Jump to content

Catepanate of Ras: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
Restoring scope, references and sources that had been removed by the user Maleschreiber
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Infobox Former Subdivision
{{Infobox Former Subdivision
|native_name =
|native_name = Κατεπανάτο της Ρας
|conventional_long_name = Κατεπανάτο της Ρας
|conventional_long_name = Catepanate of Ras
|common_name = Catepanate of Ras
|common_name =
|nation = '''[[Byzantine Empire]]'''
|nation = '''[[Byzantine Empire]]'''
|era = [[Middle Ages]]
|era = [[Middle Ages]]
Line 8: Line 8:
|status_text =
|status_text =
|government_type = [[Catepanate]]
|government_type = [[Catepanate]]
|year_start = 971-976/1016-
|year_start = 971
|year_end = 1127-29
|year_end = 976
|event_start =
|event_start =
|event_end =
|event_end =
|p1 = Byzantine Empire
|p1 = Principality of Serbia (early medieval)
|flag_p1 = Simple Labarum.svg
|flag_p1 = Seal of Prince Strojimir.png
|s1 = Grand Principality of Serbia
|s1 = First Bulgarian Empire
|flag_s1 =
|flag_s1 =
|image_flag =
|image_flag =
Line 24: Line 24:
|image_map =
|image_map =
|image_map_caption =
|image_map_caption =
|capital = [[Stari Ras]]
|capital = [[Stari Ras|Ras]]
|
|
}}
}}

The '''Catepanate of Ras''' ([[Medieval Greek|Byzantine Greek]]: {{lang|el|Κατεπανάτο της Ρας}}) was a province ([[catepanate]]) of the [[Byzantine Empire]], established around 971 in central during the rule of Byzantine Emperor [[John Tzimiskes]] (969–976). ''Arsa'' as the area is attested in [[Procopius]], was one the [[Stari Ras|forts]] which [[Justinian]] rebuilt in [[Dardania (Roman province)|Dardania]] in the 6th century. In 976, it was captured by the [[First Bulgarian Empire]] and remained in its control until the reconquest of the central Balkans by [[Basil II]] about 40 years later. For the following century, it was an important border province of the Byzantine Empire until the [[Grand Principality of Serbia]] captured [[Raška (region)|the region]] and burnt the Ras fortress in the context of the [[Byzantine–Hungarian War (1127–1129)]].
The '''Catepanate of Ras''' ([[Medieval Greek|Byzantine Greek]]: {{lang|el|Κατεπανάτο της Ρας}}) was a province ([[catepanate]]) of the [[Byzantine Empire]], established around 971 in central regions of early medieval [[Principality of Serbia (early medieval)|Serbia]], during the rule of Byzantine Emperor [[John Tzimiskes]] (969–976). The catepanate was named after the fortified town of [[Stari Ras|Ras]], eponymous for the historical region of [[Raška (region)|Raška]] ({{lang-la|Rascia}}). The province was short lived, and collapsed soon after 976, following the Byzantine retreat from the region after the restoration of the [[First Bulgarian Empire|Bulgarian Empire]].{{sfn|Nesbitt|Oikonomides|1991|p=100-101}}{{sfn|Ivanišević|Krsmanović|2013|p=450}}


==History==
==History==
[[File:Stari Ras.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Fortified medieval city of [[Stari Ras|Ras]]]]
[[File:Stari Ras.jpg|thumb|right|220px|Medieval fortified city of [[Stari Ras|Ras]]]]

Archeological findings of fortified structures and early churches from the area of Stari Ras, dated from 4th to 6th century, correspond to testimony of Byzantine historian [[Procopius]] who wrote that Roman ''castellum'' of ''Arsa'' in the province of [[Dardania (Roman province)|Dardania]] was refortified during the reign of emperor [[Justinian I]] (527-565). The Slavic toponym ''Ras'' derives from Arsa via [[Metathesis (linguistics)|metathesis]]. A bishopric which cover parts of Serbia was founded probably in Ras in the time of major ecclesiastical events that took place around the [[Fourth Council of Constantinople (Roman Catholic)|Council of Constantinople]] in 869-870 and the [[Fourth Council of Constantinople (Eastern Orthodox)|Council of Constantinople]] in 879–880. The 10th century [[De Administrando Imperio]] mentions ''Rasa'' as a border area between Bulgaria and Serbia at the end of the 9th century. Newer research indicates that in the late 9th century it was part of the [[First Bulgarian Empire]].{{sfn|Ivanišević|2013|p=450}}
In the middle of the 6th century, during the reign of Byzantine emperor [[Justinian I]] (d. 565), a fortress of ''Arsa'' ({{lang-gr|ΑΡΣΑ}}) in the province of [[Dardania (Roman province)|Dardania]] was refortified, as attested by historian [[Procopius]].{{sfn|Калић|1989|p=9-17}} At the beginning of the 7th century, Byzantine rule collapsed, and the region was settled by [[Serbs]].{{sfn|Ćirković|2004|p=8-9}} Up to the middle of the 10th century, the fortress of of [[Stari Ras|Ras]] was a stronghold of the early medieval [[Principality of Serbia (early medieval)|Principality of Serbia]], as attested by the Byzantine emperor and historian [[Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus]] (d. 959) in his work ''[[De Administrando Imperio]]''.{{sfn|Moravcsik|1967|p=152-161}} By that time, following the [[Christianization of the Serbs]], the [[Eparchy of Ras]] was also created.{{sfn|Vlasto|1970|p=208-209}}

⚫
The earliest possible date of later Byzantine invasion of Serbian lands and the creation of a province is around 971, when Byzantine armies [[Byzantine conquest of Bulgaria|conquered Bulgaria]] and re-established Byzantine supreme rule over the interior of [[Southeastern Europe]], including the central Serbian lands, as attested by the ''[[Chronicle of the Priest of Duklja]]''. One of the newly formed administrative units was the Catepanate of Ras. It was established as a Byzantine stronghold in Serbian lands, but its territorial jurisdiction can not be precisely determined. The Catepanate was short lived, as well as the Byzantine rule in the rest of Bulgarian and Serbian lands. After the death of emperor John (976), a successful uprising started in the South Slavic provinces of the Byzantine Empire, led by [[Cometopuli dynasty|Cometopuli]], resulting in total breakdown of Byzantine power in the region and the restoration of the [[First Bulgarian Empire|Bulgarian Empire]].{{sfn|Stephenson|2003a|p=42}}{{sfn|Stephenson|2003b|p=122}}{{sfn|Булић|2007|p=54}}{{sfn|Krsmanović|2008|p=189}}{{sfn|Madgearu|2008|p=134-135}}{{sfn|Madgearu|2013|p=43}}{{sfn|Živković|2008|p=247}}


⚫
The main sources for the organization of the Catepanate of Ras is a [[Seal (emblem)|seal]] of a ''[[strategos]]'' of Ras, dated to the reign of Byzantine Emperor [[John Tzimiskes]] (969–976). The seal belonged to ''[[protospatharios]] and [[katepano]] of Ras'' named John.{{sfn|Nesbitt|Oikonomides|1991|p=100-101}}
⚫
The earliest possible date of its creation is 971, when Byzantine armies [[Byzantine conquest of Bulgaria|conquered Bulgaria]] and re-established Byzantine supreme rule over the interior over the upper central Balkans, including the Serbian areas to the north of Ras. One of the newly formed administrative units was the Catepanate of Ras. It was established as a Byzantine stronghold in Serbian lands, but its territorial jurisdiction can not be precisely determined. The Catepanate was short lived, as the rest of the Byzantine rule in Bulgarian and Serbian lands. After the death of emperor John (976) it was captured the [[First Bulgarian Empire]].{{sfn|Stephenson|2003a|p=42}}{{sfn|Stephenson|2003b|p=122}}{{sfn|Булић|2007|p=54}}{{sfn|Krsmanović|2008|p=189}}{{sfn|Madgearu|2008|p=134-135}}{{sfn|Madgearu|2013|p=43}} [[Basil II]] recaptured it about 40 years later in 1016-18. It remained a Byzantine frontier area until [[John II Komnenos]] lost the area as a result of the [[Byzantine–Hungarian War (1127–1129)]]. The fortress of Ras was then burnt by the Serbian army. Its last commander was a Kritoplos who was then punished by Emperor for the fall of the fortress.{{sfn|Ivanišević|2013|p=451}}


After 976, the region was dominated by the restored [[First Bulgarian Empire|Bulgarian Empire]], that had complex relations with neighbouring Serbian princes.{{sfn|Ćirković|2004|p=20}} Byzantine rule in the region was restored in 1018, under emperor [[Basil II]] (d. 1025), and new administrative units in Serbian lands were created, including new [[Theme (Byzantine district)|themes]], one centered in the region of [[Syrmia]] to the north ([[Theme of Sirmium]]), and other in central [[History of Serbia|Serbia]] (''Theme of Serbia'').{{sfn|Ćirković|2004|p=20-21}}{{sfn|Ivanišević|Krsmanović|2013|p=451}}
⚫
One of the sources for the organization of the Catepanate is a [[Seal (emblem)|seal]] of a ''[[strategos]]'' of Ras, dated to the reign of Byzantine Emperor [[John Tzimiskes]] (969–976). The seal belonged to ''protospatharios and katepano of Ras'' named John.{{sfn|Nesbitt|Oikonomides|1991|p=100-101}}


==See also==
==See also==
{{Commons cat|Provinces of the Byzantine Empire}}
* [[Early Medieval Principality of Serbia]]
* [[Early Medieval Principality of Serbia]]
* [[Chronicle of the Priest of Duklja]]
* [[Chronicle of the Priest of Duklja]]
* [[Sviatoslav's invasion of Bulgaria]]
* [[Sviatoslav's invasion of Bulgaria]]
* [[Byzantine conquest of Bulgaria]]
* [[Byzantine conquest of Bulgaria]]
* [[Raška (region)]]


==References==
==References==
Line 49: Line 55:
{{Refbegin|2}}
{{Refbegin|2}}
* {{Cite journal|ref=harv|last=Булић|first=Дејан|title=Градина-Казновиће, резултати археолошких истраживања|trans-title=Gradina-Kazanoviće, Results of Archeological Research|language=Serbian|journal=Историјски часопис|volume=55|year=2007|pages=45–62|url=https://www.academia.edu/13119418}}
* {{Cite journal|ref=harv|last=Булић|first=Дејан|title=Градина-Казновиће, резултати археолошких истраживања|trans-title=Gradina-Kazanoviće, Results of Archeological Research|language=Serbian|journal=Историјски часопис|volume=55|year=2007|pages=45–62|url=https://www.academia.edu/13119418}}
* {{Cite book|ref=harv|last=Ćirković|first=Sima|authorlink=Sima Ćirković|year=2004|title=The Serbs|location=Malden|publisher=Blackwell Publishing|isbn=9781405142915|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Wc-DWRzoeIC}}
* {{Cite book|ref=harv|last=Ćirković|first=Sima|authorlink=Sima Ćirković|year=2004|title=The Serbs|location=Malden|publisher=Blackwell Publishing|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Wc-DWRzoeIC}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Ivanišević |first1=Vujadin |last2=Krsmanović |first2=Bojana |title=Byzantine seals from the Ras fortress |journal=Recueil des travaux de l'Institut d'études byzantines |date=2013 |issue=50–1 |pages=449–460 |doi=10.2298/ZRVI1350449I |url=http://www.doiserbia.nb.rs/img/doi/0584-9888/2013/0584-98881301449I.pdf}}
* {{Cite journal|ref=harv|last1=Ivanišević|first1=Vujadin|last2=Krsmanović|first2=Bojana|title=Byzantine Seals from the Ras Fortress|journal=Зборник радова Византолошког института|year=2013|volume=50|issue=1|pages=449–460|url=http://www.doiserbia.nb.rs/img/doi/0584-9888/2013/0584-98881301449I.pdf}}
* {{Cite journal|ref=harv|last=Калић|first=Јованка|authorlink=Jovanka Kalić|title=Прокопијева Арса|journal=Зборник радова Византолошког института|volume=27-28|year=1989|pages=9–17|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IwnTAAAAMAAJ}}
* {{Cite book|ref=harv|last=Kalić|first=Jovanka|authorlink=Jovanka Kalić|chapter=Rascia - The Nucleus of the Medieval Serbian State|title=The Serbian Question in the Balkans|year=1995|location=Belgrade|publisher=Faculty of Geography|pages=147–155|url=https://www.rastko.rs/istorija/srbi-balkan/jkalic-raska.html}}
* {{Cite book|ref=harv|last=Krsmanović|first=Bojana|title=The Byzantine Province in Change: On the Threshold Between the 10th and the 11th Century|year=2008|location=Belgrade|publisher=Institute for Byzantine Studies|isbn=9789603710608|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kjsjAQAAIAAJ}}
* {{Cite book|ref=harv|last=Krsmanović|first=Bojana|title=The Byzantine Province in Change: On the Threshold Between the 10th and the 11th Century|year=2008|location=Belgrade|publisher=Institute for Byzantine Studies|isbn=9789603710608|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kjsjAQAAIAAJ}}
* {{Cite book|ref=harv|last=Кунчер|first=Драгана|year=2009|title=Gesta Regum Sclavorum|volume=1|location=Београд-Никшић|publisher=Историјски институт, Манастир Острог|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/27256737/Gesta-Regum-Sclavorum-I}}
* {{Cite book|ref=harv|last=Кунчер|first=Драгана|year=2009|title=Gesta Regum Sclavorum|volume=1|location=Београд-Никшић|publisher=Историјски институт, Манастир Острог|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/27256737/Gesta-Regum-Sclavorum-I}}
* {{Cite journal|ref=harv|last=Madgearu|first=Alexandru|title=The mission of Hierotheos: Location and Significance|journal=Byzantinoslavica|volume=66|year=2008|pages=119–138|url=https://www.academia.edu/1300118}}
* {{Cite journal|ref=harv|last=Madgearu|first=Alexandru|title=The mission of Hierotheos: Location and Significance|journal=Byzantinoslavica|volume=66|year=2008|pages=119–138|url=https://www.academia.edu/1300118}}
* {{Cite book|ref=harv|last=Madgearu|first=Alexandru|title=Byzantine Military Organization on the Danube, 10th–12th Centuries|year=2013|location=Leiden-Boston|publisher=Brill|isbn=9789004252493|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=24S4DkCsjz8C}}
* {{Cite book|ref=harv|last=Madgearu|first=Alexandru|title=Byzantine Military Organization on the Danube, 10th–12th Centuries|year=2013|location=Leiden-Boston|publisher=Brill|isbn=9789004252493|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=24S4DkCsjz8C}}
* {{Cite book|ref=harv|editor-last=Moravcsik|editor-first=Gyula|editor-link=Gyula Moravcsik|title=Constantine Porphyrogenitus: De Administrando Imperio|year=1967|orig-year=1949|edition=2nd revised|location=Washington D.C.|publisher=Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3al15wpFWiMC}}
* {{Cite book|ref=harv|editor-last=Nesbitt|editor-first1=John W.|editor-last2=Oikonomides|editor-first2=Nicolas|editor-link2=Nicolas Oikonomides|title=Catalogue of Byzantine Seals at Dumbarton Oaks and in the Fogg Museum of Art|volume=1|year=1991|location=Washington, D.C.|publisher=Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection|url=https://www.doaks.org/research/publications/books/catalogue-of-byzantine-seals-at-dumbarton-oaks-and-in-the-fogg-museum-of-art-1-italy-north-of-the-balkans-north-of-the-black-seas|access-date=2019-05-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512121334/https://www.doaks.org/research/publications/books/catalogue-of-byzantine-seals-at-dumbarton-oaks-and-in-the-fogg-museum-of-art-1-italy-north-of-the-balkans-north-of-the-black-seas|archive-date=2019-05-12|url-status=dead}}
* {{Cite book|ref=harv|editor-last=Nesbitt|editor-first1=John W.|editor-last2=Oikonomides|editor-first2=Nicolas|editor-link2=Nicolas Oikonomides|title=Catalogue of Byzantine Seals at Dumbarton Oaks and in the Fogg Museum of Art|volume=1|year=1991|location=Washington, D.C.|publisher=Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection|url=https://www.doaks.org/research/publications/books/catalogue-of-byzantine-seals-at-dumbarton-oaks-and-in-the-fogg-museum-of-art-1-italy-north-of-the-balkans-north-of-the-black-seas|access-date=2019-05-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512121334/https://www.doaks.org/research/publications/books/catalogue-of-byzantine-seals-at-dumbarton-oaks-and-in-the-fogg-museum-of-art-1-italy-north-of-the-balkans-north-of-the-black-seas|archive-date=2019-05-12|url-status=dead}}
* {{Cite book|ref=harv|last=Ostrogorsky|first=George|authorlink=George Ostrogorsky|year=1956|title=History of the Byzantine State|location=Oxford|publisher=Basil Blackwell|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bt0_AAAAYAAJ}}
* {{Cite book|ref=harv|last=Ostrogorsky|first=George|authorlink=George Ostrogorsky|year=1956|title=History of the Byzantine State|location=Oxford|publisher=Basil Blackwell|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bt0_AAAAYAAJ}}
Line 60: Line 69:
* {{Cite book|ref=harv|last=Stephenson|first=Paul|chapter=The Balkan Frontier in the Year 1000|title=Byzantium in the Year 1000|year=2003b|publisher=BRILL|pages=109–134|isbn=9004120971|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CSZQ-VPFKoMC}}
* {{Cite book|ref=harv|last=Stephenson|first=Paul|chapter=The Balkan Frontier in the Year 1000|title=Byzantium in the Year 1000|year=2003b|publisher=BRILL|pages=109–134|isbn=9004120971|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CSZQ-VPFKoMC}}
* {{Cite book|ref=harv|last=Vlasto|first=Alexis P.|authorlink=Alexis P. Vlasto|title=The Entry of the Slavs into Christendom: An Introduction to the Medieval History of the Slavs|year=1970|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521074599|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fpVOAAAAIAAJ}}
* {{Cite book|ref=harv|last=Vlasto|first=Alexis P.|authorlink=Alexis P. Vlasto|title=The Entry of the Slavs into Christendom: An Introduction to the Medieval History of the Slavs|year=1970|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521074599|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fpVOAAAAIAAJ}}
* {{Cite book|ref=harv|last=Živković|first=Tibor|authorlink=Tibor Živković|year=2008|title=Forging unity: The South Slavs between East and West 550-1150|location=Belgrade|publisher=The Institute of History, Čigoja štampa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JlIsAQAAIAAJ}}
* {{Cite book|ref=harv|last=Живковић|first=Тибор|authorlink=Tibor Živković|year=2009|title=Gesta Regum Sclavorum|volume=2|location=Београд-Никшић|publisher=Историјски институт, Манастир Острог|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/66926958/Tibor-Zivkovic-Gesta-Regum-Sclavorum-II}}
* {{Cite book|ref=harv|last=Живковић|first=Тибор|authorlink=Tibor Živković|year=2009|title=Gesta Regum Sclavorum|volume=2|location=Београд-Никшић|publisher=Историјски институт, Манастир Острог|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/66926958/Tibor-Zivkovic-Gesta-Regum-Sclavorum-II}}
{{refend}}
{{refend}}
Line 70: Line 80:
[[Category:States and territories established in the 970s]]
[[Category:States and territories established in the 970s]]
[[Category:Principality of Serbia (early medieval)]]
[[Category:Principality of Serbia (early medieval)]]
[[Category:Former Slavic countries]]
[[Category:971 establishments]]
[[Category:971 establishments]]
[[Category:976 disestablishments]]
[[Category:976 disestablishments]]

Revision as of 04:15, 12 October 2020

Catepanate of Ras
Κατεπανάτο της Ρας
Province of Byzantine Empire
971–976
CapitalRas
 • TypeCatepanate
Historical eraMiddle Ages
• Established
971
• Disestablished
976
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Principality of Serbia (early medieval)
First Bulgarian Empire

The Catepanate of Ras (Byzantine Greek: Κατεπανάτο της Ρας) was a province (catepanate) of the Byzantine Empire, established around 971 in central regions of early medieval Serbia, during the rule of Byzantine Emperor John Tzimiskes (969–976). The catepanate was named after the fortified town of Ras, eponymous for the historical region of Raška (Template:Lang-la). The province was short lived, and collapsed soon after 976, following the Byzantine retreat from the region after the restoration of the Bulgarian Empire.[1][2]

History

Medieval fortified city of Ras

In the middle of the 6th century, during the reign of Byzantine emperor Justinian I (d. 565), a fortress of Arsa (Template:Lang-gr) in the province of Dardania was refortified, as attested by historian Procopius.[3] At the beginning of the 7th century, Byzantine rule collapsed, and the region was settled by Serbs.[4] Up to the middle of the 10th century, the fortress of of Ras was a stronghold of the early medieval Principality of Serbia, as attested by the Byzantine emperor and historian Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus (d. 959) in his work De Administrando Imperio.[5] By that time, following the Christianization of the Serbs, the Eparchy of Ras was also created.[6]

The earliest possible date of later Byzantine invasion of Serbian lands and the creation of a province is around 971, when Byzantine armies conquered Bulgaria and re-established Byzantine supreme rule over the interior of Southeastern Europe, including the central Serbian lands, as attested by the Chronicle of the Priest of Duklja. One of the newly formed administrative units was the Catepanate of Ras. It was established as a Byzantine stronghold in Serbian lands, but its territorial jurisdiction can not be precisely determined. The Catepanate was short lived, as well as the Byzantine rule in the rest of Bulgarian and Serbian lands. After the death of emperor John (976), a successful uprising started in the South Slavic provinces of the Byzantine Empire, led by Cometopuli, resulting in total breakdown of Byzantine power in the region and the restoration of the Bulgarian Empire.[7][8][9][10][11][12][13]

The main sources for the organization of the Catepanate of Ras is a seal of a strategos of Ras, dated to the reign of Byzantine Emperor John Tzimiskes (969–976). The seal belonged to protospatharios and katepano of Ras named John.[1]

After 976, the region was dominated by the restored Bulgarian Empire, that had complex relations with neighbouring Serbian princes.[14] Byzantine rule in the region was restored in 1018, under emperor Basil II (d. 1025), and new administrative units in Serbian lands were created, including new themes, one centered in the region of Syrmia to the north (Theme of Sirmium), and other in central Serbia (Theme of Serbia).[15][16]

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Provinces of the Byzantine Empire.

References

  1. ^ a b Nesbitt & Oikonomides 1991, p. 100-101.
  2. ^ Ivanišević & Krsmanović 2013, p. 450.
  3. ^ Калић 1989, p. 9-17.
  4. ^ Ćirković 2004, p. 8-9.
  5. ^ Moravcsik 1967, p. 152-161.
  6. ^ Vlasto 1970, p. 208-209.
  7. ^ Stephenson 2003a, p. 42.
  8. ^ Stephenson 2003b, p. 122.
  9. ^ Булић 2007, p. 54.
  10. ^ Krsmanović 2008, p. 189.
  11. ^ Madgearu 2008, p. 134-135.
  12. ^ Madgearu 2013, p. 43.
  13. ^ Živković 2008, p. 247.
  14. ^ Ćirković 2004, p. 20.
  15. ^ Ćirković 2004, p. 20-21.
  16. ^ Ivanišević & Krsmanović 2013, p. 451.

Sources

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Catepanate_of_Ras&oldid=983083701"