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| recorded = October 1968
| recorded = October 1968
| studio = [[Olympic Studios|Olympic]], London
| studio = [[Olympic Studios|Olympic]], London
| genre = [[Hard rock]], [[Blues rock|blues rock]]
| genre = [[Hard rock]]<ref>{{cite book|title= Heavy Metal Thunder: The Music, Its History, Its Heroes |first= Philip |last= Bashe |page= 18 |isbn= 978-1-61579-045-6 |publisher= [[Doubleday (publisher)|Doubleday]] |year= 1985 |quote= Included was "I'm Confused," which would appear on the first Led Zeppelin album as "Dazed and Confused," a hard-rock classic.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title= Jimmy Page: Magus, Musician, Man : An Unauthorized Biography |first= George |last= Case |year= 2009 |page= 125 |isbn= 978-0-87930-947-3 |publisher= [[Hal Leonard Corporation|Backbeat Books]]}}</ref><ref name="Unterberger song">{{cite web|url= http://www.allmusic.com/song/dazed-and-confused-mt0031959992 |first= Richie |last= Unterberger |authorlink= Richie Unterberger |title= Jake Holmes: 'Dazed and Confused' |website= [[AllMusic]] |accessdate= April 10, 2014}}</ref>
| length = {{Duration|6:27}}
| length = {{Duration|6:27}}
| label = [[Atlantic Records|Atlantic]]
| label = [[Atlantic Records|Atlantic]]

Revision as of 11:17, 9 November 2020

"Dazed and Confused"
1968 promotional single label
Song by Jake Holmes
from the album "The Above Ground Sound" of Jake Holmes
ReleasedJuly 10, 1967 (1967-07-10)
RecordedSpring 1967
GenreFolk rock[1]
Length3:46
LabelTower
Songwriter(s)Jake Holmes
Audio sample

"Dazed and Confused" is a song written by American singer-songwriter Jake Holmes in 1967. Performed in a folk rock-style, he recorded it for his debut album "The Above Ground Sound" of Jake Holmes. Although some concluded that it was about a bad acid trip, Holmes insists the lyrics refer to the effects of a girl's indecision on ending a relationship.

After hearing Holmes perform the song in August 1967, English rock group the Yardbirds reworked it with a new arrangement. It soon became a centerpiece of their tours, several recordings of which have been released, including on Yardbirds '68, produced by guitarist Jimmy Page.

"Dazed and Confused" was further adapted by Page's new group for their debut album, Led Zeppelin. It became a signature song and concert staple for much of the group's career. Holmes attempted to contact Page in the 1980s regarding the songwriting credit, but received no response. In 2010, Holmes filed a lawsuit and the matter was settled out of court, with the credit on Led Zeppelin releases being changed to "Jimmy Page, inspired by Jake Holmes".

Background and composition

Jake Holmes began his music career in the early 1960s, and recorded and performed with several different groups.[2] He was influenced by psychedelic rock and groups such as the Byrds and the Blues Project, and wrote "Dazed and Confused" in a similar style with a blues influence.[3] In spring of 1967, he recorded the song for his debut solo album "The Above Ground Sound" of Jake Holmes, as a trio of acoustic guitar, electric guitar, and bass.[1] On July 10, it was released on the Tower Records label.[2]

The arrangement is a modular dirge in the key of E minor[4] built on a descending chromatic bass line alternating between the 3rd (E-G-F#-F-E) and the 7th (E-D-C#-C-B).[5] Holmes' singing has been described as "pained",[1] and the lyrics ("you're out to get me/you're on the right track") and ("I'm being abused/I'm better off dead"), coupled with the arrangement led some people to think the song was about a bad acid trip.[3] However, Holmes said it was a song about a girl.[6]

In August 1967, Holmes opened for the Yardbirds at a Greenwich Village gig in New York.[7] According to Holmes, "That was the infamous moment of my life when 'Dazed and Confused' fell into the loving arms and hands of Jimmy Page."[8] He was aware of the song appearing on Led Zeppelin's eponymous debut album less than two years later, but did not take any action at the time. In the early 1980s, he wrote to the group and asked for a co-credit, but received no reply.[3]

In June 2010, Holmes sued Led Zeppelin guitarist Jimmy Page for copyright infringement, claiming to be the author of "Dazed and Confused" In court documents, he cited a 1967 copyright registration for the song, which was renewed in 1995.[7] The case was "dismissed with prejudice"[a] on January 17, 2012, after the parties reached an undisclosed settlement out of court.[9]

The Yardbirds

Background

By late 1966, English rock group the Yardbirds had moved away from recording hit singles towards regular touring. In July 1967, they began their second tour of the US as a quartet, with Jimmy Page as the sole guitarist.[10] The group performed at more countercultural venues, such as the Fillmore Auditorium in San Francisco.[11] Their sets became more varied with extended medleys[12] and featured guitar instrumentals by Page, such as "White Summer" and "Glimpses".[13]

On August 25, 1967, the group headlined at the Village Theater in New York City, with opening acts the Youngbloods and Jake Holmes.[14] Yardbirds drummer Jim McCarty was the only Yardbird to catch Holmes' performance.[6][b] He liked the song and bought the album the next day, subsequently playing it to the rest of the band. They reworked it, focusing the arrangements based on the descending bass line. Page added additional guitar riffs in the middle of the song.[18][6]

Composition

The Yardbirds began to develop a new arrangement for "Dazed and Confused" while still on tour in the U.S.[19] Holmes' brooding atmosphere and descending bass line were retained, as well as most of the lyrics.[19] Page doubled the bass line, echoing Holmes' live performances with two acoustic guitarists.[6] However, propelled by drums and an overdriven Fender Telecaster,[11] the song quickly took on a new, distinctly non-folk sound.[15]

Singer Keith Relf initially followed Holmes' verses, but later often changed the order or mixed lines from different verses.[20] Led Zeppelin biographer Mick Wall feels that Relf only "slightly altered" the lyrics,[18] while Page biographer Martin Power credits Relf with "writing new lyrics".[11] Yardbirds chronicler Greg Russo describes that gradually the song "moved from Holmes' original lyrics to an alternate set of lyrics that combined words from Jake Holmes and Keith Relf."[6]

The Yardbirds' major innovations were the instrumental breaks and an extended instrumental middle section.[21] Writer-educator Susan Fast describes the breaks, appearing between the verses and after Page's solo, as "a detail that contributes significantly to the drama of the piece, creating enormous tension at the end of each verse before moving on to the next.[21]

It begins with a bowed electric guitar phrasings by Page, answered by vocal and harmonica interjections by Relf. Page attributed the idea of using a violin bow on the guitar to a suggestion from violinist David McCallum, Sr., whom he met in his pre-Yardbirds days as a session musician.[22] The bowed section gives way to Page's riff-laden guitar solo, propelled by a bass ostinato and fast driving 4/4-meter.[23] The song returns to the slow tempo 12/8 verse structure before the coda.[24] The Yardbirds' new arrangement, contributed by the four members, soon amounted to a major reworking of Holmes' original piece.[11] Bassist Chris Dreja later said, "We found it, arranged it and played it. In a way, it was a great epitaph, because we were feeling very dazed and confused about what the hell was going on!"[6]

Performances

"Dazed and Confused" was a regular part of the Yardbirds' performances during their final tours in 1967 and 1968.[18][6][19][15] The song debuted during their short US tour in late 1967, which included a date at the Village Theater.[25] When they returned to England, the group performed a nine-minute version in January 1968, around the time the full quartet recorded their last single, "Think About It".[26][c] On March 5–6, the Yardbirds performed "Dazed and Confused" for BBC Radio.[27] In his Led Zeppelin biography When Giants Walked the Earth, Wall notes that the relatively concise 5:48 version "sounds almost identical musically to the number Page would take credit for on the first Zeppelin album".[18] (Led Zeppelin's studio version lasts 6:28.) Another short (5:46) performance was filmed by French television on March 9 for Bouton Rouge.[26] AllMusic critic Bruce Eder notes it "comes off much better than the official [sic] Anderson Theater version from later the same month."[28]

On March 28, 1968, the Yardbirds returned to New York to begin their final US tour.[29] Before their March 30 concert at the Anderson Theater, representatives from Epic Records, the group's American label, informed them that it was going to be recorded for a live album.[30] The group felt that it was not sufficiently prepared, but proceeded, with "Dazed and Confused" as their third number.[31] Disappointed with the playbacks, the Yardbirds rejected any idea of releasing the recordings as a live album.[30] However, after Page's rise to fame in Led Zeppelin, Epic released the album in 1971, with "Dazed and Confused" retitled "I'm Confused" (with no composer credit or performance rights organization).[32] (Within a week, Page responded with an injunction, which prevented further sales of the album.[33]) Although the recording and the group's performance is a bit rough, in a review Eder singled out the song as "something new, a slow blues as dark, forbidding, and intense as anything that the band ever cut – it showed where Page, if not his band, was heading."[34] In 2017, Page remixed the Anderson Theater recordings and the song (with the correct title) was issued on Yardbirds '68.[35]

Recordings and releases

The Yardbirds never attempted to record the piece in the studio.[19] However, Page used an abbreviated version of his guitar solo from "Dazed and Confused" for the middle-section guitar solo of "Think About It".[15]

Several live recordings of "Dazed and Confused" are in release. If the song was introduced, it was announced as "Dazed and Confused" – it is unknown why Epic re-titled it "I'm Confused".[36]

Led Zeppelin

"Dazed and Confused"
1969 US radio promotional EP
Song by Led Zeppelin
from the album Led Zeppelin
ReleasedJanuary 12, 1969 (1969-01-12)
RecordedOctober 1968
StudioOlympic, London
GenreHard rock, blues rock
Length6:27
LabelAtlantic
Songwriter(s)Jimmy Page, inspired by Jake Holmes[d]
Producer(s)Jimmy Page
Audio sample

When the Yardbirds disbanded in 1968, Page planned to record the song in the studio with the successor group he had assembled that summer.[38] According to Zeppelin bassist John Paul Jones, the first time he heard the song was at the band's first rehearsal session at Gerrard Street in London, in 1968: "Jimmy played us the riffs at the first rehearsal and said, 'This is a number I want us to do'."[39] The future Led Zeppelin recorded their version in October 1968 at Olympic Studios, London, and the song was included on their debut album Led Zeppelin (1969).[40] "Dazed and Confused" was the second song recorded at the Olympic sessions.[41]

The group recorded the song in two takes. Page played a Telecaster and violin bow as he had performed it with the Yardbirds.[42][e] Singer Robert Plant wrote a new set of bluesier lyrics, according to Page,[3] though Plant is not credited on the album, due to contractual obligations to Chrysalis Records. Plant's vocal is raw and powerful, delivered with "unrelenting passion."[43] Other than the lyrics and vocal, the song remained very similar to that performed by the Yardbirds earlier that year.[1][44][45]

As of 2002, the 1969 promotional EP using "Babe I'm Gonna Leave You" as the A-side track and "Dazed and Confused" as B-side had been one of top ten Led Zeppelin music collectibles.[46] A collector Rick Barrett, dedicated to his Led Zeppelin memorabilia, sold several copies of the promo EP for US$300–500 each, "depending on the condition of the sleeve and of the record itself," said Barrett.[47]

In June 2010, Holmes filed a lawsuit in United States District Court, alleging copyright infringement and naming Page as a co-defendant.[48] The suit was "dismissed with prejudice" on January 17, 2012,[a] after an undisclosed settlement between Page and Holmes was reached out of court in the fall of 2011.[9] Subsequent Led Zeppelin albums, such as Celebration Day (2012) and the remastered and deluxe editions of the group's debut album (2014), expanded the songwriter's credit for "Dazed and Confused" to "By Page – Inspired by Jake Holmes."[42]

Live performances

"Dazed and Confused" was the most regularly performed song by Led Zeppelin, appearing at over 400 concerts.[41] It was played on every tour up to and including their 1975 shows at Earls Court. It was greatly expanded to include more improvisation, including short portions of other songs, and live performances could be as long as 30 minutes. It was subsequently removed from their live set, although Page continued to perform parts of the bowed guitar segment during solo spots on subsequent tours, as preludes to "Achilles Last Stand" (1977 tour) and "In the Evening" (Knebworth 1979 and Tour Over Europe 1980).[49] It was part of the group's set at the Ahmet Ertegun Tribute Concert on December 10, 2007.[50]

A live version of "Dazed and Confused" recorded July 1973 at New York's Madison Square Garden was featured in the 1976 Led Zeppelin concert film The Song Remains the Same.[51] Other live recordings are found on the following official releases:

Accolades

Publication Country Accolade Year Rank
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame USA "The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll"[56] 1994 *
Pause & Play USA "Time Capsule Inductions – Songs"[57] 1998 *
NME UK "117 Songs to soundtrack your summer"[58] 2003 *
Toby Creswell Australia "1001 Songs: the Great Songs of All Time"[59] 2005 *
Pitchfork Media USA "The 200 Greatest Songs of the 1960s"[60] 2006 11
Q UK "The 20 Greatest Guitar Tracks"[61] 2007 2
Q UK "21 Albums That Changed Music – Key Track"[62] 2007 6

(*) designates unordered lists

See also

Notes

Footnotes

  1. ^ a b "Dismissed with prejudice" signifies that the plaintiff/litigant (Holmes in this case) is permanently barred from filing another case on the same claim.
  2. ^ Several music writers indicate that the Yardbirds heard Holmes perform "Dazed and Confused" at the Cafe au Go Go and/or the Bitter End in New York's Greenwich Village, where he was playing around the same time.[15][16][17]
  3. ^ For the A-side, "Goodnight Sweet Josephine", producer Mickie Most replaced Dreja and McCarty with studio musicians Clem Cattini (drums), John Paul Jones (bass) and Nicky Hopkins (piano).
  4. ^ Wording from 2014 reissue; originally credited to Page alone.
  5. ^ Page only used a bow on a few Led Zeppelin songs, including "How Many More Times", "In the Light", and the intro to "In the Evening".

Citations

  1. ^ a b c d Unterberger, Richie. "The Above Ground Sound of Jake Holmes – Review". AllMusic. Retrieved April 10, 2014.
  2. ^ a b Russo 2016, p. 92.
  3. ^ a b c d "Jake Holmes: Artist Bio". classicmusicvault.com. Retrieved April 23, 2017.
  4. ^ "Chords in the key of E minor natural". www.guitar-chords.org.uk. Retrieved April 24, 2017.
  5. ^ "Dazed and Confused". Aaron Krerowicz. February 17, 2018.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g Russo 2016, p. 89.
  7. ^ a b Michaels, Sean (June 30, 2010). "Led Zeppelin sued for alleged plagiarism of Dazed and Confused". The Guardian. London.
  8. ^ Russo 2016, pp. 89, 92.
  9. ^ a b Gee, Federal Judge Dolly (January 17, 2012). "Order Dismissing Action With Prejudice". Justia.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 1, 2012. Retrieved April 16, 2017.
  10. ^ Clayson 2002, pp. 183–187.
  11. ^ a b c d Power 2016, eBook.
  12. ^ Russo 2016, p. 115.
  13. ^ Tolinski 2012, eBook.
  14. ^ Clayson 2002, p. 187.
  15. ^ a b c d Hulett & Prochnicky 2011, p. 33.
  16. ^ Davis 1985, p. 34.
  17. ^ Colby & Fitzpatrick 2002, p. 106.
  18. ^ a b c d Wall 2008, p. 63.
  19. ^ a b c d Shadwick 2005, p. 20.
  20. ^ Clayson 2006, p. 162.
  21. ^ a b Fast 2001, p. 21.
  22. ^ Welch 1998, p. 23.
  23. ^ Fast 2001, pp. 22–23.
  24. ^ Fast 2001, p. 23.
  25. ^ Russo 2016, p. 94.
  26. ^ a b c Russo & Paytress 2011, Disc 4 back cover.
  27. ^ a b Russo & Paytress 2011, Disc 5 back cover.
  28. ^ a b Eder, Bruce. The Yardbirds: Cumular Limit – Review at AllMusic. Retrieved April 25, 2017.
  29. ^ Clayson 2002, p. 191.
  30. ^ a b Russo 2016, p. 99.
  31. ^ Russo 2016, pp. 99, 212.
  32. ^ Kaye 1971, Record label and back cover.
  33. ^ Russo 2016, pp. 99, 102.
  34. ^ a b Eder, Bruce. Live Yardbirds Featuring Jimmy Page – Review at AllMusic. Retrieved April 25, 2017.
  35. ^ a b Alexander 2017.
  36. ^ Power 2016, p. 414.
  37. ^ Unterberger, Richie. The Yardbirds: Last Rave-Up in L.A. – Review at AllMusic. Retrieved 2017.
  38. ^ "Events | Led Zeppelin – Official Website". www.ledzeppelin.com. Retrieved April 24, 2017.
  39. ^ Mat Snow, "Apocalypse Then", Q magazine, December 1990, p. 77.
  40. ^ Lewis 1990, p. 87.
  41. ^ a b Popoff 2018, p. 23.
  42. ^ a b Pagett, Ray (January 12, 2019). "The Story Behind Led Zeppelin's "Dazed and Confused"". Retrieved July 2, 2020.
  43. ^ Planer, Lindsay. "Led Zeppelin: Dazed and Confused – Song Review". AllMusic. Retrieved April 23, 2017.
  44. ^ Hodgkinson, Will (2008). Song Man: A Melodic Adventure, Or, My Single-Minded Approach to Songwriting. p. 129.
  45. ^ Schinder, Scott (2008). Icons of Rock. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 385. ISBN 9780313338472.
  46. ^ Thompson, Dave (2002). The Music Lover's Guide to Record Collecting. San Francisco: Music Player Group. p. 274. ISBN 0-87930-713-7. LCCN 2002016095.
  47. ^ Barrett, Rick (2008). "Rick Barrett: Reflects on the Collective Culture of Led Zeppelin Memorabilia". Sonic Boom: The Impact of Led Zeppelin (Interview). Vol. 1: Break and Enter. Interviewed by Frank Reddon. ISBN 978-0978444600.
  48. ^ "Led Zeppelin sued by folk singer for alleged plagiarism". New York Post. June 29, 2010. Retrieved January 18, 2015.
  49. ^ Lewis 1990, p. 46.
  50. ^ a b Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. Celebration Day – Album review at AllMusic. Retrieved 24 October 2019.
  51. ^ Lewis 1990, p. 59.
  52. ^ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. Led Zeppelin - BBC Sessions at AllMusic. Retrieved 2 July 2020.
  53. ^ Bream 2010, pp. 277–278.
  54. ^ Bream 2010, p. 276.
  55. ^ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. Led Zeppelin [Deluxe Edition] at AllMusic. Retrieved 2 July 2020.
  56. ^ "The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll (archive.org version)". December 1994. Archived from the original on July 19, 2009. Retrieved January 28, 2014.
  57. ^ "Time Capsule Inductions: Songs". Pause & Play. July 1998. Archived from the original on May 15, 2011. Retrieved February 10, 2009.
  58. ^ "117 Songs to Soundtrack Your Summer". NME. May 2003. Retrieved February 10, 2009.
  59. ^ Creswell, Toby (2005). "Dazed and Confused". 1001 Songs: the Great Songs of All Time (1st ed.). Prahran: Hardie Grant Books. p. 745. ISBN 978-1-74066-458-5.
  60. ^ "The 200 Greatest Songs of the 1960s". Pitchfork. August 2006. Retrieved February 10, 2009.
  61. ^ "The 20 Greatest Guitar Tracks". Q. September 2007. Retrieved March 31, 2017.
  62. ^ "21 Albums That Changed Music: Key Track". Q. November 2007. Retrieved February 10, 2009.

References

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