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<ref name="MPC111781">{{Cite web |date= 2018-09-25 |title=M.P.C. 111781 |url=https://minorplanetcenter.net/iau/ECS/MPCArchive/2018/MPC_20180925.pdf |access-date= 2020-09-28 |website=Minor Planet Circular |publisher=Minor Planet Center}}</ref>
<ref name="MPC111781">{{Cite web |date= 2018-09-25 |title=M.P.C. 111781 |url=https://minorplanetcenter.net/iau/ECS/MPCArchive/2018/MPC_20180925.pdf |access-date= 2020-09-28 |website=Minor Planet Circular |publisher=Minor Planet Center}}</ref>


<ref name="Leiva2020">{{Cite journal |last1=Leiva |first1=Rodrigo |last2=Buie |first2=Marc W. |last3=Keller |first3=John M. |last4=Wasserman |first4=Lawrence H. |last5=Kavelaars |first5=J. J. |last6=Bridges |first6=Terry |displayauthors=etal |date=September 2020 |title=Stellar Occultation by the Resonant Trans-Neptunian Object (523764) 2014 WC510 Reveals a Close Binary TNO |url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/PSJ/abb23d/pdf |journal=The Planetary Science Journal |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=48 |doi=10.3847/PSJ/abb23d|doi-access=free }}</ref>
<ref name="Leiva2020">{{Cite journal |last1=Leiva |first1=Rodrigo |last2=Buie |first2=Marc W. |last3=Keller |first3=John M. |last4=Wasserman |first4=Lawrence H. |last5=Kavelaars |first5=J. J. |last6=Bridges |first6=Terry |displayauthors=etal |date=September 2020 |title=Stellar Occultation by the Resonant Trans-Neptunian Object (523764) 2014 WC510 Reveals a Close Binary TNO |url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/PSJ/abb23d/pdf |journal=The Planetary Science Journal |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=48 |doi=10.3847/PSJ/abb23d|doi-access=free |bibcode=2020PSJ.....1...48L}}</ref>


<ref name="SwRI">{{cite web |title=SwRI study describes discovery of close binary trans-Neptunian object |url=https://www.swri.org/press-release/recon-close-binary-trans-neptunian-object |date= 2020-09-28 |access-date= 2020-09-28 |publisher=Southwest Research Institute}}</ref>
<ref name="SwRI">{{cite web |title=SwRI study describes discovery of close binary trans-Neptunian object |url=https://www.swri.org/press-release/recon-close-binary-trans-neptunian-object |date= 2020-09-28 |access-date= 2020-09-28 |publisher=Southwest Research Institute}}</ref>

Revision as of 01:14, 11 October 2020

(523764) 2014 WC510
File:523764 2014WC510 RodrigoLeiva SwRI.jpg
Artist's impression of the 2014 WC510 binary system occulting a distant star
Discovery [1]
Discovered byPan-STARRS1
Discovery siteHaleakalā Obs.
Discovery date8 September 2011
(first imaged)
Designations
2014 WC510
plutino[2] · TNO[3]
distant[1] · binary[4]
Orbital characteristics[3]
Epoch 31 May 2020 (JD 2459000.5)
Uncertainty parameter 2
Observation arc7.49 yr (2,737 days)
Aphelion48.936 AU
Perihelion29.535
39.236
Eccentricity0.24724
245.77
342.994°
0° 0m 14.437s / day
Inclination19.542°
194.464°
289.173°
Known satellites1
Physical characteristics
181±16 km (primary)[4]
138±32 km (secondary)[4]
0.051±0.017[4]
22.0[1]
7.2±0.3[4]

(523764) 2014 WC510, is a binary trans-Neptunian object discovered on 8 September 2011, by the Pan-STARRS survey at the Haleakalā Observatory in Hawaii. It was initially found by Pan-STARRS on 20 November 2014, but was announced later in July 2016 after additional observations and precovery identifications.[5] It is located in the Kuiper belt, a region of icy objects orbiting beyond Neptune in the outer Solar System. It is classified as a plutino, a dynamical class of objects in a 2:3 orbital resonance with Neptune. On 1 December 2018, a team of astronomers observed a stellar occultation by the object, which revealed that it is a compact binary system consisting of two separate components in close orbit around each other. The primary and secondary components are estimated to have diameters around 180 km (110 mi) and 140 km (87 mi), respectively.[4]

Observations

Discovery

Before the announcement of its discovery, 2014 WC510 had been observed by the Pan-STARRS survey from 2011–2015. All of these observations were made with the Pan-STARRS1 1.8-meter Ritchey–Chrétien telescope, located at the Haleakalā Observatory atop the Hawaiian island of Maui. The accredited observers using the telescope were B. Gibson, T. Goggia, N. Primak, A. Schultz, and M. Willman.[5] The object was first identified on 20 November 2014, though it was announced later in a Minor Planet Electronic Circular published on 17 July 2016, after additional observations by Pan-STARRS had been found, preceding the team's original observation from 2014.[5] While 2014 WC510 is the object's first and only provisional designation assigned by the Minor Planet Center, the date of discovery is considered to be on 8 September 2011, which was the earliest known observation of the object before it was assigned a minor planet number.[1][6]

Occultation

On 1 December 2018, 2014 WC510 occulted a 15th-magnitude double star, blocking out its starlight for a maximal duration of approximately 11 seconds. The stellar occultation was observed by astronomers and citizen scientists across the West Coast of the United States and Canada. Of the 41 participating sites, six of them reported dimmings in the star's brightness, signifying likely positive detections of the occultation. Five of these sites reported two consecutive dimmings due to the occulted star's double nature; 2014 WC510 occulted one of the two stars being observed.[4] These observations were part of a campaign coordinated by the Research and Education Collaborative Occultation Network (RECON), a citizen science project dedicated to observing occultations by trans-Neptunian objects.[7][8]

Prior to the occultation, 2014 WC510 had only been observed by Pan-STARRS over an observation arc of 3 years. The calculated orbit from these Pan-STARRS observations had significant uncertainty, which would have been unreliable for predicting occultations.[5] In an effort to reduce the orbital uncertainty, the RECON project collaborated with the Pan-STARRS project to do a precovery search of archival Pan-STARRS images to gather extensive astrometric positions of 2014 WC510.[4] Follow-up observations by Pan-STARRS were also conducted through 2016–2018 and helped extend 2014 WC510's observation arc to 6.3 years.[1] Although an observation arc of this length is generally unreliable for predicting occultations especially by distant objects, this was compensated by Pan-STARRS's highly accurate astrometric system, allowing for 2014 WC510's orbital uncertainty to be significantly reduced.[4]

Binary system

Observations of the December 2018 occultation revealed that 2014 WC510 is a compact binary system consisting of two separate components in close orbit around each other. Of the six sites that reported positive detections of the occultation, one site located in Bishop, California detected a shorter dimming event separate from the main detections by the other five sites located south of it. A 2020 study led by Rodrigo Leiva and Marc Buie analyzed the occultation data and determined that the detection from Bishop was most likely an occultation by a secondary component of 2014 WC510.[4][8]

Since the two components were only observed for a short period of time during the occultation, the binary system's orbital parameters have not been determined. The projected separation distance between the primary and secondary is 349 ± 29 km (217 ± 18 mi), derived from an angular separation of 16±1 milliarcseconds.[4] No other binary trans-Neptunian object (TNO) is known to have a similarly close mutual separation distance, making 2014 WC510 the only known close binary TNO as of 2020.[8] Such close binary TNOs would be difficult to resolve in direct imaging due to their characteristic small separation distances between their components.[4]

Most models of the formation of the Solar System indicate that most TNOs have formed as binaries, hence they are expected to be common especially in the Kuiper belt population.[8] While most known binary TNOs appear to have wide mutual orbits, close binary TNOs similar to 2014 WC510 are thought to have a higher chance of survival after their formation. 2014 WC510 belongs to the population of smaller TNOs, which are expected to have a primordial origin similar to 486958 Arrokoth, contact binary Kuiper belt object.[4]

Orbit and classification

2014 WC510 is classified as a plutino, a subgroup of the resonant trans-Neptunian objects located in the inner region of Kuiper belt. Named after the group's largest member, Pluto, the plutinos are in a 2:3 mean-motion orbital resonance with Neptune. That is, they complete two orbits around the Sun for every three orbits that Neptune takes.[2] 2014 WC510 orbits the Sun at an average distance of 39.24 astronomical units (5.87×109 km; 3.65×109 mi), taking 245.8 years to complete a full orbit.[3] This is characteristic of all plutinos, which have orbital periods around 250 years and semi-major axes around 39 AU.[9]

Like Pluto, 2014 WC510's orbit is elongated and inclined to the ecliptic.[9] 2014 WC510 has an orbital eccentricity of 0.25 and an orbital inclination of 19.5 degrees with respect to the ecliptic. Over the course of its orbit, 2014 WC510's distance from the Sun varies from 29.5 AU at perihelion (closest distance) to 48.9 AU at aphelion (farthest distance).[3] 2014 WC510 has last passed aphelion in the early 20th century, and is now moving closer to the Sun, approaching aphelion by 2032.[3][10] Simulations by the Deep Ecliptic Survey show that 2014 WC510 can acquire a perihelion distance (qmin) as small as 28.7 AU over the next 10 million years.[2]

Numbering and naming

This minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 25 September 2018 and received the number 523764 in the minor planet catalog.[11] As of 2020, it has not been named.[1]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f "(523764) = 2014 WC510". Minor Planet Center. International Astronomical Union. Retrieved 28 September 2020.
  2. ^ a b c Buie, M. W. "Orbit Fit and Astrometric record for 523764". Southwest Research Institute. Retrieved 28 September 2020.
  3. ^ a b c d e "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 523764 (2014 WC510)" (2019-03-07 last obs.). Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Retrieved 28 September 2020.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Leiva, Rodrigo; Buie, Marc W.; Keller, John M.; Wasserman, Lawrence H.; Kavelaars, J. J.; Bridges, Terry (September 2020). "Stellar Occultation by the Resonant Trans-Neptunian Object (523764) 2014 WC510 Reveals a Close Binary TNO". The Planetary Science Journal. 1 (2): 48. Bibcode:2020PSJ.....1...48L. doi:10.3847/PSJ/abb23d. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |displayauthors= ignored (|display-authors= suggested) (help)
  5. ^ a b c d "MPEC 2016-O238: 2014 WC510". Minor Planet Electronic Circular. Minor Planet Center. 25 July 2016. Bibcode:2016MPEC....O..238G.
  6. ^ "How Are Minor Planets Named?". Minor Planet Center. International Astronomical Union. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
  7. ^ Gough, Evan (29 September 2020). "Astronomers Find a New Binary Object in the Kuiper Belt". Universe Today. Retrieved 29 September 2020.
  8. ^ a b c d "SwRI study describes discovery of close binary trans-Neptunian object". Southwest Research Institute. 28 September 2020. Retrieved 28 September 2020.
  9. ^ a b Johnston, W. R. (18 August 2020). "List of Known Trans-Neptunian Objects". Johnston's Archive. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
  10. ^ "HORIZONS Web-Interface" (Settings: Sun (body center) [500@10]; Start=1900-01-01, Stop=2032-02-01, Step=30 d). Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
  11. ^ "M.P.C. 111781" (PDF). Minor Planet Circular. Minor Planet Center. 25 September 2018. Retrieved 28 September 2020.