Constanza, Dominican Republic: Difference between revisions
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[[File:Robert Schomburgk (IZ 44-1865 S 228 E G).jpg|left|thumb|200px|Sir Robert Schomburgk]]The name of Constanza has its origin in the legend the daughter of a local [[Taíno people|taino]] [[cacique|chief]] who lived in the valley. Constanza was a sparsely populated area, though several explorers knew the valley in colonial times, and there was a settler named Victoriano Velano who brought European agriculture and ranching culture to the area in 1750. |
[[File:Robert Schomburgk (IZ 44-1865 S 228 E G).jpg|left|thumb|200px|Sir Robert Schomburgk]]The name of Constanza has its origin in the legend the daughter of a local [[Taíno people|taino]] [[cacique|chief]] who lived in the valley. Constanza was a sparsely populated area, though several explorers knew the valley in colonial times, and there was a settler named Victoriano Velano who brought European agriculture and ranching culture to the area in 1750. |
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In 1852, the [[Germans|German]]-[[United Kingdom|British]] explorer and consul Sir [[Robert Hermann Schomburgk]] mentions the existence of a farm in the valley of Constanza. The town was formally founded in 1894. It has been incorporated into a municipality in the La Vega province on September 9, 1907. |
In 1852, the [[Germans|German]]-[[United Kingdom|British]] explorer and consul Sir [[Robert Hermann Schomburgk]] mentions the existence of a farm in the valley of Constanza. The town was formally founded in 1894. It has been incorporated into a municipality in the La Vega province on September 9, 1907. |
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On June 14, 1959 a plane landed in an airstrip with more than forty rebels with the purpose of killing the dictator [[Rafael Trujillo]]. They fought [[guerrillas]] in the nearby mountains, and after two months against the [[Dominican Army]] managed to end the rebellion. |
On June 14, 1959 a plane landed in an airstrip with more than forty rebels with the purpose of killing the dictator [[Rafael Trujillo]]. They fought [[guerrillas]] in the nearby mountains, and after two months against the [[Dominican Army]] managed to end the rebellion. |
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==Geography== |
==Geography== |
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The town of Constanza is located at a height of 1220 meters (4000 ft) above sea level in the middle of the ''Cordillera Central'' (Central Range). Annual average temperatures range from 41 °F (5 °C) to 68 °F (20 °C), depending on altitude. The valley is 8 km long and 4 km wide. |
The town of Constanza is located at a height of 1220 meters (4000 ft) above sea level in the middle of the ''Cordillera Central'' (Central Range). Annual average temperatures range from 41 °F (5 °C) to 68 °F (20 °C), depending on altitude. The valley is 8 km long and 4 km wide. |
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== Climate == |
== Climate == |
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| location = Santo Domingo |
| location = Santo Domingo |
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| language = Spanish |
| language = Spanish |
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| |
| access-date = December 2010 |
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| url-status = dead |
| url-status = dead |
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| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110928214817/http://www.onamet.gov.do/descargas/2011/PRONOSTICO%20TURISTICO/MENSUAL/BOLETIN%20TURISTICO%20ENERO%20%202011.pdf |
| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110928214817/http://www.onamet.gov.do/descargas/2011/PRONOSTICO%20TURISTICO/MENSUAL/BOLETIN%20TURISTICO%20ENERO%20%202011.pdf |
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| archivedate = 2011-09-28 |
| archivedate = 2011-09-28 |
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}}</ref> to 18 °C in town. |
}}</ref> to 18 °C in town. |
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In [[summer]], temperatures range between 25 °C to 27 °C during the day, and between 12 °C to 15 °C at night. [[Wildfire]]s are relatively common. In [[winter]], the temperatures are between 21 and 24 °C at day, and 8 to 12 °C at night. [[Fog]] is quite common. The last time that Constanza had freezing temperatures was on 1958; while in [[Valle Nuevo]] freezes are usual.<ref name="E-Map">{{cite web |
In [[summer]], temperatures range between 25 °C to 27 °C during the day, and between 12 °C to 15 °C at night. [[Wildfire]]s are relatively common. In [[winter]], the temperatures are between 21 and 24 °C at day, and 8 to 12 °C at night. [[Fog]] is quite common. The last time that Constanza had freezing temperatures was on 1958; while in [[Valle Nuevo]] freezes are usual.<ref name="E-Map">{{cite web |
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|at = Valle Nuevo |
|at = Valle Nuevo |
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|language = Spanish |
|language = Spanish |
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| |
|access-date = June 5, 2011 |
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|url-status = dead |
|url-status = dead |
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|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110719133746/http://www.onamet.gov.do/estaciones/ |
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110719133746/http://www.onamet.gov.do/estaciones/ |
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| language = Spanish |
| language = Spanish |
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|trans-title=Dominican weather Ephemeris |
|trans-title=Dominican weather Ephemeris |
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| |
| access-date = March 26, 2011 |
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}}</ref> The coldest temperature was –1 °C, recorded on February 6, 1958.<ref>[https://archive.is/20120905232219/http://www.cig.gob.do/app3/article.aspx?id=29644 Centro de Información Gubernamental—Ministerio de la Presidencia]</ref> |
}}</ref> The coldest temperature was –1 °C, recorded on February 6, 1958.<ref>[https://archive.is/20120905232219/http://www.cig.gob.do/app3/article.aspx?id=29644 Centro de Información Gubernamental—Ministerio de la Presidencia]</ref> |
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|year sun= |
|year sun= |
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<!--Mandatory fields, source--> |
<!--Mandatory fields, source--> |
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|source 1= <ref name=clima >{{Cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=WtcOAQAAIAAJ&q=Valle+Nuevo+Constanza+temperatura&pg=PA79 |title= Contribución al conocimiento del clima de la Isla de Santo Domingo |publisher= | |
|source 1= <ref name=clima >{{Cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=WtcOAQAAIAAJ&q=Valle+Nuevo+Constanza+temperatura&pg=PA79 |title= Contribución al conocimiento del clima de la Isla de Santo Domingo |publisher= |access-date= April 11, 2011 }}</ref> |
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<!--For a second source--> |
<!--For a second source--> |
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|source 2= <!-- <ref name= > {{Cite web |url= |título= |title= |publisher= |accessdate= }}</ref> --> |
|source 2= <!-- <ref name= > {{Cite web |url= |título= |title= |publisher= |accessdate= }}</ref> --> |
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==Economy== |
==Economy== |
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The local economy is based on |
The local economy is based on its robust agricultural industry. It has a high production of vegetables and fruits including [[Strawberry|strawberries]], [[peach]]es, [[apple]]s, [[garlic]] and [[potato]] and other temperate crops due to its unique climate. The town of Constanza alone contributes to 4% of the national GDP, while only having 0.6252% of the Dominican population making it one of the most prosperous municipalities in the country per capita.<ref>{{cite news |title=Economía & Negocios miércoles, 09 de noviembre de 2011 Constanza siembra lo que el país le solicita |url=https://listindiario.com/economia/2011/11/09/210279/constanza-siembra-lo-que-el-pais-le-solicita}}</ref> |
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==Tourism== |
==Tourism== |
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Constanza is known for its remarkable mountain climate despite being located in a tropical island. Local tourism is very often during winter time. Throughout the rest of the year it is visited because of its closeness to the scientific reserve of ''Ebano Verde'' and also to have the nearest route to the [[Pico Duarte]], the tallest mountain in the [[Caribbean]]. |
Constanza is known for its remarkable mountain climate despite being located in a tropical island. Local tourism is very often during winter time. Throughout the rest of the year it is visited because of its closeness to the scientific reserve of ''Ebano Verde'' and also to have the nearest route to the [[Pico Duarte]], the tallest mountain in the [[Caribbean]]. |
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[[File:Iglesia_de_Constanza_245.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Church of Constanza.]] |
[[File:Iglesia_de_Constanza_245.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Church of Constanza.]] |
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==Ecology== |
==Ecology== |
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The nearby scientific reserve of ''Ebano Verde'' is the stronghold of the widest variety of flora and fauna of [[Hispaniola]]. The mountains surrounding the valley of Constanza are covered in [[Hispaniolan pine forests|Hispaniolan pine]] (''Pinus occidentalis'') forests. Typical fauna seen in the area includes the Hispaniolan [[palm crow]], [[Antillean siskin]], [[rufous-throated solitaire]], [[Hispaniolan crossbill]] (abundance directly related to pine cone crop), and [[Hispaniolan trogon]], while at lower elevations the [[Hispaniolan parrot]], [[scaly-naped pigeon]] and [[Golden swallow (bird)|golden swallow]] can be seen. |
The nearby scientific reserve of ''Ebano Verde'' is the stronghold of the widest variety of flora and fauna of [[Hispaniola]]. The mountains surrounding the valley of Constanza are covered in [[Hispaniolan pine forests|Hispaniolan pine]] (''Pinus occidentalis'') forests. Typical fauna seen in the area includes the Hispaniolan [[palm crow]], [[Antillean siskin]], [[rufous-throated solitaire]], [[Hispaniolan crossbill]] (abundance directly related to pine cone crop), and [[Hispaniolan trogon]], while at lower elevations the [[Hispaniolan parrot]], [[scaly-naped pigeon]] and [[Golden swallow (bird)|golden swallow]] can be seen. |
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==Demographics== |
==Demographics== |
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[[File:Colonia Japonesa.jpg|thumb|275px|right|[[Japanese settlement in the Dominican Republic|Japanese-Dominicans]] in Constanza]] |
[[File:Colonia Japonesa.jpg|thumb|275px|right|[[Japanese settlement in the Dominican Republic|Japanese-Dominicans]] in Constanza]] |
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Constanza has 59,052 inhabitants. A large part of |
Constanza has 59,052 inhabitants. A large part of its population descends from Spanish immigrants (from Burgos, Palencia and Vizcaya), Hungarians, [[Japanese settlement in the Dominican Republic|Japanese]], as well as a smaller number of Arabs, Jews, and [[Ethnic Chinese in the Dominican Republic|Chinese]]. The people of Constanza usually live in colonies where they live according to the customs of their ancestors. The three most prominent and particular colonies are the Spanish Colony, a few meters from the entrance of the city, the Hungarian Colony, to the southeast, and the Japanese Colony, to the south on the road that leads to Valle Nuevo and San José de Ocoa. |
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Many of these migrant groups were encouraged to come to the Dominican Republic during the infamous dictatorship of [[Rafael Trujillo|Trujillo]]. Now some two or three generations on their presence is still substantial in the area. They were attracted by the cooler climate that goes on all year round. |
Many of these migrant groups were encouraged to come to the Dominican Republic during the infamous dictatorship of [[Rafael Trujillo|Trujillo]]. Now some two or three generations on their presence is still substantial in the area. They were attracted by the cooler climate that goes on all year round. |
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Revision as of 02:12, 27 October 2020
Constanza | |
|---|---|
 Aerial view of Constanza | |
  Constanza | |
| Coordinates: 18°54′36″N 70°45′0″W / 18.91000°N 70.75000°W | |
| Country |  Dominican Republic |
| Province | La Vega |
| Area | |
• Total | 848.79 km2 (327.72 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 1,164 m (3,819 ft) |
| Population (2010)[3] | |
• Total | 59,052 |
| • Density | 70/km2 (180/sq mi) |
| • Urban | 25,683 |
| • Demonym | Constantian (Spanish: constanceño) |
| Distance to – Santo Domingo | 140 km |
| Municipal Districts | 2 |
| Climate | Cwb |
Constanza is a town and municipality in La Vega Province, Dominican Republic. Located in the Cordillera Central region Constanza is known for having the highest elevation and coldest temperature in the island as well as the entire Caribbean.
History
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The name of Constanza has its origin in the legend the daughter of a local taino chief who lived in the valley. Constanza was a sparsely populated area, though several explorers knew the valley in colonial times, and there was a settler named Victoriano Velano who brought European agriculture and ranching culture to the area in 1750.
In 1852, the German-British explorer and consul Sir Robert Hermann Schomburgk mentions the existence of a farm in the valley of Constanza. The town was formally founded in 1894. It has been incorporated into a municipality in the La Vega province on September 9, 1907.
On June 14, 1959 a plane landed in an airstrip with more than forty rebels with the purpose of killing the dictator Rafael Trujillo. They fought guerrillas in the nearby mountains, and after two months against the Dominican Army managed to end the rebellion.
Geography
The town of Constanza is located at a height of 1220 meters (4000 ft) above sea level in the middle of the Cordillera Central (Central Range). Annual average temperatures range from 41 °F (5 °C) to 68 °F (20 °C), depending on altitude. The valley is 8 km long and 4 km wide.
Climate
Its climate is a temperate oceanic or Atlantic climate (Köppen Climate Classification Cfb), with cool temperatures and rainfall throughout the year. The average annual temperature varies from less than 10 °C in highlands[4] to 18 °C in town.
In summer, temperatures range between 25 °C to 27 °C during the day, and between 12 °C to 15 °C at night. Wildfires are relatively common. In winter, the temperatures are between 21 and 24 °C at day, and 8 to 12 °C at night. Fog is quite common. The last time that Constanza had freezing temperatures was on 1958; while in Valle Nuevo freezes are usual.[5] Snow can fall in the highest peaks of Valle Nuevo, but it is becoming a rare event and accumulation almost no longer occurs.
The highest temperature ever recorded in town was 32.5 °C, on October 3, 1957.[6] The coldest temperature was –1 °C, recorded on February 6, 1958.[7]
| Climate data for Constanza (1971–2000) (COZ—Expedición 14 de Junio Airport; 1.164 m) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 29.0 (84.2) |
30.0 (86.0) |
31.5 (88.7) |
29.8 (85.6) |
31.0 (87.8) |
30.5 (86.9) |
31.5 (88.7) |
31.0 (87.8) |
32.0 (89.6) |
32.5 (90.5) |
29.5 (85.1) |
28.8 (83.8) |
32.5 (90.5) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 23.2 (73.8) |
23.8 (74.8) |
24.7 (76.5) |
25.0 (77.0) |
25.4 (77.7) |
26.1 (79.0) |
26.3 (79.3) |
26.5 (79.7) |
26.3 (79.3) |
25.8 (78.4) |
24.5 (76.1) |
23.2 (73.8) |
25.1 (77.2) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 16.3 (61.3) |
16.7 (62.1) |
17.7 (63.9) |
18.3 (64.9) |
19.0 (66.2) |
19.5 (67.1) |
19.7 (67.5) |
19.8 (67.6) |
19.6 (67.3) |
19.2 (66.6) |
18.1 (64.6) |
16.9 (62.4) |
18.4 (65.1) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 9.4 (48.9) |
9.7 (49.5) |
10.6 (51.1) |
11.7 (53.1) |
12.7 (54.9) |
12.9 (55.2) |
13.1 (55.6) |
13.1 (55.6) |
12.9 (55.2) |
12.6 (54.7) |
11.7 (53.1) |
10.6 (51.1) |
11.8 (53.2) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 0.0 (32.0) |
−1.0 (30.2) |
2.7 (36.9) |
1.5 (34.7) |
4.0 (39.2) |
3.0 (37.4) |
4.0 (39.2) |
5.0 (41.0) |
5.0 (41.0) |
4.0 (39.2) |
3.0 (37.4) |
3.6 (38.5) |
−1.0 (30.2) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 26.9 (1.06) |
31.2 (1.23) |
36.4 (1.43) |
57.8 (2.28) |
167.5 (6.59) |
96.1 (3.78) |
64.3 (2.53) |
133.4 (5.25) |
128.5 (5.06) |
102.0 (4.02) |
70.7 (2.78) |
41.8 (1.65) |
956.6 (37.66) |
| Average rainy days | 6 | — | — | 8 | 14 | 9 | 7 | 10 | 11 | 11 | — | — | — |
| Source 1: National Bureau of Meteorology (ONAMET) (in Spanish) | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: freemeteo.com [20] — acqweather.com [21] [22] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Valle Nuevo, Constanza (Weather station; 2.260 m) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 17 (63) |
17 (63) |
18 (64) |
19 (66) |
18 (64) |
19 (66) |
20 (68) |
21 (70) |
20 (68) |
19 (66) |
18 (64) |
18 (64) |
19 (66) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 9 (48) |
10 (50) |
11 (52) |
11 (52) |
11 (52) |
12 (54) |
13 (55) |
14 (57) |
14 (57) |
13 (55) |
11 (52) |
10 (50) |
12 (54) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 2 (36) |
2 (36) |
3 (37) |
4 (39) |
6 (43) |
6 (43) |
7 (45) |
8 (46) |
7 (45) |
7 (45) |
5 (41) |
3 (37) |
5 (41) |
| Source: [8] | |||||||||||||
Economy
The local economy is based on its robust agricultural industry. It has a high production of vegetables and fruits including strawberries, peaches, apples, garlic and potato and other temperate crops due to its unique climate. The town of Constanza alone contributes to 4% of the national GDP, while only having 0.6252% of the Dominican population making it one of the most prosperous municipalities in the country per capita.[9]
Tourism
Constanza is known for its remarkable mountain climate despite being located in a tropical island. Local tourism is very often during winter time. Throughout the rest of the year it is visited because of its closeness to the scientific reserve of Ebano Verde and also to have the nearest route to the Pico Duarte, the tallest mountain in the Caribbean.
Ecology
The nearby scientific reserve of Ebano Verde is the stronghold of the widest variety of flora and fauna of Hispaniola. The mountains surrounding the valley of Constanza are covered in Hispaniolan pine (Pinus occidentalis) forests. Typical fauna seen in the area includes the Hispaniolan palm crow, Antillean siskin, rufous-throated solitaire, Hispaniolan crossbill (abundance directly related to pine cone crop), and Hispaniolan trogon, while at lower elevations the Hispaniolan parrot, scaly-naped pigeon and golden swallow can be seen.
Transportation
The town can be reached either by local airlines through the Constanza Airport or through local bus companies.
Demographics
Constanza has 59,052 inhabitants. A large part of its population descends from Spanish immigrants (from Burgos, Palencia and Vizcaya), Hungarians, Japanese, as well as a smaller number of Arabs, Jews, and Chinese. The people of Constanza usually live in colonies where they live according to the customs of their ancestors. The three most prominent and particular colonies are the Spanish Colony, a few meters from the entrance of the city, the Hungarian Colony, to the southeast, and the Japanese Colony, to the south on the road that leads to Valle Nuevo and San José de Ocoa.
Many of these migrant groups were encouraged to come to the Dominican Republic during the infamous dictatorship of Trujillo. Now some two or three generations on their presence is still substantial in the area. They were attracted by the cooler climate that goes on all year round.
References
- ^ Superficies a nivel de municipios, Oficina Nacional de Estadistica Archived April 17, 2009, at the Wayback Machine (in Spanish)
- ^ De la Fuente, Santiago (1976). Geografía Dominicana (in Spanish). Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic: Editora Colegial Quisqueyana.
- ^ Censo 2012 de Población y Vivienda, Oficina Nacional de Estadistica (in Spanish)
- ^ National Bureau of Meteorology (ONAMET). "Pronóstico Turístico Mensual" (PDF) (in Spanish). Santo Domingo. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-09-28. Retrieved December 2010.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|access-date=(help) - ^ National Bureau of Meteorology (Oficina Nacional de Meteorología, ONAMET). "Red de Estaciones Automáticas" (in Spanish). Valle Nuevo. Archived from the original on July 19, 2011. Retrieved June 5, 2011.
- ^ Antonio Cocco Quezada. "Efemérides Meteorológicas Dominicanas" [Dominican weather Ephemeris] (in Spanish). ACQ & Asociados. Febrero 06 - 1958. Retrieved March 26, 2011.
- ^ Centro de Información Gubernamental—Ministerio de la Presidencia
- ^ Contribución al conocimiento del clima de la Isla de Santo Domingo. Retrieved April 11, 2011.
- ^ "Economía & Negocios miércoles, 09 de noviembre de 2011 Constanza siembra lo que el país le solicita".