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==Early life==
==Early life==
Fuld was born in New York City, the son of Richard Severin Fuld Sr. and Elizabeth Schwab.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nndb.com/people/218/000125840/ |title=nndb.com |publisher=nndb.com |accessdate=April 4, 2011}}</ref> He is a [[second cousin]] of [[Oakland Athletics]] outfielder [[Sam Fuld]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.tampabay.com/sports/baseball/rays/tampa-bay-rays-news-and-notes/1154463 |title=Tampa Bay Rays news and notes |work=St. Petersburg Times |date=February 28, 2011 |accessdate=April 4, 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150531102016/http://www.tampabay.com/sports/baseball/rays/tampa-bay-rays-news-and-notes/1154463 |archivedate=May 31, 2015 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>
Fuld was born in New York City, the son of jewish parents <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jewage.org/wiki/ru/Article:Richard%20S.%20Fuld,%20Jr.%20-%20Biography?embedded=true&textonly=1#:~:text=Fuld%20was%20born%20in%20New,Bay%20Rays%20outfielder%20Sam%20Fuld. |title=jewage.org |publisher=jewage.org |accessdate=October 13, 2020}}</ref> Richard Severin Fuld Sr. and Elizabeth Schwab.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nndb.com/people/218/000125840/ |title=nndb.com |publisher=nndb.com |accessdate=April 4, 2011}}</ref> He is a [[second cousin]] of [[Oakland Athletics]] outfielder [[Sam Fuld]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.tampabay.com/sports/baseball/rays/tampa-bay-rays-news-and-notes/1154463 |title=Tampa Bay Rays news and notes |work=St. Petersburg Times |date=February 28, 2011 |accessdate=April 4, 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150531102016/http://www.tampabay.com/sports/baseball/rays/tampa-bay-rays-news-and-notes/1154463 |archivedate=May 31, 2015 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>


He attended [[Wilbraham & Monson Academy]], where he gained his high school diploma.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Carney|first=John|date=June 4, 2009|title=Dick Fuld's Old Boarding School Builds a Trading Floor Classroom|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/dick-fulds-old-boarding-school-builds-a-trading-floor-classroom-2009-6|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=June 12, 2020|website=Business Insider}}</ref>
He attended [[Wilbraham & Monson Academy]], where he gained his high school diploma.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Carney|first=John|date=June 4, 2009|title=Dick Fuld's Old Boarding School Builds a Trading Floor Classroom|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/dick-fulds-old-boarding-school-builds-a-trading-floor-classroom-2009-6|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=June 12, 2020|website=Business Insider}}</ref>

Revision as of 15:10, 13 October 2020

Richard S. Fuld Jr.
Chairman & CEO, Lehman Brothers Holdings Inc.
In office
1994–2008
Preceded byPeter G. Peterson
Personal details
Born
Richard Severin Fuld Jr.

(1946-04-26) April 26, 1946 (age 78)
New York City, U.S.
SpouseKathleen Ann Bailey[1][2]
Children3
EducationUniversity of Colorado (BA) (BS)
New York University (MBA)[3]
Salary$22,030,534 (2007)

Richard Severin Fuld Jr. (born April 26, 1946) is an American banker best known as the final chairman and chief executive officer of Lehman Brothers. Fuld held this position from the firm's 1994 spinoff from American Express until 2008. Lehman Brothers filed for bankruptcy protection under Chapter 11 on September 15, 2008,[4] and subsequently announced the sale of major operations to parties including Barclays Bank and Nomura Securities.

Fuld was named in Time's "25 People to Blame for the Financial Crisis" list[5] and in CNN's "Ten Most Wanted: Culprits of the Collapse".[6] Fuld was nicknamed "the gorilla" for his intimidating presence.[7]

Early life

Fuld was born in New York City, the son of jewish parents [8] Richard Severin Fuld Sr. and Elizabeth Schwab.[9] He is a second cousin of Oakland Athletics outfielder Sam Fuld.[10]

He attended Wilbraham & Monson Academy, where he gained his high school diploma.[11]

He received both a B.A. and B.S. in 1969 from the University of Colorado Boulder, where he participated in the Naval Reserve Officer Training Corps program and was president of the school's chapter of the Alpha Tau Omega fraternity.[12] Fuld completed his M.B.A. at New York University's Stern School of Business in 1973.[13]

Fuld is a member of Kappa Beta Phi.[14]

Career

Fuld's first career as an Air Force pilot came to an end when he got into a fistfight with a commanding officer. He said he had been defending a young cadet who was being taunted by the senior officer.[15] Fuld then began his career with Lehman Brothers in 1969, the year the firm's senior partner Robert Lehman died.[16] Fuld started trading commercial paper and developed a reputation as an accomplished fixed income trader.[17]

Lehman Brothers

Fuld worked for Lehman for nearly 40 years. During this time, Fuld witnessed and participated in numerous evolutions within the organization, including its merger with Kuhn, Loeb & Co, its acquisition by American Express, its merger with E.F. Hutton, and its ultimate spin-off from American Express in 1994, once again as Lehman Brothers. Once public, the new company traded under the stock ticker LEH.[18]

Fuld was the longest-tenured CEO on Wall Street at the time of the financial crisis of 2007–2008.[7] Fuld had steered Lehman through the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis, a period where the firm's share price dropped to $12 in 1998.[19] Lehman had a yearly loss of $102 million in 1993, but after Fuld became CEO the firm had fourteen straight years of profits, including one of $4.2 billion in 2007, although in 2008 it reported a Q2 loss of $2.8 billion and filed for bankruptcy later that year.[20] Similar to the fall of Barings Bank, this was accomplished by driving up company earnings through excessive leverage and risk.[21]

Fuld had a succession of "number twos" under him, usually titled as President and Chief Operating Officer. T. Christopher Pettit served until November 26, 1996, when he lost a power struggle with his deputies, likely brought about after Pettit had a mistress, which violated Fuld's unwritten rules on marriage and social etiquette.[22] This president and COO position would remain vacant until Joseph Gregory was appointed President and COO in 2002.[23] Bradley Jack and Joseph M. Gregory were appointed co-COOs in 2002, however Jack was demoted to the Office of the Chairman in May 2004 and departed in June 2005 with a severance package of $80 million, making Gregory the sole COO and President. Along with CFO Erin Callan,[24] Gregory was demoted on June 12, 2008, and replaced by Bart McDade, who would see Lehman through bankruptcy.[20][22]

In 2006, Institutional Investor magazine named Fuld America's top chief executive in the private sector. That same year in December, Fuld told The Wall Street Journal, "as long as I am alive this firm will never be sold."[citation needed]

In March 2008, Fuld appeared in Barron's list of the 30 best CEOs and was dubbed "Mr. Wall Street".[25][26]

Overall, Fuld received nearly half a billion dollars in total compensation from 1993 to 2007.[27] In 2007, he was paid a total of $22,030,534, which included a base salary of $750,000, a cash bonus of $4,250,000, and stock grants of $16,877,365.[28] According to Bloomberg Businessweek, Fuld "famously demanded loyalty of everyone around him and demonstrated his own by keeping much of his wealth tied up in the firm", even buying Lehman shares on margin, according to a friend.[29]

Lehman Brothers bankruptcy and aftermath

See also: Bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers

Fuld was initially praised for handling the initial subprime mortgage crisis well, better than any of the other bulge bracket firms, behind Goldman Sachs.[30]

Fuld was said to have underestimated the downturn in the US housing market and its effect on Lehman's mortgage bond underwriting business.[7] Fuld was already the longest-tenured CEO on Wall Street and kept his job as the subprime mortgage crisis took hold, while CEOs of rivals like Bear Stearns, Merrill Lynch, and Citigroup were forced to resign.[7] In addition, Lehman's board of directors, which includes retired CEOs like Vodafone's Christopher Gent and IBM's John Akers were reluctant to challenge Fuld as the firm's share price spiraled lower.[7]

Fuld was criticized for not completing several proposed deals, either a capital injection or a merger, that would have saved Lehman Brothers from bankruptcy. Interested parties had included Warren Buffett[31] and the Korea Development Bank.[32] Fuld was said to have played a game of brinkmanship, refusing to accept offers that could have rescued the firm because they didn't reflect the value he saw in the bank.[7]

However, New York magazine had a different view on Fuld's last three months as CEO before the firm's bankruptcy. Hugh "Skip" McGee III, then-head of the Investment Banking Division, had earlier disagreed with COO Joseph M. Gregory's appointment of one of his subordinates, Erin Callan, as CFO. On June 11, 2008, McGee organized a meeting of the firm's senior bankers, who forced Fuld to demote Callan and Gregory. Gregory's replacement as president and COO was Bart McDade. While Fuld remained CEO in title, it has been said that a management coup had taken place and that the one person in charge then was McDade.[33] New York magazine's account also stated that Fuld was desperately searching for a buyer during the summer and even offering to step aside as CEO to facilitate the sale of the firm, being quoted as saying "We have two priorities, that the Lehman name and brand survive and that as many employees as possible be saved, and you'll notice our priority isn't price".[34]

In his 2009 book A Colossal Failure Of Common Sense, Larry McDonald—a senior Lehman Brothers trader in the years leading up to the crash—wrote that Fuld's "smoldering envy" of Goldman Sachs and other Wall Street rivals led him to ignore warnings from Lehman executives about the impending crash, and that Fuld insisted the firm's chief risk officer leave the boardroom during key discussions.[35]

In October 2008, Fuld was among twelve Lehman Brothers executives who received grand jury subpoenas in connection to three criminal investigations led by the United States Attorney's offices in the Eastern and Southern Districts of New York as well as the District of New Jersey, related to the alleged securities fraud associated with the collapse of the firm.[36][37][38]

On October 6, 2008, Fuld testified before the United States House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform regarding the causes and effects of the bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers.[39][40][41] During the testimony, Fuld was asked if he wondered why Lehman Brothers was the only firm that was allowed to fail, to which he responded: "Until the day they put me in the ground, I will wonder."[42]

The Report of Anton R. Valukas, the official court-mandated investigation into the Lehman bankruptcy, concluded that "While the business decisions that brought about the crisis were largely within the realm of acceptable business judgement, the actions to manipulate financial statements do give rise to "colorable claims", especially against the CEO and CFOs but also against the auditors. In the opinion of the Examiner, "colorable" is generally meant to mean that sufficient evidence exists to support legal action and possible recovery of losses." "Regarding liquidity, throughout 2008 Lehman made false claims of having billions of dollars in available cash to repay counterparties when in reality, significant portions of the reported amounts were in fact encumbered or otherwise unavailable for use. September 12, 2008, 2 days after reporting $41 billion in liquidity, true available funds totaled only $2 billion." Lehman filed for bankruptcy on September 15.

After Lehman Brothers

On November 10, 2008, Fuld transferred his Florida mansion to his wife Kathleen for $100. They had bought it four years earlier for $13.75 million.[43]

In March 2009, Fuld sent out an email stating that he had joined Matrix Advisors in New York City.[44]

In May 2010, Fuld was registered by the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA) as employed by Legend Securities, a securities brokerage and investment banking firm in New York.[45][46] Fuld left the firm in early 2012.[47]

By July 2015, Matrix Advisors, led by Fuld, had grown to about two dozen employees. The firm focuses on small and medium-sized enterprises, advising clients on a range of matters, from opening product distribution channels to completing mergers and acquisitions and sourcing private equity and venture capital funding.[48] By 2016 Matrix Private Capital LLC had $100 million in assets under management from 18 families. By November 2017 the company had expanded by opening offices in Los Angeles and Palm Beach.[49]

Also in mid-2015, Fuld put up for auction his 71-acre estate in Sun Valley, Idaho. The property was estimated to sell for $30 to $50 million in August 2015, but sold at auction in September for just over $20 million.[50]

As of 2018 Fuld remained critical of the government's decision not to bail out Lehman despite bailing out other financial firms in distress.[51] Fuld reserves his most pointed criticisms for his longtime rival, Henry Paulson, who ran Goldman Sachs Group Inc. before heading the U.S. Treasury during the financial crisis of 2007–2008. By 2018, almost all claims brought against Lehman since the bankruptcy had been resolved (with $4.1 billion remaining from $1.2 trillion).[52]

In a 2018 book on the subject, The Fed and Lehman Brothers: Setting the Record Straight on a Financial Disaster, Johns Hopkins University professor Laurence M. Ball argues that Lehman had ample collateral to justify a U.S. government loan that would have staved off bankruptcy, rejecting statements from former officials that such a bailout would have been illegal.[53] The Report of Anton R. Valukas, however, established that Lehman's assets were shrouded in uncertainty around the time of the bankruptcy, due to extensive balance sheet manipulation and accounting fraud.

Accolades and directorships

In 2006, Fuld was named No. 1 CEO in the Brokers & Asset Managers category, by Institutional Investor magazine.[54] In 2007 he received a $22 million bonus.[55]

Fuld at one time served on the board of directors of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, a position he ceased holding shortly before the bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers. He is a member of the International Business Council of the World Economic Forum and the Business Council. He also serves on the Board of Trustees of New York-Presbyterian Hospital. He was also on the board of directors of the Robin Hood Foundation but was removed from the Board following the Lehman Brothers bankruptcy.[56]

In October 2008, CNN named Fuld as one of the "Ten Most Wanted: Culprits of the Collapse" regarding the financial crisis of 2007–2008; he was placed 9th on the list.[57]

In December 2008, Fuld was given the "Lex Overpaid CEO" award of the Financial Times for having received $34 million in 2007 and $40.5 million in 2006, the last two years before his bank's failure.[58] The total compensation he received from 2000 until the bankruptcy was $484 million [59]

References

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  2. ^ Vanity Fair: "Lehman’s Desperate Housewives" By Vicky Ward April 2010
  3. ^ https://www.forbes.com/lists/2006/54/biz_06rich400_Richard-S-Fuld-Jr_A9P0.html
  4. ^ Lehman files for Chapter 11 bankruptcy, TheStreet.com, September 15, 2008
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  8. ^ "jewage.org". jewage.org. Retrieved October 13, 2020.
  9. ^ "nndb.com". nndb.com. Retrieved April 4, 2011.
  10. ^ "Tampa Bay Rays news and notes". St. Petersburg Times. February 28, 2011. Archived from the original on May 31, 2015. Retrieved April 4, 2011.
  11. ^ Carney, John (June 4, 2009). "Dick Fuld's Old Boarding School Builds a Trading Floor Classroom". Business Insider. Retrieved June 12, 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  12. ^ "Lehman Brothers CEO To Speak At CU-Boulder Graduate School Of Business Commencement" (Press release). University of Colorado Boulder. April 27, 2001. Archived from the original on April 9, 2016. Retrieved September 29, 2008.
  13. ^ Peter Robison; Yalman Onaran (September 15, 2008). "Fuld's Subprime Bets Fueled Profit, Undermined Lehman". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on January 18, 2013. Retrieved September 23, 2008. Fuld earned a BA from the University of Colorado and an MBA from New York University's Stern School of Business.
  14. ^ Roose, Kevin (2014). Young Money: Inside the Hidden World of Wall Street's Post-Crash Recruits. London, UK: John Murray (Publishers), An Hachette UK Company. p. 206. ISBN 978-1-47361-161-0.
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  16. ^ "Richard S. Fuld Jr". Wall Street Journal. August 31, 2014.
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  26. ^ Clikeman, Paul M. (2019). Called to Account: Financial Frauds that Shaped the Accounting Profession. Routledge. ISBN 9780429830785.
  27. ^ Kristof, Nicholas D. (September 18, 2008). "Nicholas D. Kristof: $17,000 an hour. No success required". International Herald Tribune. Retrieved April 4, 2011.
  28. ^ "CEO Compensation for Richard S. Fuld Jr", Equilar.com
  29. ^ Green, Joshua (September 12, 2013). "Where Is Dick Fuld Now? Finding Lehman Brothers' Last CEO". Bloomberg Businessweek.
  30. ^ Anderson, Jenny (October 28, 2007). "The Survivor". The New York Times.
  31. ^ Susan Antilla. "Top 10 lessons from Lehman Brothers fiasco". The Journal Gazette. Archived from the original on March 28, 2010. Retrieved December 15, 2014.
  32. ^ Jonathan Kennedy (August 22, 2008). "Dick Bove: Lehman (LEH) CEO Fuld Hopeless, Hostile Takeover At $20 Per Share". Business Insider. Retrieved April 4, 2011.
  33. ^ Ward, Vicky (October 20, 2009). "Lehman's Desperate Housewives". Vanity Fair. Retrieved April 4, 2011.
  34. ^ Steve Fishman (November 30, 2008). "Burning Down His House". New York.
  35. ^ McDonald, Larry (2009). A Colossal Failure Of Common Sense. London: Ebury Press. p. 268. ISBN 978-0-12-558822-5. Retrieved December 15, 2014.
  36. ^ David B. Caruso (October 17, 2008). "Prosecutors subpoena ex-Lehman CEO Richard Fuld". Associated Press via Google. Archived from the original on October 31, 2008. Retrieved October 29, 2008.
  37. ^ "Former Lehman Brothers CEO subpoenaed". CNN. October 17, 2008. Retrieved October 29, 2008. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  38. ^ Joe Sabo (October 17, 2008). "Lehman Executives Including Fuld Subpoenaed, New York Post Says". Bloomberg. Retrieved October 29, 2008.
  39. ^ Committee Holds Hearing on Causes and Effects of the Lehman Brothers Bankruptcy Retrieved October 6, 2008 Archived October 9, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  40. ^ Fuld's testimony Archived August 26, 2009, at the Wayback Machine (PDF) Retrieved October 6, 2008.
  41. ^ Bill Berkrot, Reuters "Lehman's Fuld to testify at congressional hearing" retrieved October 3, 2008.
  42. ^ Fitzgibbons, Patrick (October 7, 2008). "Lehman's Fuld: Where was our U.S. bailout?". reuters.com. Retrieved January 28, 2017.
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  47. ^ "Fuld: I'm not built for Street life". New York Post. February 24, 2012.
  48. ^ Delaney, Jess (July 20, 2015). "Inside Ex–Lehman Boss Dick Fuld's New Firm, Matrix Advisors". Institutional Investor. Retrieved August 10, 2015.
  49. ^ "Richard Fuld building career in wealth management 10 years after Lehman". Private Banker International. September 11, 2018. Retrieved January 5, 2019.
  50. ^ Garcia, Ahiza. "Ex-Lehman CEO Richard Fuld to auction off Idaho estate". CNNMoney. Retrieved August 10, 2015.
  51. ^ Justin Baer and Gregory Zuckerman (September 6, 2018). "Branded a Villain, Lehman's Dick Fuld Chases Redemption". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved January 6, 2019.
  52. ^ Zuckerman, Justin Baer and Gregory. "Branded a Villain, Lehman's Dick Fuld Chases Redemption". WSJ. Retrieved October 7, 2019.
  53. ^ Ball, Laurence M. (2018). The Fed and Lehman Brothers : setting the record straight on a financial disaster. Cambridge, United Kingdom. ISBN 9781108372862.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  54. ^ "Best CEO's Expanded Table". Institutional Investor. January 22, 2007.
  55. ^ Lehman CEO Fuld's hubris contributed to meltdown, Reuters, September 14, 2008
  56. ^ Lehman Chief: Subprime's End-Near; Pain-Not Over, Forbes, April 16, 2008
  57. ^ "Culprits of the Collapse". CNN. October 10, 2008. Retrieved April 4, 2011.
  58. ^ "Overpaid CEO award". Financial Times: 12. December 22, 2008.
  59. ^ "Lehman Brothers Boss Defends $484 Million in Salary, Bonus". ABC. October 6, 2008. Retrieved April 4, 2020.
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  61. ^ "All That Glitters". The New Yorker. October 31, 2011. Retrieved October 29, 2011.
  62. ^ "'Margin Call': A Financial-Crisis Film That's on the Money". The Atlantic. October 31, 2011. Retrieved October 29, 2011.
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