Toi invasion: Difference between revisions
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{{short description|1019 invasion of northern Kyūshū by Jurchen pirates}} |
{{short description|1019 invasion of northern Kyūshū by Jurchen pirates}} |
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{{Infobox military conflict |
{{Infobox military conflict |
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| date = 27 March 1019<ref>{{cite book |others=Kōdansha|title=Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan, Volume 2 |date=1983 |publisher=Kodansha |isbn=0870116223 |page=79 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TbFuAAAAMAAJ&q=japanese+woman+1019+toi&dq=japanese+woman+1019+toi&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&printsec=frontcover&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwisxK6lkOvsAhUIVN8KHZKKAGc4ChDoATAAegQIARAC}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Embree |first1=Ainslie Thomas |editor1-last=Embree |editor1-first=Ainslie Thomas |others=Robin Jeanne Lewis, Asia Society, Richard W. Bulliet |title=Encyclopedia of Asian History, Volume 1 |date=1988 |publisher=Scribner |isbn=0684188988 |page=371 |edition=2, illustrated |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TFIYAAAAIAAJ&q=japanese+woman+1019+toi&dq=japanese+woman+1019+toi&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&printsec=frontcover&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwisxK6lkOvsAhUIVN8KHZKKAGc4ChDoATABegQIBBAC}}</ref> |
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| date = 27 March 1019 |
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| place = [[Hakata Bay]] |
| place = [[Hakata Bay]] |
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| coordinates = {{coord|33.618|130.333|type:event|display=inline}} |
| coordinates = {{coord|33.618|130.333|type:event|display=inline}} |
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| map_label = |
| map_label = |
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| territory = |
| territory = |
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| result = |
| result = Jurchen pirates driven away but many Japanese girls kidnapped |
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| status = |
| status = |
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| combatants_header = |
| combatants_header = |
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| combatant2 = Japanese [[Dazaifu (government)|Dazaifu]] |
| combatant2 = Japanese [[Dazaifu (government)|Dazaifu]] |
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| combatant3 = [[Goryeo]] |
| combatant3 = [[Goryeo]] |
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| commander1 = |
| commander1 = Fujiwara Noritada {{KIA}} |
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| commander2 = |
| commander2 = |
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| commander3 = |
| commander3 = |
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| strength2 = ? |
| strength2 = ? |
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| strength3 = ? |
| strength3 = ? |
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| casualties1 = 8 ships captured by Goryeo<ref>{{cite book |last1=Adolphson |first1=Mikael S. |last2=Kamens |first2=Edward |last3=Matsumoto |first3=Stacie |editor1-last=Kamens |editor1-first=Edward |editor2-last=Adolphson |editor2-first=Mikael S. |editor3-last=Matsumoto |editor3-first=Stacie |editor1-link=Sumitomo Professof of Japanese Studies |title=Heian Japan, Centers and Peripheries |date=2007 |publisher=University of Hawai'i Press |isbn=9780824830137 |page=376 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UjB8yiiGDykC&pg=PA376&dq=japanese+woman+1019+toi&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiQ1_7o2-rsAhUWq3IEHfq8AkgQ6AEwAXoECAIQAg}}</ref> |
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| casualties1 = ? |
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| casualties2 = 850+ (killed and abducted) 350 dead, 1,300 enslaved. Only 259 or 270 were returned by Koreans from the 8 ships.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Brown |editor1-first=Delmer Myers |editor2-last=Hall |editor2-first=John Whitney |editor3-last=Shively |editor3-first=Donald H. |editor4-last=McCullough |editor4-first=William H. |editor5-last=Jansen |editor5-first=Marius B. |editor6-last=Yamamura |editor6-first=Kōzō |editor7-last=Duus |editor7-first=Peter |others=耕造·山村 |title=The Cambridge History of Japan, Volume 2 |date=1988 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0521223539 |page=95 |pages=https://books.google.com/books?id=eiTWWfoyuyAC&pg=PA95&dq=japanese+woman+1019+toi&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiQ1_7o2-rsAhUWq3IEHfq8AkgQ6AEwAHoECAUQAg|edition=illustrated, reprint |issue=Issue 1 of Cambridge ancient history |volume=Volume 2 of The Cambridge History of Japan: Heian Japan|archiveurl=https://www.academia.edu/44170850/THE_CAMBRIDGE_HISTORY_OF_JAPAN_Volume_2_Heian_Japan|archivedate=2020}}</ref> |
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| casualties2 = 850+ (killed and abducted) |
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| casualties3 = ? |
| casualties3 = ? |
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| notes = |
| notes = |
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The '''Toi invasion''' (Japanese: {{lang|ja|刀伊の入寇}} toi no nyūkō) was the invasion of northern [[Kyūshū]] by [[Jurchens|Jurchen]] [[pirates]] in 1019.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Brown |editor1-first=Delmer Myers |editor2-last=Hall |editor2-first=John Whitney |editor3-last=Shively |editor3-first=Donald H. |editor4-last=McCullough |editor4-first=William H. |editor5-last=Jansen |editor5-first=Marius B. |editor6-last=Yamamura |editor6-first=Kōzō |editor7-last=Duus |editor7-first=Peter |others=耕造·山村 |title=The Cambridge History of Japan, Volume 2 |date=1988 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0521223539 |page=xxi |pages=https://books.google.com/books?id=eiTWWfoyuyAC&pg=PR21&lpg=PR21&dq=%22michinaga+falls+ill+and+takes+holy+orders,+but+continues+to+dominate+the+court.%22&source=bl&ots=PSgrtRcfPU&sig=ACfU3U2iAERvyBnwuOnfkJxgxnRsHivTXQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjRrtzI0-rsAhUQTd8KHS3NDBkQ6AEwAXoECAcQAg#v=onepage&q=%22michinaga%20falls%20ill%20and%20takes%20holy%20orders%2C%20but%20continues%20to%20dominate%20the%20court.%22&f=false |edition=illustrated, reprint |issue=Issue 1 of Cambridge ancient history |volume=Volume 2 of The Cambridge History of Japan: Heian Japan|archiveurl=https://www.academia.edu/44170850/THE_CAMBRIDGE_HISTORY_OF_JAPAN_Volume_2_Heian_Japan|archivedate=2020}}</ref> At the time, Toi ({{lang|ja-Hant|되}}, ''Doe'') meant "barbarian" in the [[Korean language]]. |
The '''Toi invasion''' (Japanese: {{lang|ja|刀伊の入寇}} toi no nyūkō) was the invasion of northern [[Kyūshū]] by [[Jurchens|Jurchen]] [[pirates]] in 1019.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Brown |editor1-first=Delmer Myers |editor2-last=Hall |editor2-first=John Whitney |editor3-last=Shively |editor3-first=Donald H. |editor4-last=McCullough |editor4-first=William H. |editor5-last=Jansen |editor5-first=Marius B. |editor6-last=Yamamura |editor6-first=Kōzō |editor7-last=Duus |editor7-first=Peter |others=耕造·山村 |title=The Cambridge History of Japan, Volume 2 |date=1988 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0521223539 |page=xxi |pages=https://books.google.com/books?id=eiTWWfoyuyAC&pg=PR21&lpg=PR21&dq=%22michinaga+falls+ill+and+takes+holy+orders,+but+continues+to+dominate+the+court.%22&source=bl&ots=PSgrtRcfPU&sig=ACfU3U2iAERvyBnwuOnfkJxgxnRsHivTXQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjRrtzI0-rsAhUQTd8KHS3NDBkQ6AEwAXoECAcQAg#v=onepage&q=%22michinaga%20falls%20ill%20and%20takes%20holy%20orders%2C%20but%20continues%20to%20dominate%20the%20court.%22&f=false |edition=illustrated, reprint |issue=Issue 1 of Cambridge ancient history |volume=Volume 2 of The Cambridge History of Japan: Heian Japan|archiveurl=https://www.academia.edu/44170850/THE_CAMBRIDGE_HISTORY_OF_JAPAN_Volume_2_Heian_Japan|archivedate=2020}}</ref> At the time, Toi ({{lang|ja-Hant|되}}, ''Doe'') meant "barbarian" in the [[Korean language]]. |
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The Toi pirates sailed with about 50 ships from direction of [[Goryeo Dynasty|Goryeo]], then assaulted [[Tsushima Province|Tsushima]] and [[Iki Province|Iki]], starting 27 March 1019. After the [[Iki Island]] garrison comprising 147 soldiers was wiped out, the pirates proceeded to [[Hakata Bay]]. For a week, using {{ill|Noko Island|ja|能古島}} in the [[Hakata Bay]] as a base, they sacked villages and kidnapped over 1,000 Japanese, mostly women and young girls, for use as slaves. The [[Dazaifu (region)|Dazaifu]], the administrative center of Kyūshū, then raised an army and successfully drove the pirates away. |
The Toi pirates sailed with about 50 ships from direction of [[Goryeo Dynasty|Goryeo]], then assaulted [[Tsushima Province|Tsushima]] and [[Iki Province|Iki]], starting 27 March 1019. After the [[Iki Island]] garrison comprising 147 soldiers was wiped out, the pirates proceeded to [[Hakata Bay]]. The Jurchen pirates slaughtered Japanese men while seizing Japanese women as prisoners. Fujiwara Notada, the Japanese governor was killed.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Takekoshi |first1=Yosaburō |author-link=Takekoshi Yosaburō |title=The Economic Aspects of the History of the Civilization of Japan, Volume 1 |date=2004 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=0415323797 |page=134 |edition=reprint |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2ujfVq9v4zoC&pg=PA134&dq=japanese+woman+1019+toi&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiQ1_7o2-rsAhUWq3IEHfq8AkgQ6AEwBHoECAEQAg}}</ref> For a week, using {{ill|Noko Island|ja|能古島}} in the [[Hakata Bay]] as a base, they sacked villages and kidnapped over 1,000 Japanese, mostly women and young girls, for use as slaves. The [[Dazaifu (region)|Dazaifu]], the administrative center of Kyūshū, then raised an army and successfully drove the pirates away. |
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During the second failed raid on [[Matsuura, Nagasaki|Matsuura]] on 13 April 1019, three enemies were captured by the Japanese army. They were identified as Koreans. They said that they had guarded the borderland but had been captured by the Toi. However, this was unlikely, and the Japanese officers suspected them because there had been Korean pirates attacking Japan coasts during the [[Silla]] period. A few months later, the Goryeo delegate Jeong Jaryang ({{lang|ko-Hant|鄭子良}}) reported that Goryeo forces attacked the pirates off [[Wonsan|Wŏnsan]] and rescued about 260 Japanese. The Korean government then repatriated them to Japan where they were thanked by the Dazaifu and given rewards. There remain detailed reports by two captive women, Kura no Iwame and Tajihi no Akomi. |
During the second failed raid on [[Matsuura, Nagasaki|Matsuura]] on 13 April 1019, three enemies were captured by the Japanese army. They were identified as Koreans. They said that they had guarded the borderland but had been captured by the Toi. However, this was unlikely, and the Japanese officers suspected them because there had been Korean pirates attacking Japan coasts during the [[Silla]] period. A few months later, the Goryeo delegate Jeong Jaryang ({{lang|ko-Hant|鄭子良}}) reported that Goryeo forces attacked the pirates off [[Wonsan|Wŏnsan]] and rescued about 260 Japanese. The Korean government then repatriated them to Japan where they were thanked by the Dazaifu and given rewards. There remain detailed reports by two captive women, Kura no Iwame and Tajihi no Akomi.The woman Uchikura no Ishime's report was copied down.<ref>{{cite book |others=朝鮮学会 (Japan), 朝鮮學會 (Japan) |title=朝鮮學報, Issues 198-201 |publisher=朝鮮學會 |location=2006 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RJdMAQAAIAAJ&q=japanese+woman+1019+toi&dq=japanese+woman+1019+toi&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&printsec=frontcover&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiQ1_7o2-rsAhUWq3IEHfq8AkgQ6AEwBXoECAkQAg}}</ref> |
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The Japanese children and women kidnapped by the Jurchens were mostly likely forced to become prostitutes and slaves. Only 270 or 259 Japanese on 8 ships were returned when Goryeo managed to intercept them. 1,280 Japanese were taken prisoner, 374 Japanese were killed and 380 Japanese owned livestock were killed for food.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Batten |first1=Bruce L. |title=Gateway to Japan: Hakata in War and Peace, 500-1300 |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |isbn=9780824842925 |pages=102, 101, 100 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o5YBEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA102&dq=japanese+woman+1019+toi&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiQ1_7o2-rsAhUWq3IEHfq8AkgQ6AEwAnoECAYQAg}}</ref> |
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These Jurchen pirates lived in what is today Hamgyŏngdo, [[North Korea]]. |
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These Jurchen pirates lived in what is today Hamgyŏngdo, [[North Korea]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kang |first1=Chae-ŏn |last2=Kang |first2=Jae-eun |last3=Lee |first3=Suzanne |others=Sook Pyo Lee, Suzanne Lee |title=The Land of Scholars: Two Thousand Years of Korean Confucianism |date=2006 |publisher=Homa & Sekey Books |isbn=9781931907309 |page=75 |pages=https://books.google.com/books?id=XB4UYXNQK1wC&pg=PA75&dq=japanese+woman+1019+toi&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiQ1_7o2-rsAhUWq3IEHfq8AkgQ6AEwA3oECAMQAg |chapter=5}}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | Traumatic memories of the Jurchen raids on Japan, the Mongol invasions of Japan in addition to Japan viewing the Jurchens as "Tatar" "barbarians" after copying China's barbarian-civilized distinction, may have played a role in Japan's antagonistic views against Manchus and hostility towards them in later centuries such as when the [[Tokugawa Ieyasu]] |
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| ⚫ | Traumatic memories of the Jurchen raids on Japan, the Mongol invasions of Japan in addition to Japan viewing the Jurchens as "Tatar" "barbarians" after copying China's barbarian-civilized distinction, may have played a role in Japan's antagonistic views against Manchus and hostility towards them in later centuries such as when the [[Tokugawa Ieyasu]] viewed the unification of Manchu tribes as a threat to Japan. The Japanese mistakenly thought that [[Hokkaido]] (Ezochi) had a land bridge to Tartary (Orankai) where Manchus lived and thought the Manchus could invade Japan. The [[Tokugawa Shogunate]] [[bakufu]] sent a message to Korea via Tsushima offering help to Korea against the [[Later Jin invasion of Joseon|1627 Manchu invasion of Korea]]. Korea refused it.<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Mizuno |first=Norihito |date=2004 |title=JAPAN AND ITS EAST ASIAN NEIGHBORS: JAPAN’S PERCEPTION OF CHINA AND KOREA AND THE MAKING OF FOREIGN POLICY FROM THE SEVENTEENTH TO THE NINETEENTH CENTURY |type=DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University |chapter= |publisher=The Ohio State University |docket= |oclc= |url=http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.839.4807&rep=rep1&type=pdf |pages=163, 164 |access-date=}}</ref> |
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== References == |
== References == |
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*{{in lang|ja}} [http://mutiya77.hp.infoseek.co.jp/heian3.htm Timeline (includes information on Toi invasion)] |
*{{in lang|ja}} [http://mutiya77.hp.infoseek.co.jp/heian3.htm Timeline (includes information on Toi invasion)] |
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https://twitter.com/hixurolu/status/339117859349331968 https://twitter.com/SvensRekishikan/status/1260731067964653568 https://twitter.com/SvensRekishikan/status/1128130201974534145 https://twitter.com/SvensRekishikan/status/995837491943849984 |
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<ref>{{cite book |others=Harvard-Yenching Library |title=Catalogues of the Harvard-Yenching Library: Japanese catalogue, Volume 2 |date=1985 |publisher=Garland |isbn=0824081005 |page=68 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EwshAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA68&dq=japanese+woman+1019+toi&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiQ1_7o2-rsAhUWq3IEHfq8AkgQ6AEwBnoECAgQAg |volume=Volume 2 of Catalogues of the Harvard-Yenching Library}}</ref> |
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<ref>{{cite book |others=International Culture Institute (Hong Kong) |title=Who's who in Japan |date=1991 |publisher=International Culture Institute |isbn=4900618012 |page=178 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xsVxAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA178&dq=japanese+woman+1019+toi&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiQ1_7o2-rsAhUWq3IEHfq8AkgQ6AEwB3oECAcQAg}}</ref> |
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<ref>{{cite book |title=National Union Catalog |publisher=Roman and Littlefield |series=Library of Congress catalogs |page=778 |others=Library of Congress. Catalog Publication Division |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RyzAGjI_scQC&pg=PA778&dq=japanese+woman+1019+toi&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiQ1_7o2-rsAhUWq3IEHfq8AkgQ6AEwCHoECAAQAg}}</ref> |
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<ref>{{cite book |author=Louis-Frédéric |title=Encyclopaedia of Asian Civilizations: T-V |date=1977 |publisher=L. Frédéric |volume=Volume 9 of Encyclopaedia of Asian Civilizations, |isbn=285893052X |page=168 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DVAOAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA168&dq=japanese+woman+1019+toi&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiQ1_7o2-rsAhUWq3IEHfq8AkgQ6AEwCXoECAQQAg}}</ref> |
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[[Category:Invasions]] |
[[Category:Invasions]] |
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Revision as of 10:31, 5 November 2020
| Toi invasion | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ||||||||
| Belligerents | ||||||||
| Jurchen pirates | Japanese Dazaifu | Goryeo | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | ||||||||
| Fujiwara Noritada † | ||||||||
| Strength | ||||||||
| 3000 | ? | ? | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | ||||||||
| 8 ships captured by Goryeo[3] | 850+ (killed and abducted) 350 dead, 1,300 enslaved. Only 259 or 270 were returned by Koreans from the 8 ships.[4] | ? | ||||||
  Location within Japan | ||||||||
The Toi invasion (Japanese: 刀伊の入寇 toi no nyūkō) was the invasion of northern Kyūshū by Jurchen pirates in 1019.[5] At the time, Toi (되, Doe) meant "barbarian" in the Korean language.
The Toi pirates sailed with about 50 ships from direction of Goryeo, then assaulted Tsushima and Iki, starting 27 March 1019. After the Iki Island garrison comprising 147 soldiers was wiped out, the pirates proceeded to Hakata Bay. The Jurchen pirates slaughtered Japanese men while seizing Japanese women as prisoners. Fujiwara Notada, the Japanese governor was killed.[6] For a week, using Noko Island in the Hakata Bay as a base, they sacked villages and kidnapped over 1,000 Japanese, mostly women and young girls, for use as slaves. The Dazaifu, the administrative center of Kyūshū, then raised an army and successfully drove the pirates away.
During the second failed raid on Matsuura on 13 April 1019, three enemies were captured by the Japanese army. They were identified as Koreans. They said that they had guarded the borderland but had been captured by the Toi. However, this was unlikely, and the Japanese officers suspected them because there had been Korean pirates attacking Japan coasts during the Silla period. A few months later, the Goryeo delegate Jeong Jaryang (鄭子良) reported that Goryeo forces attacked the pirates off Wŏnsan and rescued about 260 Japanese. The Korean government then repatriated them to Japan where they were thanked by the Dazaifu and given rewards. There remain detailed reports by two captive women, Kura no Iwame and Tajihi no Akomi.The woman Uchikura no Ishime's report was copied down.[7]
The Japanese children and women kidnapped by the Jurchens were mostly likely forced to become prostitutes and slaves. Only 270 or 259 Japanese on 8 ships were returned when Goryeo managed to intercept them. 1,280 Japanese were taken prisoner, 374 Japanese were killed and 380 Japanese owned livestock were killed for food.[8]
These Jurchen pirates lived in what is today Hamgyŏngdo, North Korea.[9]
Traumatic memories of the Jurchen raids on Japan, the Mongol invasions of Japan in addition to Japan viewing the Jurchens as "Tatar" "barbarians" after copying China's barbarian-civilized distinction, may have played a role in Japan's antagonistic views against Manchus and hostility towards them in later centuries such as when the Tokugawa Ieyasu viewed the unification of Manchu tribes as a threat to Japan. The Japanese mistakenly thought that Hokkaido (Ezochi) had a land bridge to Tartary (Orankai) where Manchus lived and thought the Manchus could invade Japan. The Tokugawa Shogunate bakufu sent a message to Korea via Tsushima offering help to Korea against the 1627 Manchu invasion of Korea. Korea refused it.[10]
References
- (in Japanese) Timeline (includes information on Toi invasion)
- ^ Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan, Volume 2. Kōdansha. Kodansha. 1983. p. 79. ISBN 0870116223.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) - ^ Embree, Ainslie Thomas (1988). Embree, Ainslie Thomas (ed.). Encyclopedia of Asian History, Volume 1. Robin Jeanne Lewis, Asia Society, Richard W. Bulliet (2, illustrated ed.). Scribner. p. 371. ISBN 0684188988.
- ^ Adolphson, Mikael S.; Kamens, Edward; Matsumoto, Stacie (2007). Kamens, Edward; Adolphson, Mikael S.; Matsumoto, Stacie (eds.). Heian Japan, Centers and Peripheries. University of Hawai'i Press. p. 376. ISBN 9780824830137.
- ^ Brown, Delmer Myers; Hall, John Whitney; Shively, Donald H.; McCullough, William H.; Jansen, Marius B.; Yamamura, Kōzō; Duus, Peter, eds. (1988). The Cambridge History of Japan, Volume 2. Vol. Volume 2 of The Cambridge History of Japan: Heian Japan. 耕造·山村 (illustrated, reprint ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 95. ISBN 0521223539.
{{cite book}}:|archive-url=requires|url=(help);|volume=has extra text (help); Check date values in:|archivedate=(help); More than one of|pages=and|page=specified (help) - ^ Brown, Delmer Myers; Hall, John Whitney; Shively, Donald H.; McCullough, William H.; Jansen, Marius B.; Yamamura, Kōzō; Duus, Peter, eds. (1988). The Cambridge History of Japan, Volume 2. Vol. Volume 2 of The Cambridge History of Japan: Heian Japan. 耕造·山村 (illustrated, reprint ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. xxi. ISBN 0521223539.
{{cite book}}:|archive-url=requires|url=(help);|volume=has extra text (help); Check date values in:|archivedate=(help); More than one of|pages=and|page=specified (help) - ^ Takekoshi, Yosaburō (2004). The Economic Aspects of the History of the Civilization of Japan, Volume 1 (reprint ed.). Taylor & Francis. p. 134. ISBN 0415323797.
- ^ 朝鮮學報, Issues 198-201. 朝鮮学会 (Japan), 朝鮮學會 (Japan). 2006: 朝鮮學會.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link) CS1 maint: others (link) - ^ Batten, Bruce L. Gateway to Japan: Hakata in War and Peace, 500-1300. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 102, 101, 100. ISBN 9780824842925.
- ^ Kang, Chae-ŏn; Kang, Jae-eun; Lee, Suzanne (2006). "5". The Land of Scholars: Two Thousand Years of Korean Confucianism. Sook Pyo Lee, Suzanne Lee. Homa & Sekey Books. p. 75. ISBN 9781931907309.
{{cite book}}: More than one of|pages=and|page=specified (help) - ^ Mizuno, Norihito (2004). JAPAN AND ITS EAST ASIAN NEIGHBORS: JAPAN’S PERCEPTION OF CHINA AND KOREA AND THE MAKING OF FOREIGN POLICY FROM THE SEVENTEENTH TO THE NINETEENTH CENTURY (DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University). The Ohio State University. pp. 163, 164.