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'''''Majma-ul-Bahrain''''' ({{lang-hi|मज्म 'उल बह् रैन'}}, {{lang-ur|{{Nastaliq|مجمع البحرین}}}}, "The Confluence of the Two Seas") is a book on [[comparative religion]] authored by [[Dara Shukoh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/prince-of-peace/article7015511.ece|title=Prince of peace}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/emperor-s-old-clothes/story-myjjDFPaNeS9JoLCrIY7NP.html|title=Emperor’s old clothes}}</ref><ref name="thewire">{{cite web|url=http://thewire.in/9549/why-we-should-oppose-the-aurangzebing-of-aurangzeb/|publisher=thewire.in|title=Why We Should Oppose the Aurangzebing of Aurangzeb - The Wire|accessdate=2016-11-19}}</ref> It was devoted to a revelation of the mystical and pluralistic affinities between [[Sufism|Sufic]] and [[Vedanta|Vedantic]] speculation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://scroll.in/article/814923/lahores-iconic-mosque-stood-witness-to-two-historic-moments-where-tolerance-gave-way-to-brutality|title=Lahore's iconic mosque stood witness to two historic moments where tolerance gave way to brutality}}</ref><ref>MAJMA' UL BAHARAIN or The Mingling Of Two Oceans, by Prince Muhammad Dara Shikoh, Edited in the Original Persian with English Translation, notes & variants by '''M.Mahfuz-ul-Haq''', ''published by'' '''The Asiatic Society, Kolkata''', Bibliotheca Indica Series no. 246, 1st. published 1929. See also [http://indianmuslims.in/dara-shikohs-two-oceans-book-review/ this] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090909192744/http://indianmuslims.in/dara-shikohs-two-oceans-book-review/ |date=2009-09-09 }} book review by [[Yoginder Sikand]], indianmuslims.in.</ref> It was one of the earliest works to explore both the diversity of religions and a [[Hindu–Muslim unity|unity of Islam and Hinduism]] and other religions.<ref>[http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/dalhousie-delhi-road-name-change-dara-shikoh-mughal-emperor-islam-hinduism-4512963/ On the road with the ‘good’ Mughal]</ref><ref>http://indianexpress.com/article/research/dalhousie-road-renamed-after-dara-shikoh-why-hindutva-right-wingers-favour-a-mughal-prince/</ref> The book was authored as a short treatise in Persian in 1654–55.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/columns/a-dangerous-influence-modi-govt-under-rss-control/story-6CC2UwjPV8z4yw4EvzlbBO.html|title=A dangerous influence: Modi govt under RSS control}}</ref><ref name="scroll">{{cite web|url=http://scroll.in/article/813769/why-repeat-vjapayees-slogans-when-you-do-not-have-his-credibility-sitaram-yechury|author=Sitaram Yechury|publisher=scroll.in|title=Why repeat Vajpayee&#39;s slogans when you do not have his credibility?: Sitaram Yechury|accessdate=2016-11-19}}</ref> Its Hindi version is called ''Samudra Sangam Grantha''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/standpoint-the-tradition-of-indo-persian-literature-1991974|title=The Tradition of Indo-Persian Literature}}</ref><ref name="exoticindiaart">{{cite web|url=http://www.exoticindiaart.com/book/details/majma-ul-bahrain-NZH404/|publisher=exoticindiaart.com|title=मज्म 'उल बह् रैन' (समुद्र संगम:) -Majma Ul Bahrain|accessdate=2016-11-19}}</ref><ref name="pustak">{{cite web|url=http://www.pustak.org/books/bookdetails/87|publisher=pustak.org|title=समुद्र संगम - भोला शंकर व्यास Samudra Sangam - Hindi book by - Bhola Shanker Vyas|accessdate=2016-11-19}}</ref>
'''''Majma-ul-Bahrain''''' ({{lang-hi|मज्म 'उल बह् रैन'}}, {{lang-ur|{{Nastaliq|مجمع البحرین}}}}, "The Confluence of the Two Seas" or "The Mingling of the Two Oceans") is a book on [[comparative religion]] authored by [[Mughal]] prince [[Dara Shukoh]] as a short treatise in [[Persian language|Persian]], c. 1654–55.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/prince-of-peace/article7015511.ece|title=Prince of peace}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/emperor-s-old-clothes/story-myjjDFPaNeS9JoLCrIY7NP.html|title=Emperor’s old clothes}}</ref><ref name="thewire">{{cite web|url=http://thewire.in/9549/why-we-should-oppose-the-aurangzebing-of-aurangzeb/|publisher=thewire.in|title=Why We Should Oppose the Aurangzebing of Aurangzeb - The Wire|accessdate=2016-11-19}}</ref> It was devoted to a revelation of the mystical and pluralistic affinities between [[Sufism|Sufic]] and [[Vedanta|Vedantic]] speculation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://scroll.in/article/814923/lahores-iconic-mosque-stood-witness-to-two-historic-moments-where-tolerance-gave-way-to-brutality|title=Lahore's iconic mosque stood witness to two historic moments where tolerance gave way to brutality}}</ref><ref>MAJMA' UL BAHARAIN or The Mingling Of Two Oceans, by Prince Muhammad Dara Shikoh, Edited in the Original Persian with English Translation, notes & variants by '''M.Mahfuz-ul-Haq''', ''published by'' '''The Asiatic Society, Kolkata''', Bibliotheca Indica Series no. 246, 1st. published 1929. See also [http://indianmuslims.in/dara-shikohs-two-oceans-book-review/ this] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090909192744/http://indianmuslims.in/dara-shikohs-two-oceans-book-review/ |date=2009-09-09 }} book review by [[Yoginder Sikand]], indianmuslims.in.</ref> It was one of the earliest works to explore both the diversity of religions and a [[Hindu–Muslim unity|unity of Islam and Hinduism]] and other religions.<ref>[http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/dalhousie-delhi-road-name-change-dara-shikoh-mughal-emperor-islam-hinduism-4512963/ On the road with the ‘good’ Mughal]</ref><ref>http://indianexpress.com/article/research/dalhousie-road-renamed-after-dara-shikoh-why-hindutva-right-wingers-favour-a-mughal-prince/</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/columns/a-dangerous-influence-modi-govt-under-rss-control/story-6CC2UwjPV8z4yw4EvzlbBO.html|title=A dangerous influence: Modi govt under RSS control}}</ref><ref name="scroll">{{cite web|url=http://scroll.in/article/813769/why-repeat-vjapayees-slogans-when-you-do-not-have-his-credibility-sitaram-yechury|author=Sitaram Yechury|publisher=scroll.in|title=Why repeat Vajpayee&#39;s slogans when you do not have his credibility?: Sitaram Yechury|accessdate=2016-11-19}}</ref> Its Hindi version is called ''Samudra Sangam Grantha''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/standpoint-the-tradition-of-indo-persian-literature-1991974|title=The Tradition of Indo-Persian Literature}}</ref><ref name="exoticindiaart">{{cite web|url=http://www.exoticindiaart.com/book/details/majma-ul-bahrain-NZH404/|publisher=exoticindiaart.com|title=मज्म 'उल बह् रैन' (समुद्र संगम:) -Majma Ul Bahrain|accessdate=2016-11-19}}</ref><ref name="pustak">{{cite web|url=http://www.pustak.org/books/bookdetails/87|publisher=pustak.org|title=समुद्र संगम - भोला शंकर व्यास Samudra Sangam - Hindi book by - Bhola Shanker Vyas|accessdate=2016-11-19}}</ref>


==Development==
==Background==
⚫
[[File:Dara Shikoh With Mian Mir And Mulla Shah.jpg|thumb|left|Shahzada Dara Shukoh seated with his spiritual master, [[Mian Mir]], c. 1635.]]
During the 16th century, the ''Maktab Khana'' (translation bureau of Emperor Akbar, lit. ''house of translation'') heavily contributed to altering the Muslim perception of Hinduism by translating works such as the ''Mahabharata'' into ''[[Razmnāma]]'' ([[Persian language|Persian]]: رزم نامہ), lit. ''Book of War''), the ''Ramayana'', and the ''Yoga Vashishta'' from ancient ‘’Sanskrit’’ into Persian, as the Emperor Akbar sought to "form a basis for a united search for truth" and "enable the people to understand the true spirit of their religion”.<ref>{{cite book |last=Shikuh |first=Dara |author-link= |date=1998 |title=The Mingling of the Two Oceans |url=https://www.themathesontrust.org/papers/hinduism/darashikoh-majma.pdf |location=Calcutta |publisher=The Asiatic Society |isbn=}}</ref> The Emperor’s efforts to cultivate ''[[Din-i_Ilahi#Ṣulḥ-i-kul|Ṣulḥ-i-Kul]]'' (literally meaning “peace with all,” “universal peace,” or “absolute peace,” as inspired by a Sufi mystic principles) throughout his [[Mughal Empire|empire]] continued in-spirit with his ancestor, Shahzada Dara Shukoh.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/entry/finding-tolerance-in-akba_b_3031746|title=Finding Tolerance in Akbar, the Philosopher-King}}</ref>


⚫
[[File:Dara Shikoh With Mian Mir And Mulla Shah.jpg|thumb|left|Shahzada Dara Shukoh seated with his spiritual master, [[Mian Mir]], c. 1635.]]
With a [[Perennial philosophy|perennial]] worldview similar to [[Kabir]] and his Mughal ancestor [[Akbar| Emperor Akbar]], Dara Shukoh sought to understand the similarities between the religions of the land around him. After his time as a disciple of [[Mian Mir]] (witnessing events such as the foundation of the [[Golden Temple]] of [[Amritsar]]), Dara Shukoh began compiling his spiritual and mystical learnings in a series of books written between 1640-1653. The learning which resulted in Majma-ul-Bahrain occurred during this time, specifically encompassing nine years of researching and studying the [[Brahmavidya]] and [[Qur'an]]. Dara Shukoh's learning caused him to travel across 14,000 km of the [[Indian subcontinent]], searching for mystical knowledge in places such as [[Ajmer]], [[Delhi]], [[Agra]], [[Allahabad]], [[Varanasi]], [[Kashmir]], and [[Gujarat]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/prince-of-peace/article7015511.ece|title=Prince of peace|first=Nadeem Naqvisanjeev|last=Arora|date=20 March 2015|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>
With a [[Perennial philosophy|perennial]] worldview similar to [[Kabir]] and his Mughal ancestor [[Akbar| Emperor Akbar]], Dara Shukoh sought to understand the similarities between the religions of the land around him. After his time as a disciple of [[Mian Mir]] (witnessing events such as the foundation of the [[Golden Temple]] of [[Amritsar]]), Dara Shukoh began compiling his spiritual and mystical learnings in a series of books written between 1640-1653. The learning which resulted in Majma-ul-Bahrain occurred during this time, specifically encompassing nine years of researching and studying the [[Brahmavidya]] and [[Qur'an]]. Dara Shukoh's learning caused him to travel across 14,000 km of the [[Indian subcontinent]], searching for mystical knowledge in places such as [[Ajmer]], [[Delhi]], [[Agra]], [[Allahabad]], [[Varanasi]], [[Kashmir]], and [[Gujarat]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/prince-of-peace/article7015511.ece|title=Prince of peace|first=Nadeem Naqvisanjeev|last=Arora|date=20 March 2015|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>


==Contents==
{{gallery
|File:Majma Ul Bahrain Samudra Sangam.png|Majma Ul Bahrain titled as Samudra Sangam in Hindi
|}}



==References==
==References==

Revision as of 20:16, 29 October 2020

Majma-ul-Bahrain
Majma-ul-Bahrain in the Victoria memorial, Calcutta.
AuthorDara Shukoh
Original titleمجمع البحرین
LanguageClassical Persian
SubjectComparative religion
Publishedc. 1655

Majma-ul-Bahrain (Template:Lang-hi, Template:Lang-ur, "The Confluence of the Two Seas" or "The Mingling of the Two Oceans") is a book on comparative religion authored by Mughal prince Dara Shukoh as a short treatise in Persian, c. 1654–55.[1][2][3] It was devoted to a revelation of the mystical and pluralistic affinities between Sufic and Vedantic speculation.[4][5] It was one of the earliest works to explore both the diversity of religions and a unity of Islam and Hinduism and other religions.[6][7][8][9] Its Hindi version is called Samudra Sangam Grantha.[10][11][12]

Background

Shahzada Dara Shukoh seated with his spiritual master, Mian Mir, c. 1635.

During the 16th century, the Maktab Khana (translation bureau of Emperor Akbar, lit. house of translation) heavily contributed to altering the Muslim perception of Hinduism by translating works such as the Mahabharata into Razmnāma (Persian: رزم نامہ), lit. Book of War), the Ramayana, and the Yoga Vashishta from ancient ‘’Sanskrit’’ into Persian, as the Emperor Akbar sought to "form a basis for a united search for truth" and "enable the people to understand the true spirit of their religion”.[13] The Emperor’s efforts to cultivate Ṣulḥ-i-Kul (literally meaning “peace with all,” “universal peace,” or “absolute peace,” as inspired by a Sufi mystic principles) throughout his empire continued in-spirit with his ancestor, Shahzada Dara Shukoh.[14]

With a perennial worldview similar to Kabir and his Mughal ancestor Emperor Akbar, Dara Shukoh sought to understand the similarities between the religions of the land around him. After his time as a disciple of Mian Mir (witnessing events such as the foundation of the Golden Temple of Amritsar), Dara Shukoh began compiling his spiritual and mystical learnings in a series of books written between 1640-1653. The learning which resulted in Majma-ul-Bahrain occurred during this time, specifically encompassing nine years of researching and studying the Brahmavidya and Qur'an. Dara Shukoh's learning caused him to travel across 14,000 km of the Indian subcontinent, searching for mystical knowledge in places such as Ajmer, Delhi, Agra, Allahabad, Varanasi, Kashmir, and Gujarat.[15]

Contents

References

  1. ^ "Prince of peace".
  2. ^ "Emperor's old clothes".
  3. ^ "Why We Should Oppose the Aurangzebing of Aurangzeb - The Wire". thewire.in. Retrieved 2016-11-19.
  4. ^ "Lahore's iconic mosque stood witness to two historic moments where tolerance gave way to brutality".
  5. ^ MAJMA' UL BAHARAIN or The Mingling Of Two Oceans, by Prince Muhammad Dara Shikoh, Edited in the Original Persian with English Translation, notes & variants by M.Mahfuz-ul-Haq, published by The Asiatic Society, Kolkata, Bibliotheca Indica Series no. 246, 1st. published 1929. See also this Archived 2009-09-09 at the Wayback Machine book review by Yoginder Sikand, indianmuslims.in.
  6. ^ On the road with the ‘good’ Mughal
  7. ^ http://indianexpress.com/article/research/dalhousie-road-renamed-after-dara-shikoh-why-hindutva-right-wingers-favour-a-mughal-prince/
  8. ^ "A dangerous influence: Modi govt under RSS control".
  9. ^ Sitaram Yechury. "Why repeat Vajpayee's slogans when you do not have his credibility?: Sitaram Yechury". scroll.in. Retrieved 2016-11-19.
  10. ^ "The Tradition of Indo-Persian Literature".
  11. ^ "मज्म 'उल बह् रैन' (समुद्र संगम:) -Majma Ul Bahrain". exoticindiaart.com. Retrieved 2016-11-19.
  12. ^ "समुद्र संगम - भोला शंकर व्यास Samudra Sangam - Hindi book by - Bhola Shanker Vyas". pustak.org. Retrieved 2016-11-19.
  13. ^ Shikuh, Dara (1998). The Mingling of the Two Oceans (PDF). Calcutta: The Asiatic Society.
  14. ^ "Finding Tolerance in Akbar, the Philosopher-King".
  15. ^ Arora, Nadeem Naqvisanjeev (20 March 2015). "Prince of peace" – via www.thehindu.com.


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