]].
Later versions of the 99/4A, identified by <code>(C)1983 TEXAS INSTRUMENTS V2.2</code> on the title page, removed the ability to use unlicensed [[Read-only memory|ROM]]-based cartridges, [[lockout chip|locking out]] third-party manufacturers such as [[Atarisoft]].


===16-bit processor===
===16-bit processor===
Both TI-99/4 models use the [[16-bit]] [[Texas Instruments TMS9900|TMS9900]] [[Central processing unit|CPU]] running at 3 [[Hertz|MHz]] which is based on TI's [[TI-990]] minicomputers. Although the CPU is a full 16-bit processor, only the system ROM and 256 bytes of scratchpad RAM are available on the 16-bit bus. All other memory and peripherals are connected to the CPU through a 16-to-8-bit [[multiplexer]], requiring twice the cycles for any access and introducing an additional 4-cycle [[wait state]].<ref>{{cite book|title = TI-99/4A Console Technical Data|publisher = Texas Instruments Inc. | year = 1983| page = 10}}</ref>
Both TI-99/4 models used the [[16-bit]] [[Texas Instruments TMS9900|TMS9900]] [[Central processing unit|CPU]] running at 3 [[Hertz|MHz]] which is based on TI's [[TI-990]] minicomputers. Although the CPU was a full 16-bit processor, only the system ROM and 256 bytes of scratchpad RAM were available on the 16-bit bus. All other memory and peripherals were connected to the CPU through a 16-to-8-bit [[multiplexer]], requiring twice the cycles for any access and introducing an additional 4-cycle [[wait state]].<ref>{{cite book|title = TI-99/4A Console Technical Data|publisher = Texas Instruments Inc. | year = 1983| page = 10}}</ref>


Only the [[program counter]], status register, and workspace pointer registers are on the chip. All work registers are kept in [[Random-Access Memory|RAM]] at an address indicated by the workspace pointer, with 16 registers available at any given time. A context switch instruction changes to another workspace without having to save and restore the registers. Workspaces are kept in the 256 bytes of scratchpad memory.
Only the [[program counter]], status register, and workspace pointer registers were on the chip. All work registers were kept in [[Random-Access Memory|RAM]] at an address indicated by the workspace pointer, with 16 registers available at any given time. A context switch instruction changed to another workspace without having to save and restore the registers. Workspaces were kept in the 256 bytes of scratchpad memory.


===Video display processor===
===Video display processor===
Graphics in the 99/4A are generated by a [[TMS9918A]] Video Display Processor (VDP), with a variant for PAL territories. The VDP was developed by Texas Instruments and also sold independently, allowing it to be used in other systems. It serves as the video processor for the [[ColecoVision]] and [[SG-1000]] consoles, and an earlier model is part of the [[MSX]] computer standard.
Graphics in the 99/4A were generated by a [[TMS9918A]] Video Display Processor (VDP), with a variant for PAL territories. The VDP was developed by Texas Instruments and also sold independently, allowing it to be used in other systems. It served as the video processor for the [[ColecoVision]] and [[SG-1000]] consoles, and an earlier model was part of the [[MSX]] computer standard.


The TMS9918A supports character-based and bitmap display modes as well as hardware [[sprite (computer graphics)|sprite]]s. There are 32 single-color sprites total, but only a maximum of 4 can be displayed per [[scan line]]. Each sprite is either 8×8 or 16×16 pixels and can be scaled 2x to 16x16 or 32x32.
The TMS9918A supported character-based and bitmap display modes as well as hardware [[sprite (computer graphics)|sprite]]s. There were 32 single-color sprites total, but only a maximum of 4 could be displayed per [[scan line]]. Each sprite was either 8×8 or 16×16 pixels and could be scaled 2x to 16x16 or 32x32.


16 kB of RAM is provided for the Video Display Processor. VDP RAM is the largest block of writeable memory in the unexpanded TI-99/4A architecture, but access to it has to go through the VDP as an intermediary. It is used for storing disk I/O buffers and for [[TI BASIC]] user programs. All accesses to the VDP system are executed eight bits at a time.<ref>{{cite book|title = TI-99/4A Console Technical Data|publisher = Texas Instruments Inc. | year = 1983| page = 4}}</ref>
16 kB of RAM was provided for the Video Display Processor. VDP RAM was the largest block of writeable memory in the unexpanded TI-99/4A architecture, but access to it had to go through the VDP as an intermediary. It was used for storing disk I/O buffers and for [[TI BASIC]] user programs. All accesses to the VDP system were executed eight bits at a time.<ref>{{cite book|title = TI-99/4A Console Technical Data|publisher = Texas Instruments Inc. | year = 1983| page = 4}}</ref>


==Expansion==
==Expansion==
All TI-99 models have device drivers built into ROMs in the hardware. When a new peripheral is attached, it is immediately available for any software which wants to use it. All device access uses a generic file-based I/O mechanism, allowing new devices to be added without updating software. The system supports four RS-232 ports and two parallel printer ports.
All TI-99 models had device drivers built into ROMs in the hardware. When a new peripheral was attached, it was immediately available for any software which wanted to use it. All device access used a generic file-based I/O mechanism, allowing new devices to be added without updating software. The system supported four RS-232 ports and two parallel printer ports.


The computer supports two cassette drives through a dedicated port. [[Composite video]] and audio are output through another port on [[NTSC]]-based machines, and combine through an external RF modulator for use with a television. [[PAL]]-based machines output a more complex YUV signal which is also modulated to UHF externally.
The computer supported two cassette drives through a dedicated port. [[Composite video]] and audio were output through another port on [[NTSC]]-based machines and combined through an external RF modulator for use with a television. [[PAL]]-based machines output a more complex YUV signal which was also modulated to UHF externally.


Two digital [[joystick]]s can be connected through a single [[DE-9]] port. It's identical to the [[Atari joystick port]], but with incompatible pins. Aftermarket adapters allow the use of [[Atari CX40 joystick|Atari compatible joysticks]].<ref name="mace19840409">{{cite news | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jC4EAAAAMBAJ&lpg=PA15&pg=PA50#v=onepage&q&f=false | title=Atarisoft vs. Commodore | work=InfoWorld | date=1984-04-09 | access-date=4 February 2015 | author=Mace, Scott | page=50}}</ref>
Two digital [[joystick]]s could be connected through a single [[DE-9]] port, identical to the [[Atari joystick port]] but with incompatible pins. Aftermarket adapters allowed the use of [[Atari CX40 joystick|Atari compatible joysticks]].<ref name="mace19840409">{{cite news | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jC4EAAAAMBAJ&lpg=PA15&pg=PA50#v=onepage&q&f=false | title=Atarisoft vs. Commodore | work=InfoWorld | date=1984-04-09 | access-date=4 February 2015 | author=Mace, Scott | page=50}}</ref>


TI sold an official 32 kB RAM expansion.<ref>{{Citation | url = http://shawweb.myzen.co.uk/stephen/book9.htm#mem | title = Getting Started with the TI-99/4A | year = 1983}}</ref> The memory is not available to all uses. For example, an Extended Basic program is restricted to using 24kB with the remaining 8kB available for machine code routines. The Mini Memory plug-in module contains 4kB of battery-backed RAM that can be used as a persistent RAM disk or to load a machine-code program.<ref>{{Citation | url = http://shawweb.myzen.co.uk/stephen/book8.htm | title = Getting Started with the TI-99/4A | year = 1983}}</ref>
TI sold an official 32 kB RAM expansion.<ref>{{Citation | url = http://shawweb.myzen.co.uk/stephen/book9.htm#mem | title = Getting Started with the TI-99/4A | year = 1983}}</ref> The memory was not available to all uses; for example, an Extended Basic program was restricted to using 24kB with the remaining 8kB available for machine-code routines. The Mini Memory plug-in module contained 4kB of battery-backed RAM that could be used as a persistent RAM disk or to load a machine-code program.<ref>{{Citation | url = http://shawweb.myzen.co.uk/stephen/book8.htm | title = Getting Started with the TI-99/4A | year = 1983}}</ref>


===Peripheral Expansion Box===
===Peripheral Expansion Box===
[[Image:TI99expansion.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Peripheral Expansion Box or PEB]]
[[Image:TI99expansion.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Peripheral Expansion Box or PEB]]


The TI-99/4A can be upgraded via expansion cards added to an eight-slot, external chassis containing its own linear power supply and a full-height 5¼" floppy bay.<ref>{{Citation | url = http://www.99er.net/994apic.html | title = 99er | contribution = TI‐99/4A user‐dismantled PEB}}</ref> Encased in silver plastic, but made from sheet steel, this is labeled as the Peripheral Expansion System by TI, but usually called the Peripheral Expansion Box or PEB. Each card has an [[Light-emitting diode|LED]] that blinks or flickers when being accessed by software. The section of the power supply that powers the card slots is unregulated. Each card has on-board regulators for its own requirements, which reduces power consumption on a partially-loaded PEB, allowing for cards with unusual voltage requirements.
The TI-99/4A could be upgraded via expansion cards added to an eight-slot external chassis containing its own linear power supply and a full-height 5¼" floppy bay.<ref>{{Citation | url = http://www.99er.net/994apic.html | title = 99er | contribution = TI‐99/4A user‐dismantled PEB}}</ref> Encased in silver plastic, but made from sheet steel, this was officially called the "Peripheral Expansion System" by TI, but was usually called the "Peripheral Expansion Box" or PEB. Each card had an [[Light-emitting diode|LED]] that blinked or flickered when being accessed by software. The section of the power supply that powered the card slots was unregulated. Each card had on-board regulators for its own requirements, which reduced power consumption on a partially-loaded PEB, allowing for cards with unusual voltage requirements.


The PEB carries an analog sound input on the expansion bus, allowing the Speech Synthesizer's audio to be carried through the console to the monitor. The audio is also carried through the [[ribbon cable]] to the PEB, both allowing the relocation of the Speech Synthesizer to the PEB and the possibility of audio cards offering more features than the console's built-in sound. No official cards from TI do this.
The PEB carried an analog sound input on the expansion bus, allowing the Speech Synthesizer's audio to be carried through the console to the monitor. The audio was also carried through the [[ribbon cable]] to the PEB, both allowing the relocation of the Speech Synthesizer to the PEB and the possibility of audio cards offering more features than the console's built-in sound. No official cards from TI did this.


===Speech synthesizer===
===Speech synthesizer===
[[File:Texas Instruments TI-99 4A speech demo.flac|thumb|TI-99/4A speech demo using the built-in vocabulary]]
[[File:Texas Instruments TI-99 4A speech demo.flac|thumb|TI-99/4A speech demo using the built-in vocabulary]]


In the late 1970s and early 1980s, TI was known as a pioneer in [[speech synthesis]] because of its [[Speak & Spell (toy)|Speak & Spell]] line of toys, which used the [[Texas Instruments LPC Speech Chips]]. A plug-in speech synthesizer module was available for the TI-99/4 and 4A. Speech synthesizers were offered free with the purchase of a number of cartridges and were used by many TI-written video games (including ''[[Alpiner (video game)|Alpiner]]'' and [[Parsec (video game)|''Parsec'']]). ''Alpiner''{{'}}s speech includes male and female voices and can be sarcastic when the player makes a bad move.
In the late 1970s and early 1980s, TI was known as a pioneer in [[speech synthesis]] because of its [[Speak & Spell (toy)|Speak & Spell]] line of toys, which used the [[Texas Instruments LPC Speech Chips]]. A plug-in speech synthesizer module was available for the TI-99/4 and 4A. Speech synthesizers were offered free with the purchase of a number of cartridges and were used by many TI-written video games (including ''[[Alpiner (video game)|Alpiner]]'' and [[Parsec (video game)|''Parsec'']]). ''Alpiner''{{'}}s speech included male and female voices and could be sarcastic when the player makes a bad move.


The synthesizer uses a variant of [[linear predictive coding]] and has a small in-built vocabulary. The original intent was to release small cartridges that plugged directly into the synthesizer unit to increase the device's vocabulary. However, the success of software [[text-to-speech]] in the Terminal Emulator II cartridge cancelled that plan.{{Citation needed|date=October 2019}}
The synthesizer used a variant of [[linear predictive coding]] and had a small in-built vocabulary. The original intent was to release small cartridges that plugged directly into the synthesizer unit to increase the device's vocabulary. However, the success of software [[text-to-speech]] in the Terminal Emulator II cartridge cancelled that plan.{{Citation needed|date=October 2019}}


==History==
==History==
Line 216: Line 216:
===Related systems===
===Related systems===
{{anchor|Tomy Tutor}}
{{anchor|Tomy Tutor}}
The [[Tomy Tutor]] and its sibling systems are Japanese computers similar in architecture and firmware to the 99/8. Unlike the 99/8, it was released commercially, but sold poorly outside Japan. Portions of the operating system and BASIC code are similar to the 99/8.
The [[Tomy Tutor]] and its sibling systems were Japanese computers similar in architecture and firmware to the 99/8. Unlike the 99/8, it was released commercially, but sold poorly outside Japan. Portions of the operating system and BASIC code were similar to the 99/8.


The Myarc [[Geneve 9640]] is an enhanced TI-99/4A clone built by Myarc as a card to fit into the TI Peripheral Expansion System.<ref name=ti>{{Citation | url = http://www.old-computers.com/museum/doc.asp?c=1208 | title = OldComputers | type = online museum}}</ref> It uses an IBM PC/XT detached keyboard. Released in 1987, it is similar to the unreleased TI-99/8 system. It includes a faster processor (12&nbsp;MHz TMS9995), enhanced graphics with 80 column text mode, 16-bit wide RAM, [[Myarc Disk Operating System|MDOS]], and is compatible with nearly all TI software and slot-mounted hardware. A toggle switch mounted to the side of the PEB allows insertion of wait states to slow the computer to the same speed as the original (for compatibility with games and other timing-critical software).
The Myarc [[Geneve 9640]] was an enhanced TI-99/4A clone built by Myarc as a card to fit into the TI Peripheral Expansion System.<ref name=ti>{{Citation | url = http://www.old-computers.com/museum/doc.asp?c=1208 | title = OldComputers | type = online museum}}</ref> It used an IBM PC/XT detached keyboard. Released in 1987, it was similar to the unreleased TI-99/8 system. It included a faster processor (12&nbsp;MHz TMS9995), enhanced graphics with 80 column text mode, 16-bit wide RAM, [[Myarc Disk Operating System|MDOS]], and was compatible with nearly all TI software and slot-mounted hardware. A toggle switch mounted to the side of the PEB allowed insertion of wait states to slow the computer to the same speed as the original (for compatibility with games and other timing-critical software).


The Phoenix G2,<ref>{{Citation | url = http://www.ti99ug.co.uk/g2.htm | title = TI‐99 UG | place = UK | contribution = G2 | url-status = dead | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20100919161603/http://www.ti99ug.co.uk/g2.htm | archivedate = 2010-09-19 }}</ref> was designed in 2010 by Gary Smith, a member of TI-User Group UK. It uses two FPGAs to emulate the entire architecture of the Myarc Geneve 9640 and the TMS9995 microprocessor. It incorporates an SD card reader, ethernet, [[VGA]] output, and 64&nbsp;MB RAM.
The Phoenix G2,<ref>{{Citation | url = http://www.ti99ug.co.uk/g2.htm | title = TI‐99 UG | place = UK | contribution = G2 | url-status = dead | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20100919161603/http://www.ti99ug.co.uk/g2.htm | archivedate = 2010-09-19 }}</ref> was designed in 2010 by Gary Smith, a member of TI-User Group UK. It used two FPGAs to emulate the entire architecture of the Myarc Geneve 9640 and the TMS9995 microprocessor. It incorporated an SD card reader, ethernet, [[VGA]] output, and 64&nbsp;MB RAM.


===Post-TI development===
===Post-TI development===
The Second Generation CPU card (SGCPU)<ref>{{Citation | url = http://web.infoave.net/~compdr/snug/sgcpu.jpg | publisher = Info ave | format = [[JPEG]] | title = SGCPU | type = picture }}{{Dead link|date=October 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> was released by the System 99 User Group in 1996 as a card to be installed in the PEB. It was also known as the TI99/4P, and included standard 9900 CPU, ROMs, and up to 1 MiB of 16-bit RAM using the 'AMS' memory expansion scheme. This card requires the HSGPL card, which provides the GROM emulation needed to run the system, and the EVPC, which included the 9938 video processor for display.
The Second Generation CPU card (SGCPU)<ref>{{Citation | url = http://web.infoave.net/~compdr/snug/sgcpu.jpg | publisher = Info ave | format = [[JPEG]] | title = SGCPU | type = picture }}{{Dead link|date=October 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> was released by the System 99 User Group in 1996 as a card to be installed in the PEB. It was also known as the TI99/4P, and included standard 9900 CPU, ROMs, and up to 1 MiB of 16-bit RAM using the 'AMS' memory expansion scheme. This card required the HSGPL card, which provided the GROM emulation needed to run the system, and the EVPC, which included the 9938 video processor for display.


In 2004 a Universal Serial Bus (USB) card and [[Advanced Technology Attachment]] controller for [[Integrated drive electronics|IDE]] [[hard disk]]s for the PEB were released, and there is still an annual Chicago TI Fair<ref>{{Citation | url = http://mainbyte.com/ti99/community/faire.html | publisher = Main byte | title = TI‐99 | contribution = Faire}}</ref> where people congregate to celebrate the historic TI-99 family of computers. Third-party devices such as expanded memory cards, improved floppy controllers, and hardware [[ramdisk]]s are very stable and popular additions to the machine, although there are no current known sources for these devices. In the early 1980s, a [[bulletin board system]] ([[TIBBS]]), developed by Ralph Fowler of [[Marietta, Georgia]], running on the 99/4A became very popular and brought many users together. Also, a number of [[emulator]]s for the TI-99 exist today for PC-based systems.
In 2004 a Universal Serial Bus (USB) card and [[Advanced Technology Attachment]] controller for [[Integrated drive electronics|IDE]] [[hard disk]]s for the PEB were released, and there is still an annual Chicago TI Fair<ref>{{Citation | url = http://mainbyte.com/ti99/community/faire.html | publisher = Main byte | title = TI‐99 | contribution = Faire}}</ref> where people congregate to celebrate the historic TI-99 family of computers. Third-party devices such as expanded memory cards, improved floppy controllers, and hardware [[ramdisk]]s are very stable and popular additions to the machine, although there are no current known sources for these devices. In the early 1980s, a [[bulletin board system]] ([[TIBBS]]), developed by Ralph Fowler of [[Marietta, Georgia]], running on the 99/4A became very popular and brought many users together. Also, a number of [[emulator]]s for the TI-99 exist today for PC-based systems.


A range of plug in cartridge boards have been developed, allowing software projects to be distributed on cartridge.<ref>{{Citation | url = http://hexbus.com/TI-99_4A_Home_Computer_Page/Hardware_Projects.html | title = TI‐99/4A home computer | contribution = Hardware projects | publisher = Hex bus}}</ref><ref>{{Citation | url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mt5hekfjUXc | title = You Tube }}</ref> Additionally, an audio card has been developed featuring the SID chip found in Commodore 64 computers, with a SID player/tracker software application in active development.{{Citation needed|reason=Previous citation was to an online store|date=September 2016}}
A range of plug-in cartridge boards have been developed, allowing software projects to be distributed on cartridge.<ref>{{Citation | url = http://hexbus.com/TI-99_4A_Home_Computer_Page/Hardware_Projects.html | title = TI‐99/4A home computer | contribution = Hardware projects | publisher = Hex bus}}</ref><ref>{{Citation | url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mt5hekfjUXc | title = You Tube }}</ref> Additionally, an audio card has been developed featuring the SID chip found in Commodore 64 computers, with a SID player/tracker software application in active development.{{Citation needed|reason=Previous citation was to an online store|date=September 2016}}


An FPGA-based TMS9918 compatible graphics chip, called the F18A, is a drop-in replacement for the original 9918 VDP, but features VGA output, bypassing the TMS9918A's native composite output, and contains other enhanced features such as removing the 4 sprites on a scan line restriction of the original 9918.<ref>{{Citation | url = http://codehackcreate.com/archives/30 | title = Code hack create | contribution = Archives}}</ref>
An FPGA-based TMS9918 compatible graphics chip, called the F18A, is a drop-in replacement for the original 9918 VDP, but features VGA output, bypassing the TMS9918A's native composite output, and contains other enhanced features such as removing the 4 sprites on a scan line restriction of the original 9918.<ref>{{Citation | url = http://codehackcreate.com/archives/30 | title = Code hack create | contribution = Archives}}</ref>

Revision as of 18:05, 1 October 2020

Texas Instruments TI-99/4A
TypeHome computer
Release dateJune 1981 (1981-06)
Introductory priceUS$525 (equivalent to $1,759 in 2023)
DiscontinuedMarch 1984
Units shipped2.8 million[1]
Media
Operating systemTI BASIC
CPUTMS9900 @ 3 MHz
Memory16 KB RAM
256 bytes scratchpad RAM
GraphicsTMS9918A
PredecessorTI-99/4
Texas Instruments TI-99/4
Release date1979 (1979)
CPUTMS9900 @ 3 MHz
GraphicsTMS9918
SuccessorTI-99/4A

The Texas Instruments TI-99/4A is a home computer released in June 1981 in the United States. It is an enhanced version of the less successful TI-99/4 which was released in late 1979.[2] The TI-99/4 and TI-99/4A are the first 16-bit home computers, using the Texas Instruments TMS9900 16-bit CPU.[3] Both models include hardware support for sprites, using TI's own chips, and multi-channel sound, making them some of the first home computers to include such custom coprocessors, alongside the Atari 8-bit family also introduced in 1979.

The TI-99/4A remained mostly the same as its predecessor, with the major changes being a full-travel keyboard to replace the calculator-style keys, an improved graphics chip with support for bitmap modes, and a cleaner method of adding expansion cards. The price was also half of the original model. Texas Instruments supported the 4A with a line of peripherals, including a speech synthesizer, and a "Peripheral Expansion System" box to contain hardware add-ons.

While the TI-99/4A's specifications look impressive on paper, architectural issues kept it from reaching optimal performance. The system failed to catch on with third-party developers; the majority of games and other software were created and sold by TI. A price war with Commodore's VIC-20 resulted in 99-4/A prices dropping below US$100. Despite the increased user base created from selling large numbers of systems and peripherals at heavy discounts, after a US$330 million loss in the third quarter of 1983[4] Texas Instruments announced the discontinuation of the TI-99/4A in October of 1983, and stopped production in March of 1984.

Features

The TI-99/4A was a self-contained console with the CPU, motherboard, ROM cartridge slot, and full-travel keyboard in the same case. An external power supply varied with the country of sale, and an RF modulator allowed using a television as a monitor. The system displayed lowercase letters as smaller capitals instead of separate glyphs.

TI BASIC was built-in. It was an ANSI-compliant BASIC interpreter, based on Dartmouth BASIC, with additions for graphics, sound, and file system access. Unlike most BASICs, only one statement was allowed per source line.

Peripherals included a 5¼" floppy disk drive and controller, an RS-232 card comprising two serial ports and one parallel port, a P-code card for Pascal support, a thermal printer, a 300-baud acoustic coupler, a tape drive using standard audio cassettes as media, and a 32 KB memory expansion card.

Later versions of the 99/4A, identified by (C)1983 TEXAS INSTRUMENTS V2.2 on the title page, removed the ability to use unlicensed ROM-based cartridges, locking out third-party manufacturers such as Atarisoft.

16-bit processor

Both TI-99/4 models used the 16-bit TMS9900 CPU running at 3 MHz which is based on TI's TI-990 minicomputers. Although the CPU was a full 16-bit processor, only the system ROM and 256 bytes of scratchpad RAM were available on the 16-bit bus. All other memory and peripherals were connected to the CPU through a 16-to-8-bit multiplexer, requiring twice the cycles for any access and introducing an additional 4-cycle wait state.[5]

Only the program counter, status register, and workspace pointer registers were on the chip. All work registers were kept in RAM at an address indicated by the workspace pointer, with 16 registers available at any given time. A context switch instruction changed to another workspace without having to save and restore the registers. Workspaces were kept in the 256 bytes of scratchpad memory.

Video display processor

Graphics in the 99/4A were generated by a TMS9918A Video Display Processor (VDP), with a variant for PAL territories. The VDP was developed by Texas Instruments and also sold independently, allowing it to be used in other systems. It served as the video processor for the ColecoVision and SG-1000 consoles, and an earlier model was part of the MSX computer standard.

The TMS9918A supported character-based and bitmap display modes as well as hardware sprites. There were 32 single-color sprites total, but only a maximum of 4 could be displayed per scan line. Each sprite was either 8×8 or 16×16 pixels and could be scaled 2x to 16x16 or 32x32.

16 kB of RAM was provided for the Video Display Processor. VDP RAM was the largest block of writeable memory in the unexpanded TI-99/4A architecture, but access to it had to go through the VDP as an intermediary. It was used for storing disk I/O buffers and for TI BASIC user programs. All accesses to the VDP system were executed eight bits at a time.[6]

Expansion

All TI-99 models had device drivers built into ROMs in the hardware. When a new peripheral was attached, it was immediately available for any software which wanted to use it. All device access used a generic file-based I/O mechanism, allowing new devices to be added without updating software. The system supported four RS-232 ports and two parallel printer ports.

The computer supported two cassette drives through a dedicated port. Composite video and audio were output through another port on NTSC-based machines and combined through an external RF modulator for use with a television. PAL-based machines output a more complex YUV signal which was also modulated to UHF externally.

Two digital joysticks could be connected through a single DE-9 port, identical to the Atari joystick port but with incompatible pins. Aftermarket adapters allowed the use of Atari compatible joysticks.[7]

TI sold an official 32 kB RAM expansion.[8] The memory was not available to all uses; for example, an Extended Basic program was restricted to using 24kB with the remaining 8kB available for machine-code routines. The Mini Memory plug-in module contained 4kB of battery-backed RAM that could be used as a persistent RAM disk or to load a machine-code program.[9]

Peripheral Expansion Box

Peripheral Expansion Box or PEB

The TI-99/4A could be upgraded via expansion cards added to an eight-slot external chassis containing its own linear power supply and a full-height 5¼" floppy bay.[10] Encased in silver plastic, but made from sheet steel, this was officially called the "Peripheral Expansion System" by TI, but was usually called the "Peripheral Expansion Box" or PEB. Each card had an LED that blinked or flickered when being accessed by software. The section of the power supply that powered the card slots was unregulated. Each card had on-board regulators for its own requirements, which reduced power consumption on a partially-loaded PEB, allowing for cards with unusual voltage requirements.

The PEB carried an analog sound input on the expansion bus, allowing the Speech Synthesizer's audio to be carried through the console to the monitor. The audio was also carried through the ribbon cable to the PEB, both allowing the relocation of the Speech Synthesizer to the PEB and the possibility of audio cards offering more features than the console's built-in sound. No official cards from TI did this.

Speech synthesizer

TI-99/4A speech demo using the built-in vocabulary

In the late 1970s and early 1980s, TI was known as a pioneer in speech synthesis because of its Speak & Spell line of toys, which used the Texas Instruments LPC Speech Chips. A plug-in speech synthesizer module was available for the TI-99/4 and 4A. Speech synthesizers were offered free with the purchase of a number of cartridges and were used by many TI-written video games (including Alpiner and Parsec). Alpiner's speech included male and female voices and could be sarcastic when the player makes a bad move.

The synthesizer used a variant of linear predictive coding and had a small in-built vocabulary. The original intent was to release small cartridges that plugged directly into the synthesizer unit to increase the device's vocabulary. However, the success of software text-to-speech in the Terminal Emulator II cartridge cancelled that plan.[citation needed]

History

Background

In 1977 groups within Texas Instruments were designing a video game console, a home computer to compete against the TRS-80 and Apple II, and a high-end business personal computer with a hard drive. The first two groups merged at TI's consumer products division in Lubbock, Texas. The 99/4's (according to Wally Rhines) "ultracheap keyboard" with calculator-style keys, RF modulator, and ROM cartridges came from the console design. Others within the company persuaded the Lubbock group to use TI's TMS9900 CPU.[11] The system only supported uppercase characters.

99/4

Although TI was much larger than any other personal-computer company when it entered the market in 1979, the $1,150 TI-99/4 was, The New York Times in 1983 stated, "an embarrassing failure".[12] David H. Ahl stated that it was "vastly overpriced, particularly considering its strange keyboard, non-standard Basic, and lack of software".[4] Adam Osborne reported in July 1980 that despite poor sales TI had raised the price of a complete system to $1,400, making the computer more expensive than the popular Apple II, which was available for as little as $950. "Some dealers, who have offered the complete system (including the monitor) for less than the price of the Apple, have still been unable to sell it", he added.[13] TI sold fewer than 20,000 computers by summer 1981, less than one tenth Apple or Radio Shack's volume; even Atari, Inc., which reportedly lost $10 million on sales of $13 million of computers, had an Atari 8-bit family installed base more than twice as large.[14] The TI-99/4 prototype was known as the Texas Instruments Dimension 4.[15]

99/4A

Late period, cost-reduced version of the TI-99/4A with beige case

Two years after the 99/4's debut, TI released the 99/4A, very similar, but with a better keyboard and more expansion options.[4] By lowering its price and offering rebates TI sold many more computers.[12] By the end of 1982, the TI-99/4A had about 35% of the American home computer market.[1]

In 1982 TI lowered the street price of the 99/4A to $200, including a $100 rebate, to compete against the $300 Commodore VIC-20. TI spokesman Bill Cosby joked how easy it was to sell a computer by paying people $100 to buy one.[12] By mid-1982 Jerry Pournelle wrote that TI was "practically giving away the TI-99/4A".[16] An industry joke stated that the company was losing money on each computer, but was making up for it in volume.[4] The 99/4A's list price was $400 that autumn,[12] with a street price, including $100 rebate, of $200. Commodore matched the $200 price in December 1982.[4]

Sales peaked at 30,000 a week in January 1983, but on 10 January 1983 Commodore lowered the price of its computers. In February TI responded with a 99/4A retail price of $150. In April, the VIC-20's bundled retail price reached $100 and the 99/4A followed suit. In the spring of 1983, TI attempted to reduce the parts count to maintain a competitive edge by combining multiple chips into a single custom chip, renaming the 4A PCB as a "QI" (Quality Improved) board and began production of plastic beige cases without the former aluminum trim of the back console. In May, it began offering the PEB for free with the purchase of three peripherals. In August the company reduced prices of peripherals by 50% and offered $100 of free software; in September, it reduced software prices by up to 43%.[12][4][17]

The president of Spectravideo later said that "TI got suckered by" Jack Tramiel, head of Commodore.[4] TI was forced to sell the 99/4A for about the same price as the VIC-20, even though it was much more expensive to manufacture.

Discontinuation

After TI unexpectedly announced a $100 million quarterly loss—implying a pretax loss from home computers of $200–⁠250 million—the Times stated in June 1983 that Cosby's $100 refund "joke is no longer funny", and that "future options are slim". The low price affected the 99/4A's reputation; "When they went to $99, people started asking 'What's wrong with it?'", one retail executive said.[12] An L.F. Rothschild sell-side analyst estimated that TI had prepared to manufacture three million computers in 1983, but would only be able to sell two million.

TI could not make a profit on the TI-99/4A at a price of $99,[18] but hoped that selling many inexpensive computers would increase sales of more profitable software and peripherals. Because such a razor and blades business model requires that such products be its own,[12] TI kept strict control over development for the machine, discouraging hobbyists and third-party developers.[19][16] A Spinnaker Software executive said that the 99/4A had "the worst software in the business", and Ahl noted that unlike other computers, it did not have "Microsoft BASIC, VisiCalc, WordStar, or any popular games".[4] Its peripherals cost about twice as much as for other computers.[18][12] TI joysticks, for example, were of poor quality and difficult to find; one reseller reported that its best-selling product was the Atari adapter cable.[7]

After losing $111 million after taxes in the third calendar quarter of 1983, TI announced plans to discontinue the 99/4A, while continuing to sell the TI Professional MS-DOS-compatible computer.[17] (TI stock rose by 25% after the announcement, because the company's other businesses were strong.)[20] With another TI price cut, retailers sold remaining inventory of the former $1,150 computer during Christmas for $49.[4][21] The 90 Child World stores quickly sold over 40,000 computers[22] at a price referred to as "nearly a stocking stuffer" in a New York Times article.[23]

A total of 2.8 million units were shipped before the TI-99/4A was discontinued in March 1984.[1][24] The 99/4A became the first in a series of home computers to be orphaned by their manufacturer over the next few years, along with the Coleco Adam, Mattel Aquarius, Timex Sinclair 1000, and IBM PCjr.

Lack of third-party development

Citing Money, publisher of Kilobaud Microcomputing Wayne Green reported in August 1980 that TI planned to have only 100 applications available by the end of 1981, stating that "This tiny figure has to put a chill on the whole industry".[25] Green's company, Instant Software, was a prolific publisher of TRS-80 software, but could not find anyone to port software to the TI. He wrote, "We understand the problems with the system and the efforts Texas Instruments made to make translation difficult".[25]

Rivals were more open with information. Kilobaud Microcomputing reported that a Commodore executive promised the VIC-20 would have "enough additional documentation to enable an experienced programmer/hobbyist to get inside and let his imagination work".[26][19] IBM released software and hardware technical information when the IBM PC was announced in 1981,[16] stating that "the definition of a personal computer is third-party hardware and software".[27] Pournelle wrote in 1982, "TI had rightly concluded that the hobbyists and hackers were a tiny part of the market and wrongly concluded that they were therefore unimportant".[16]

The company insisted on publishing others' software, which many developers refused to agree to.[12] After third-party developers' games for the Atari 2600 became very successful, TI at the June 1983 Consumer Electronics Show announced that only cartridges with a TI-licensed lockout chip would work in the 99/4A. The Boston Phoenix predicted that "most [software developers] just won't bother making TI-compatible versions of their programs",[18] and Pournelle wrote that "TI once again tells the hobbyists to drop dead".[28]

No official technical documentation from TI was released until the "Editor/Assembler" development suite was released in 1981, and no system schematics were ever released to the public until after TI had discontinued the computer.

Technical specifications

CPU

Texas Instruments TMS9900 @ 3 MHz, 16-bit, 64-pin DIP

Memory

  • 256 bytes scratchpad RAM for the CPU
  • 16 kB Video Display Processor RAM

Video

 TMS9918A VDP, 40 pin DIP. The earlier 99/4 uses the TMS9918. PAL systems use the "9929" versions of each.

  • 32 single-color sprites in defined layers allowing higher-numbered sprites to transparently flow over lower-numbered sprites. Sprites are available at 8×8 pixels or 16×16 pixels, with a "magnify" bit that doubled all sprites' size but not their resolution. A single bit is available in hardware for collision detection, and the console supports automatic movement via an interrupt routine in the ROM. There can only be 4 visible sprites per scan line.
  • 16 fixed colors (15 visible, one color reserved for "transparent" which shows the background color). Transparent is intended for the 9918's genlock which is disabled in the system.
  • Text mode: 40×24 characters (256 6×8 user-definable characters, no sprites, foreground and background color only, not accessible in BASIC)
  • Graphics mode: 32×24 characters (256 8×8 user-definable characters, full 15 color palette + transparent (available in groups of 8 through the character table) and 32 sprites (The only mode available in BASIC. Extended BASIC is required for sprites, and can access only 28 of them.)
  • Bitmap mode: 256×192 pixels (no more than two colors in an eight-pixel row, full 15 color palette + transparent, all 32 sprites available but interrupt-based motion through the ROM routine is not due to the memory layout, not available to BASIC or the original 9918).
  • Multicolor mode: 64×48 pixels (each pixel may be any color, all 32 sprites are available)
  • All of the above comprise 36 layers starting with the video overlay input, then the background color, then two graphics mode layers, then a layer for each of the 32 sprites. A higher layer obscures a lower layer in hardware, unless that higher layer is transparent.

Sound

TMS9919, later SN94624, identical to the SN76489 used in many other systems

  • 3 voices, 1 noise (white or periodic)
  • Voices generate square waves from 110 Hz to approximately 115 kHz
  • Console ROM includes interrupt-driven music playback

Games

TI Invaders
Texas Instruments (1981)

See also: List of TI-99/4A games

There were roughly 100 commercial games for the 99/4A, most published by Texas Instruments.[29] Some of the most popular were Parsec, TI Invaders, Munch Man, Alpiner, Tombstone City: 21st Century, Hunt The Wumpus, The Attack, and Car Wars.

Tigervision offered a solution to the memory limitation of the standard cartridge slot in the form of a 24kB memory expansion cartridge that attached to the side expansion interface, emulating an expansion device. This allowed the company to implement a larger game completely in machine code. Tigervision cartridges using the expansion port include Espial and Miner 2049er. Exceltec also released two similar side cartridges: Arcturus[30] and Killer Caterpillar.

InfoWorld criticized the computer's game library as mediocre.[29] TI not only discouraged third-party development for the 99/4A, including games, it also failed to license popular arcade games like Zaxxon or Frogger.[12]

Unreleased hardware

Hex-Bus

The Hex-Bus interface was designed in 1982 and intended for commercial release in late 1983. It connects the console to peripherals via a high-speed serial link. Though it is similar to today's USB (plug and play, hot-swappable, etc.), it was never released, with only a small number of prototypes appearing in collector hands after TI pulled out of the market.

TI-99/4A successors

At the time they left the home computer market, TI had been actively developing two successors to the TI-99/4A. Neither entered production, though several prototypes of each are in the hands of TI-99/4A collectors. Both machines would have been substantially faster than the original TI-99/4A, and both were to use TI's HexBus serial interface.

  • TI-99/2,[31] a 4K RAM, 32K ROM computer with no color, sound, or joystick port and a Mylar keyboard. TI designed the computer in four and one half months to sell for under $100 and compete with the Sinclair ZX81 and Timex Sinclair 1000. Based on the TMS9995 CPU running at 10.7 MHz and with a built-in RF modulator, performance greatly increased when the screen was blank. The University of Southwestern Louisiana developed system software. 99/2 software ran on the 99/4A, but not vice versa. Working prototypes appeared at the January 1983 Consumer Electronic Show (CES).[32] Home-computer prices declined so quickly, however, that by mid-1983 the 99/4A sold for $99.[33][12] The company canceled the 99/2 in April 1983,[17] but planned to exhibit it at the June CES until other companies' press conferences there indicated that competition would increase.[18]
  • TI-99/8 and 99/6[34][18] The 99/8 reportedly had a $200 wholesale price.[4] Privately shown to dealers but not announced at June CES, and formally canceled in October 1983. With 64 kB of RAM[17] expandable to 15 megabytes, larger keyboard, built-in speech synthesis, built-in Pascal operating environment with UCSD Pascal and the full 16-bit data bus available on the expansion port. Designed by Texas Instruments, but abandoned in the prototype stage. Some prototypes are known to exist. In addition, the emulator MESS is capable of running what are believed to be the system's ROMs.

Legacy

See also: Tomy Tutor and Geneve 9640

The Tomy Tutor and its sibling systems were Japanese computers similar in architecture and firmware to the 99/8. Unlike the 99/8, it was released commercially, but sold poorly outside Japan. Portions of the operating system and BASIC code were similar to the 99/8.

The Myarc Geneve 9640 was an enhanced TI-99/4A clone built by Myarc as a card to fit into the TI Peripheral Expansion System.[35] It used an IBM PC/XT detached keyboard. Released in 1987, it was similar to the unreleased TI-99/8 system. It included a faster processor (12 MHz TMS9995), enhanced graphics with 80 column text mode, 16-bit wide RAM, MDOS, and was compatible with nearly all TI software and slot-mounted hardware. A toggle switch mounted to the side of the PEB allowed insertion of wait states to slow the computer to the same speed as the original (for compatibility with games and other timing-critical software).

The Phoenix G2,[36] was designed in 2010 by Gary Smith, a member of TI-User Group UK. It used two FPGAs to emulate the entire architecture of the Myarc Geneve 9640 and the TMS9995 microprocessor. It incorporated an SD card reader, ethernet, VGA output, and 64 MB RAM.

Post-TI development

The Second Generation CPU card (SGCPU)[37] was released by the System 99 User Group in 1996 as a card to be installed in the PEB. It was also known as the TI99/4P, and included standard 9900 CPU, ROMs, and up to 1 MiB of 16-bit RAM using the 'AMS' memory expansion scheme. This card required the HSGPL card, which provided the GROM emulation needed to run the system, and the EVPC, which included the 9938 video processor for display.

In 2004 a Universal Serial Bus (USB) card and Advanced Technology Attachment controller for IDE hard disks for the PEB were released, and there is still an annual Chicago TI Fair[38] where people congregate to celebrate the historic TI-99 family of computers. Third-party devices such as expanded memory cards, improved floppy controllers, and hardware ramdisks are very stable and popular additions to the machine, although there are no current known sources for these devices. In the early 1980s, a bulletin board system (TIBBS), developed by Ralph Fowler of Marietta, Georgia, running on the 99/4A became very popular and brought many users together. Also, a number of emulators for the TI-99 exist today for PC-based systems.

A range of plug-in cartridge boards have been developed, allowing software projects to be distributed on cartridge.[39][40] Additionally, an audio card has been developed featuring the SID chip found in Commodore 64 computers, with a SID player/tracker software application in active development.[citation needed]

An FPGA-based TMS9918 compatible graphics chip, called the F18A, is a drop-in replacement for the original 9918 VDP, but features VGA output, bypassing the TMS9918A's native composite output, and contains other enhanced features such as removing the 4 sprites on a scan line restriction of the original 9918.[41]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c Steve's Old Computer Museum!
  2. ^ Bryan Roppolo Boulder. "1979 TI-99/4 Home Computer Literature". Ti994.com. Retrieved 2019-10-28.
  3. ^ Texas Instruments TI-99/4, First 16-bit Home Computer, Old-Computers.com, retrieved 23 September 2014
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Ahl, David H. (March 1984). "Texas Instruments". Creative Computing. pp. 30–32. Retrieved 6 February 2015.
  5. ^ TI-99/4A Console Technical Data. Texas Instruments Inc. 1983. p. 10.
  6. ^ TI-99/4A Console Technical Data. Texas Instruments Inc. 1983. p. 4.
  7. ^ a b Mace, Scott (1984-04-09). "Atarisoft vs. Commodore". InfoWorld. p. 50. Retrieved 4 February 2015.
  8. ^ Getting Started with the TI-99/4A, 1983
  9. ^ Getting Started with the TI-99/4A, 1983
  10. ^ "TI‐99/4A user‐dismantled PEB", 99er
  11. ^ Rhines, Walden C. (2017-06-22). "The Texas Instruments 99/4: World's First 16-Bit Home Computer". IEEE Spectrum. Retrieved 2017-07-08.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Pollack, Andrew (1983-06-19). "The Coming Crisis in Home Computers". The New York Times. Retrieved 19 January 2015.
  13. ^ Osborne, Adam (1980-07-07). "Radio Shack's Videotex". InfoWorld. pp. 9, 28. Retrieved 15 February 2016.
  14. ^ Hogan, Thom (1981-09-14). "State of Microcomputing / Some Horses Running Neck and Neck". pp. 10–12. Retrieved 2019-04-08.
  15. ^ Computer History Museum
  16. ^ a b c d Pournelle, Jerry (July 1982). "Computers for Humanity". BYTE. p. 392. Retrieved 19 October 2013.
  17. ^ a b c d Mace, Scott (1983-11-21). "TI retires from home-computer market". InfoWorld. pp. 22, 27. Retrieved 2011-02-25.
  18. ^ a b c d e Mitchell, Peter W. (1983-09-06). "A summer-CES report". Boston Phoenix. p. 4. Retrieved 10 January 2015.
  19. ^ a b Thornburg, David D. (April 1981). "The Commodore VIC-20: A First Look". Compute!. p. 26.
  20. ^ "IBM's Peanut Begins New Computer Phase". Boston Globe. Associated Press. 1983-11-01. p. 1.
  21. ^ Kleinfield, N. R. (1984-12-22). "Trading Up in Computer Gifts". The New York Times. Retrieved 5 February 2015.
  22. ^ Rosenberg, Ronald (1983-12-08). "Home Computer? Maybe Next Year". The Boston Globe.
  23. ^ "Under 1983 Christmas Tree, Expect the Home Computer". The New York Times. 1983-12-10. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2017-07-02.
  24. ^ TI-99 Home Computer Timeline Bill Gaskill
  25. ^ a b Green, Wayne (August 1980). "Publisher's Remarks". Kilobaud. p. 8. Retrieved 23 June 2014.
  26. ^ "Commodore: New Products, New Philosophies". Kilobaud. September 1980. pp. 26–28. Retrieved 23 June 2014.
  27. ^ Bunnell, David (April–May 1982). "Boca Diary". PC Magazine. p. 22. Retrieved 21 October 2013.
  28. ^ Pournelle, Jerry (July 1983). "Interstellar Drives, Osborne Accessories, DEDICATE/32, and Death Valley". BYTE. p. 340. Retrieved 28 August 2016.
  29. ^ a b Mace, Scott (1984-05-07). "In Praise of Classics". InfoWorld. p. 56. Retrieved 6 February 2015.
  30. ^ "Cartridge pictures", TI‐99/4A home computer, Hex bus
  31. ^ "99/2", 99er
  32. ^ Littlejohn, Harry; Jander, Mark (June 1983). "Texas Instruments' 99/2 Basic Computer". BYTE. p. 128. Retrieved 19 October 2013.
  33. ^ Lock, Robert (June 1983). "Editor's Notes". Compute!. p. 6. Retrieved 30 October 2013.
  34. ^ "99/8", 99er
  35. ^ OldComputers (online museum)
  36. ^ "G2", TI‐99 UG, UK, archived from the original on 2010-09-19
  37. ^ SGCPU (JPEG) (picture), Info ave[permanent dead link‍]
  38. ^ "Faire", TI‐99, Main byte
  39. ^ "Hardware projects", TI‐99/4A home computer, Hex bus
  40. ^ You Tube
  41. ^ "Archives", Code hack create
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Texas Instruments TI-99/4A.

Template:Z148

  • Ninerpedia wiki devoted to the TI-99 series
  • Hexbus TI-99/4A pictures, including prototype equipment
  • TI-99/4A Stuff TI-99/4A website showing software cassettes, cartridges, and TI99 resources
  • 1979 TI-99/4 the TI-99/4A's predecessor, the TI-99/4
  • The TI-99/4A Home Computer Page site dedicated to the TI-99/4A: forum, links, downloads
  • Mainbyte hardware projects/hacks and descriptions
  • TI99ers Hall of Fame recognizes those in the TI99'er Community who have contributed to the success of the Texas Instruments TI-99/4A and Myarc Geneve 9640 home computers
  • TI 99/4A Gameshelf repository of game and edutainment software
  • TI-99/4A Forums active forum with many long-time TI-99/4A experts
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=TI-99/4A&oldid=981335452"