Paris Colonial Exposition

Inauguration of the Musée des colonies during the Exposition

Bird's eye view of the exhibition grounds

The replica of the Cambodian temple at Angkor Wat

The Paris Colonial Exhibition (or "Exposition coloniale internationale", International Colonial Exhibition) was a six-month colonial exhibition held in Paris, France in 1931 that attempted to display the diverse cultures and immense resources of France's colonial possessions.

History

Booklet presenting the Portuguese contribution to the exposition

The exposition opened on 6 May 1931 in the Bois de Vincennes on the eastern outskirts of Paris. The scale was enormous. It is estimated that from 7 to 9 million visitors came from over the world. The French government brought people from the colonies to Paris and had them create native arts and crafts and perform in grandly scaled reproductions of their native architectural styles such as huts or temples. Other nations participated in the event, including The Netherlands, Belgium, Italy, Japan, Portugal, the United Kingdom, and the United States.

Politically, France hoped the exposition would paint its colonial empire in a beneficial light, showing the mutual exchange of cultures and the benefit of France's efforts overseas. This would thus negate German criticisms that France was "the exploiter of colonial societies [and] the agent of miscegenation and decadence". The exposition highlighted the endemic cultures of the colonies and downplayed French efforts to spread its own language and culture abroad, thus advancing the notion that France was associating with colonised societies, not assimilating them.

The Colonial Exposition provided a forum for the discussion of colonialism in general and of French colonies specifically. French authorities published over 3,000 reports during the six-month period and held over 100 congresses. The exposition served as a vehicle for colonial writers to publicise their works, and it created a market in Paris for various ethnic cuisines, particularly North African and Vietnamese. Filmmakers chose French colonies as the subjects of their works. The Permanent Colonial Museum (today the Cité nationale de l'histoire de l'immigration) opened at the end of the exposition. The colonial service experienced a boost in applications.

26 territories of the empire participated in the Colonial Exposition Issue of postage stamps issued in conjunction with the Exposition.

The Dutch colonial pavilion fire incident

The Dutch colonial pavilion in Paris Colonial Exposition 1931 that was burned down in a fire on June 28th 1931, destroying some of important collections.

As one of important colonial power at that time, the Dutch Empire participated in the Exhibition. The Netherlands presented a cultural synthesis from their colony; the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia). However, on 28 June 1931, a fire burnt down the Dutch pavilion, along with all cultural objects displayed inside.

Only a few artefacts could be salvaged; among others are ancient Javanese bronze Shiva statue, which is now kept in Indonesian National Museum. Until now, the cause of this massive fire is still in debate; short circuit, flammable building materials that was a fire hazzard, to the possibility of an arsonist sabotage, all become wild interpretation circulated at that time. The material and cultural lost was surely immense, estimated around almost 80 million franc. It was said that the French government obliged to paid for loss insurance to the Netherlands Indies colonial government. The money was then used for Bataviaasch Genootschap museum expansion.

Communist counter-exhibition

At the request of the Comintern, a smaller counter-exhibition entitled The Truth on the Colonies, organized by the Communist Party and the CGTU, attracted very few visitors (5000 in 8 months). The first section was dedicated to abuses committed during the colonial conquests, and quoted Albert Londres and André Gide's criticisms of forced labour in the colonies while the second one made a comparison of Soviet "nationalities' policy" to "imperialist colonialism".

Posterity

Some of these buildings were preserved or moved:

• Palais de la Porte Dorée, Former-musée national des Arts d'Afrique et d'Océanie, current Cité nationale de l'histoire de l'immigration, porte Dorée in Paris, constructed from 1928 to 1931 by the architects Albert Laprade, Léon Bazin and Léon Jaussely.
• The foundations of the Parc zoologique de Vincennes

Pavillon du Togo by Louis-Hippolyte Boileau in bois de Vincennes

• The Pagode de Vincennes, on the edges of the lake Daumesnil, in the former houses of Cameroon and Togo of Louis-Hippolyte Boileau: Photo
• The church Notre-Dame des Missions was moved to Épinay-sur-Seine (95) in 1932.
• The reproduction of Mount Vernon, house of George Washington, moved to Vaucresson where it is still visible.

See also

• French Colonial Empire
• Colonialism
• Human zoo

Notes

"Le Cactus", architects André Granet and Roger-Henri Expert

References

• Hodeir,Catherine, "1931.Des Kanaks au Jardin d'Acclimatation : quand la réalité dépasse la fiction au temps de l'Exposition coloniale",Jardin d'Acclimatation Website 2011.
• Hodeir, Catherine, Michel Pierre, L'exposition coloniale de Paris 1931. Paris: Editions Complexe, 1991. ISBN 2-87027-382-7.Updated reprint, Paris Editions André Versaille, 2011, (ISBN 978-2-87495-164-0)
• Geppert, Alexander C.T., Fleeting Cities. Imperial Expositions in Fin-de-Siècle Europe, Basingstoke/New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010. ISBN 978-0-230-22164-2.
• Pierre, Michel, "L'Exposition coloniale internationale de 1931", Laure Blévis, Hélène Lafont-Couturier, Nanette Jacomijn-Snoep, Claire Zalc,1931, Les étrangers au temps de l'Exposition coloniale, Paris, Gallimard, CNHM, 2008, (ISBN 978-2-07-035830-4)
• Hodeir,Catherine, "Decentering the Gaze at French Colonial Exhibitions", Paul S.Landau and Deborah D.Kaspin (ed.), Images and Empires, Visuality in Colonial and Postcolonial Africa, Berkeley, Los Angeles, London, University of California Press, 2002, (ISBN 0-520-22949-5)
• Hodeir, Catherine, "Le musée des Arts africains et océaniens à l'Exposition coloniale : un musée permanent pour une exposition éphémère", Germain Viatte et Dominique François (ed.) Le Palais des Colonies, Histoire du Musée des Arts d'Afrique et d'Océanie, Paris, Réunion des Musées Nationaux, 2002, (ISBN-2-7118-4470-6)
• Hodeir,Catherine, "La Fée électricité à l'Exposition coloniale de Paris (1931)", Dominique Barjot, Daniel Lefeuvre, Arnaud Berthonnet, Sophie Coeuré (ed.)L'électrification outre-mer de la fin du XIXe siècle aux premières décolonisations, Paris, Société française d'histoire d'outre-mer/Fondation EDF, Électicité de France, 2002.
• Leininger-Miller, Theresa A., New Negro Artist in Paris: African American Painters & Sculptors in the City of Light, 1922–1934. Piscataway, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 2001.

=Further reading

• Morton, Patricia A., Hybrid Modernities: Representation and Architecture at 1931 International Colonial Exposition in Paris. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, 2000.

External links

• Journal de l'Exposition coloniale online in Gallica, the digital library of the BnF
• http://www.sears-homes.com/2012/09/the-house-that-sears-built-in-paris.html about the reproduction of Mount Vernon built for the exposition