User:Notforplaying/sandbox: Difference between revisions
m @Notforplaying: Disable the categories on this page while it is still a draft, per WP:DRAFTNOCAT/WP:USERNOCAT (using Draft no cat v1.5). The easiest way to do this is by converting them to links, by adding a colon: "[[Category:" → "[[:Category:" |
Beginnings + Compulsory Education |
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After a period of political stability and the economic turn-around experience after Deng Xiaoping's Southern Tour, the campaign was finally lunched in 1994. This was done by mobilizing all party and state organizations and having them issuing documents that launched the campaign <ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Zhao, Suisheng, 1954-|first=|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/54694622|title=A nation-state by construction : dynamics of modern Chinese nationalism|date=2004|publisher=Stanford University Press|year=|isbn=0-8047-4897-7|location=Stanford, Calif.|pages=218- |
After a period of political stability and the economic turn-around experience after Deng Xiaoping's Southern Tour, the campaign was finally lunched in 1994. This was done by mobilizing all party and state organizations and having them issuing documents that launched the campaign <ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Zhao, Suisheng, 1954-|first=|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/54694622|title=A nation-state by construction : dynamics of modern Chinese nationalism|date=2004|publisher=Stanford University Press|year=|isbn=0-8047-4897-7|location=Stanford, Calif.|pages=218-220|oclc=54694622}}</ref> |
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== Beginnings == |
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== Policy areas == |
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The first official document on patriotic education was the "Circular on Fully Using Cultural Relics to Conduct Education in Patriotism and Revolutionary Traditions", which was published in 1991 by the Chinese Communist Party's Central Propaganda Department. In 1993 a more influential document published by the State Education Commission was published recommending making patriotism a guiding principle for the reform of China's educational system<ref name=":0" />. |
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The Influential CCP Central Committee published a document in the People's Daily on 6 september 1994 marking the height of the campaign, in which the objectives of Patriotic education were described. This was published an editorial in the same edition of the The People's Daily that urged all levels of the party and government to participate in launching the campaign all over the country. This was followed by the publication of selected articles from the CCP Central Propaganda Department, with speeches and articles from party leaders on patriotic education<ref name=":0" />. |
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== Content == |
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=== Compulsory Education === |
=== Compulsory Education === |
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In 1993 the State Education Commission published an influential document that stated that patriotism should be a guiding principle for the reform of China's educational system |
In 1993 the State Education Commission published an influential document that stated that patriotism should be a guiding principle for the reform of China's educational system. Later in 1994 a Guideline for Patriotic Education were send out to all kindergartens, primary schools, high schools and universities, which led to the end of Marxist indoctrination and replaced it with themes of patriotism.<ref name=":0" /> Another important document was published in The People's Daily in 1994, by the CCP's Central Propaganda Department, and described the objectives of Patriotic Education as "boosting the nations's sprit, enhancing its cohesion, fostering its self-esteem, and sense of pride", and "directing and rallying the masses' patriotic passions to the great cause of building socialism with Chinese characteristics and helping the motherland become unified, prosperous, and strong".<ref name=":0" /> |
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Film and television were made a primary instrument of patriotic education, especially in primary and secondary schools. The State Education Commission recommended a list of patriotic movies to be shown to students, and by May 1994 official Media reported that 95 percent of primary and secondary school students in Beijing had watched patriotic movies in school <ref name=":0" />. |
Film and television were made a primary instrument of patriotic education, especially in primary and secondary schools. The State Education Commission recommended a list of patriotic movies to be shown to students, and by May 1994 official Media reported that 95 percent of primary and secondary school students in Beijing had watched patriotic movies in school <ref name=":0" />. |
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Curriculums of high schools and Universities were changed to include patriotic education, one example being the "I am Chinese" program, which taught Chinese university studens to be proud of being Chinese, and focus on the important achievement of both the Chinese people, as well as the CCP <ref name=":0" />. |
Curriculums of high schools and Universities were changed to include patriotic education, one example being the "I am Chinese" program, which taught Chinese university studens to be proud of being Chinese, and focus on the important achievement of both the Chinese people, as well as the CCP <ref name=":0" />. |
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Curriculums in primary and secondary education were changed to better lay out the national conditions of China in a number of fields, to give students a better comprehension of China's strengths and weaknesses, and the responsibility the students inherited. A new course called National Condition was created, in which students among other things visited historical sites designated as Patriotic Education Bases. Political education courses were created at various schools called Marxist Theory and Ideology and Politics. Students were also met with new courses that focused on China's traditional culture, such as History of Chinese Art, Chinese Calligraphy and Theory of Traditional Chinese Paintings. Apart from this <ref>{{Cite book|last=Zhao|first=Suisheng|title=A Nation-state by Construction: Dynamics of Modern Chinese Nationalism|publisher=Stanford University Press|year=2004|isbn=0-8047-4897-7|location=Stanford, California|pages=221-222}}</ref> |
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=== Party-State System === |
=== Party-State System === |
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Revision as of 14:44, 2 October 2020
The Patriotic Education Campaign (simplified Chinese: 爱国主义教育; traditional Chinese: 愛國主義教育; pinyin: Àiguó zhǔyì jiàoyù) was a political campaign in China initiated in 1991, but not carried out in full scale until 1994. The main goal of the campaign was to "boost the nation’s spirit, enhance cohesion, foster national self esteem and pride".[1]
This was done through education that was designed to construct a historical memory of what the People's Republic of China was created from,[2] by emphasizing the role the Communist Party of China in securing national independence, and the influence of foreign countries on China. This aim was to boost the Communist Party's legitimacy, which during the 1980's had declined, culminating in the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests.[3] The academic Suisheng Zhao has said the Campaign is part of a strategy to make the Party the “paramount patriotic force and guardian of national pride.”[4]
Background
Following the 1989 Tiananmen Square protest, the Chinese political leadership realized that what normally legitimized CCP rule, Marxism-Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought, no longer had strong influence on younger generations. The two factions of the CCP, the conservatives and the reformists, had different answers to this problem. The former faction argued for strengthening the position of Maoist ideology, while the latter saw nationalism as a solution.[5]
After a period of political stability and the economic turn-around experience after Deng Xiaoping's Southern Tour, the campaign was finally lunched in 1994. This was done by mobilizing all party and state organizations and having them issuing documents that launched the campaign [6]
Beginnings
The first official document on patriotic education was the "Circular on Fully Using Cultural Relics to Conduct Education in Patriotism and Revolutionary Traditions", which was published in 1991 by the Chinese Communist Party's Central Propaganda Department. In 1993 a more influential document published by the State Education Commission was published recommending making patriotism a guiding principle for the reform of China's educational system[6].
The Influential CCP Central Committee published a document in the People's Daily on 6 september 1994 marking the height of the campaign, in which the objectives of Patriotic education were described. This was published an editorial in the same edition of the The People's Daily that urged all levels of the party and government to participate in launching the campaign all over the country. This was followed by the publication of selected articles from the CCP Central Propaganda Department, with speeches and articles from party leaders on patriotic education[6].
Content
Compulsory Education
In 1993 the State Education Commission published an influential document that stated that patriotism should be a guiding principle for the reform of China's educational system. Later in 1994 a Guideline for Patriotic Education were send out to all kindergartens, primary schools, high schools and universities, which led to the end of Marxist indoctrination and replaced it with themes of patriotism.[6] Another important document was published in The People's Daily in 1994, by the CCP's Central Propaganda Department, and described the objectives of Patriotic Education as "boosting the nations's sprit, enhancing its cohesion, fostering its self-esteem, and sense of pride", and "directing and rallying the masses' patriotic passions to the great cause of building socialism with Chinese characteristics and helping the motherland become unified, prosperous, and strong".[6]
Film and television were made a primary instrument of patriotic education, especially in primary and secondary schools. The State Education Commission recommended a list of patriotic movies to be shown to students, and by May 1994 official Media reported that 95 percent of primary and secondary school students in Beijing had watched patriotic movies in school [6].
Curriculums of high schools and Universities were changed to include patriotic education, one example being the "I am Chinese" program, which taught Chinese university studens to be proud of being Chinese, and focus on the important achievement of both the Chinese people, as well as the CCP [6].
Curriculums in primary and secondary education were changed to better lay out the national conditions of China in a number of fields, to give students a better comprehension of China's strengths and weaknesses, and the responsibility the students inherited. A new course called National Condition was created, in which students among other things visited historical sites designated as Patriotic Education Bases. Political education courses were created at various schools called Marxist Theory and Ideology and Politics. Students were also met with new courses that focused on China's traditional culture, such as History of Chinese Art, Chinese Calligraphy and Theory of Traditional Chinese Paintings. Apart from this [7]
Party-State System
Museums and Historic Sites
Contemporary Patriotic Education
Effects
On Nationalism (see Wang 2008 p.799)
References
- ^ Wang, Zheng (December 2008). "National Humiliation, History Education, and the Politics of Historical Memory: Patriotic Education Campaign in China". International Studies Quarterly. 52 (4): 790. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2478.2008.00526.x. JSTOR 29734264. Retrieved 24 September 2020.
- ^ Dor, Alexander (15 August 2015). "China's WW2 Remembrance: 'Patriotic Education' in Action". The Diplomatic. Retrieved 24 September 2020.
- ^ Anderlini, Jamil (23 December 2012). "Patriotic education distorts China world view". Financial Times. Retrieved 24 September 2020.
- ^ "Which Side Are You On, Comrade? Potential for Convergent Protests across the People's Republic of China". THE INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS REVIEW. Retrieved 2020-09-27.
- ^ Zhao, Suisheng, 1954- (2004). A nation-state by construction : dynamics of modern Chinese nationalism. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press. p. 213. ISBN 0-8047-4897-7. OCLC 54694622.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c d e f g Zhao, Suisheng, 1954- (2004). A nation-state by construction : dynamics of modern Chinese nationalism. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press. pp. 218–220. ISBN 0-8047-4897-7. OCLC 54694622.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ Zhao, Suisheng (2004). A Nation-state by Construction: Dynamics of Modern Chinese Nationalism. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. pp. 221–222. ISBN 0-8047-4897-7.
Category:Education in China Category:1990s in China
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