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Country Profile. xxv
Introduction. xli
Chapter 1. Historical Setting. 1
- EARLY HISTORY. 3
  - Kush. 4
  - Meroe. 5
  - Christian Nubia. 7
- THE COMING OF ISLAM . 8
  - The Arabs. 10
  - The Decline of Christian Nubia. 11
  - The Rule of the Kashif. . 12
  - The Funj. 12
  - The Fur. 13
  - Southern Groups. 14
- THE TURKIYYAH, 1821-85 . 14
- THE MAHDIYYAH, 1885-98 . 17
  - The Khalifa. 20
  - The Reconquest of Sudan. 21
- THE ANGLO-EGYPTIAN CONDOMINIUM, 1899-1955 . 22
  - Britain’s Southern Policy. 26
  - The Rise of Sudanese Nationalism. 27
  - The Road to Independence. 28
  - The South and the Unity of Sudan. 29
- INDEPENDENT SUDAN . 31
  - The Politics of Independence. 31
  - The Abbud Military Government, 1958-64. 33
  - Return to Civilian Rule, 1964-69. 34
- THE AL-NUMAYRI ERA, 1969-85 . 36
  - The Revolutionary Command Council. 36
  - The Southern Problem. 38
  - Political Developments. 39
  - National Reconciliation. 40
  - Economic Developments since Independence. 41
- THE TRANSITIONAL MILITARY COUNCIL . 42
- SADIQ AL-MAHDI AND COALITION
- GOVERNMENTS . 43
- UMAR AL-BASHIR AND THE ISLAMIST REVOLUTION . 44
  - Hassan al-Turabi and the Islamization of Sudan. 50
  - Sudan and International Terrorism. 53
  - The Peace Process in Southern Sudan. 56
Chapter 2. The Society and Its Environment. 59
- PHYSICAL SETTING. 62
  - Geographic Regions. 63
  - Soils. 66 Y Geography of Sudan
  - Hydrology. 67 Y Geography of Sudan
  - Climate. 70 Y Geography of Sudan
- POPULATION. 71
- MIGRATION AND REFUGEES . 73
- ETHNICITY AND LANGUAGES. 76
  - Ethnicity. 76
  - Languages. 77
- ETHNIC GROUPS . 79
  - Muslim Peoples. 79
  - Non-Muslim Peoples. 87
  - Regionalism and Ethnicity. 93
- RELIGIOUS LIFE. 96
  - Islam: Tenets and Practice. 96
  - Islamic Movements and Religious Orders. 100
  - Christianity. 103
  - Indigenous African Religions. 106
- SOCIAL ORDER. 109 Y Sudanese society
  - Northern Society. 110 Y Sudanese society
  - Southern Communities. Ill N relevant to South Sudan, may revisit later
  - Urban and National Elites. 114 Y Sudanese society
  - Women and the Family. 118 ? We already have the relatively well-developed Gender inequality in Sudan; need to sort out what may be new
- EDUCATION. 120
  - Development of the Education System. 121
  - Primary and Secondary Education. 123
  - Educational Opportunity. 125 Y Education in Sudan
  - Female Education . 127 Y Education in Sudan
  - Higher Education . 128 Y Education in Sudan
- HEALTH. 132
  - Regional Disparities. 132
  - Healthcare. 134
  - Diseases. 136
Chapter 3. The Economy. 141
- HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT. 144 Y Economic history of Sudan
  - The Colonial Period. 144 Y Economic history of Sudan
  - The Postcolonial Period. 144 Y Economic history of Sudan
- STRUCTURE OF THE ECONOMY. 147
  - Overview of the Economy. 147
  - Gross Domestic Product. 148
  - Prices and Inflation. 150
  - Privatization. 150
  - Foreign Investment. 151
- ROLE OF THE GOVERNMENT. 153
  - Development Planning and the Debt. 153
  - The Budget. 155
  - Foreign Aid. 156
- MONEY AND BANKING. 160
  - Currency. 160
  - Banking. 161 Y Banking in Sudan
  - Islamic Banking. 163 Y Banking in Sudan
- LABOR FORCE, WAGES, AND UNIONS . 164
  - Labor Force. 164 Y Labor force in Sudan
  - The Informal Sector. 166
  - Wages. 168 Y Minimum wage in Sudan, 1997 Labour Code
  - Unions. 169 Y Labor unions in Sudan
- AGRICULTURE, LIVESTOCK, FISHERIES, AND FORESTRY. 171 Y Mainly Agriculture in Sudan, as indicated below
  - Land Use. 172 Y Agriculture in Sudan
  - Land Tenure. 173 Y Agriculture in Sudan
  - Agriculture. 174 Y Agriculture in Sudan, History of irrigation in Sudan
  - Crops. 181 Y Agriculture in Sudan
  - Livestock. 183 Y Agriculture in Sudan
  - Fisheries. 186 Y Fishing in Sudan
  - Forestry. 187 Y Forestry in Sudan
- INDUSTRY. 189
  - Manufacturing. 189 Y Manufacturing in Sudan
  - Energy. 192 Y Energy in Sudan
  - Mining. 196
  - Petroleum. 197 Y Petroleum industry in Sudan
- TRANSPORTATION AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS . . 201
  - Railroads . 201
  - Roads. 205
  - Inland Waterways. 206
  - Civil Aviation. 208
  - Marine Ports and Shipping. 209
  - Pipelines. 210
  - Telecommunications. 211
- INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND BALANCE OF PAYMENTS. 213 Y Foreign trade of Sudan
  - International Trade. 213 Y Foreign trade of Sudan
  - Balance of Payments. 215 Y Foreign trade of Sudan
- PROSPECTS FOR THE FUTURE . 216 N not appropriate for an encyclopedia
Chapter 4. Government and Politics. 221
- THE AL-BASHIR ERA. 224
  - Institutions of Government. 227
  - Recent Constitutional Developments. 228 Y Constitution of Sudan
  - The Federal System. 229
  - Elections. 232
  - Corruption and Governance Issues. 234 N Corruption in Sudan is already well developed.
  - The Presidency. 235
  - National Council of Ministers. 237
  - South Sudan Council of Ministers. 238
  - National Legislature. 239
  - South Sudan Legislative Assembly. 240
  - Civil Service. 241
  - State and Local Government. 242
- THE LEGAL SYSTEM . 244 Y Legal system of Sudan
  - The Courts. 245 Y Legal system of Sudan
  - Sharia Law. 248 Y Legal system of Sudan
  - Human Rights. 249
- POLITICAL GROUPS. 251
  - National Congress Party. 253
  - Popular Congress Party. 254 Y Popular Congress Party, Hassan al-Turabi, Islamism in Sudan
  - Umma. 256
  - Democratic Unionist Party. 258
  - National Democratic Alliance . 259
  - Sudanese National Alliance . 260 Y Sudanese National Alliance
  - Sudan Communist Party. 260
  - Other Northern Political Groups. 261
  - Western Political Groups. 261
  - Eastern Political Groups. 262
  - Sudan People’s Liberation Movement. 263
  - Other Southern Groups. 264
- REGIONAL DYNAMICS AND CONFLICT . 266
  - South Sudan. 267
  - Western Sudan. 269
  - Eastern Sudan. 270
- INFORMATION MEDIA. 271
  - Print Media. 272 Y Media of Sudan
  - Radio, Television, and Internet. 274 Y Media of Sudan
- FOREIGN RELATIONS . 275
  - Egypt. 277 Y Egypt–Sudan relations
  - Libya. 278 Y Libya–Sudan relations
  - Ethiopia and Eritrea. 280 Y Eritrea–Sudan relations, Ethiopia–Sudan relations
  - Chad and the Central African Republic. 282 Y Central African Republic–Sudan relations, Chad–Sudan relations.
  - The Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda, and Kenya. 284
  - African Regional Organizations. 286 Y Foreign relations of Sudan
  - Iraq, Iran, Saudi Arabia, and Yemen. 287 Y Iran–Sudan relations, Foreign relations of Sudan, Foreign relations of Iraq, Foreign relations of Yemen
  - Arab and Islamic Organizations. 288 Y Foreign relations of Sudan
  - China, Russia, India, and Malaysia. 289 Y Malaysia–Sudan relations, India–Sudan relations; N China–Sudan relations is already well-developed; ? Russia–Sudan relations
  - European Union, Britain, and France. 291 Y Foreign relations of Sudan, Foreign relations of France, Sudan–United Kingdom relations
  - United States. 292 Y Sudan–United States relations
  - United Nations. 294 Y Foreign relations of Sudan
- OUTLOOK. 296 N not appropriate for an encyclopedia
Chapter 5. National Security. 299
- THE MILITARY IN NATIONAL LIFE. 302
  - Early Development of the Armed Forces. 302
  - World War I. 303
  - The Interwar Period. 304
  - The Italian-Ethiopian War and World War II. 305
  - Role in Government. 306
  - The Armed Forces in Sudanese Society. 310
- EXTERNAL SECURITY CONCERNS . 312
  - Relations with Neighboring States. 312
  - United States-Sudanese Relations. 316 ? Sudan–United States relations
- CIVIL WARFARE IN THE SOUTH AND WEST. 317
  - First Southern Civil War, 1955-72 . 317
  - Second Southern Civil War, 1983-2005 . 318
  - Security Provisions of the CPA. 321
  - The War in Darfur, 2003-11 . 324
  - AU and UN Forces in Darfur. 329
- THE SUDAN ARMED FORCES . 330
  - Army. 331
  - Air Force. 333 ? Sudanese Air Force
  - Navy. 334
  - Personnel. 334
  - Training. 336
  - Defense Expenditures. 337
- THE SUDANESE PEOPLE’S LIBERATION MOVEMENT/ARMY . 337
- PARAMILITARY GROUPS AND FORCED MIGRATION. 340
  - Militias. 340
  - Forced Migration. 343
- FOREIGN MILITARY ASSISTANCE. 344 Y Sudanese Armed Forces
- INTERNAL SECURITY AGENCIES. 348
  - The Sudan Police Force. 348 Y Law enforcement in Sudan
  - Security and Intelligence Apparatus . 351
- THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM . 353
  - Criminal Courts and Laws. 353
  - The Prison System. 356 Y Prisons in Sudan
- FUTURE PROSPECTS . 358

@@ Line 43: / Line 43: @@
 ***Geographic Regions. 63
 ***Soils. 66 {{Checkmark}} [[Geography of Sudan]]
-***Hydrology. 67
+***Hydrology. 67 {{Checkmark}} [[Geography of Sudan]]
-***Climate. 70
+***Climate. 70 {{Checkmark}} [[Geography of Sudan]]
 **POPULATION. 71
 **MIGRATION AND REFUGEES . 73