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{{use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox valley
{{Infobox valley
| name = Teesdale
| name =Teesdale
| other_name =[[Tees Valley]], [[Teesside]] & [[Cleveland, England|Cleveland]]
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[[File:Teesside from Carlton Bank.jpg|350px|thumb|Lower Teesdale (Teesside) from Carlton Bank]]
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| translation =
| photo =Teesside from Carlton Bank.jpg
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| photo_caption =Lower Teesdale (Teesside) from Carlton Bank
<!-- MAP -->
| map =
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| map_alt =
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<!-- Location -->
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| location =south of [[county Durham]] and north of [[North Yorkshire]], [[United Kingdom]]
| country =[[England]]
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| towns=[[Barnard Castle]], [[Tees Valley]] towns, [[Great Ayton]] & [[Stokesley]]
| relief =
| label =
| label =
| label_position =
| label_position =
| coordinates = {{Coord|54.545|-1.927|display=title|region:GB_scale:100000}}
| coordinates ={{Coord|54.545|-1.927|region:GB_scale:100000}}
| coordinates_ref =
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| location = [[Craven]] District, [[North Yorkshire]], United Kingdom
<!-- Statistics -->
| elevation =
| direction =
| elevation =
| elevation_m =
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| length =
| length =
| length_mi =
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| depth =
| width_mi =
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| width_orientation =
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| age =
| width_note =
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| boundaries =[[county Durham]] with [[Yorkshire]]
| area =
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| towns = [[Barnard Castle]], [[Tees Valley]] towns, [[Great Ayton]] & [[Stokesley]]
| area_mi2 =
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| traversed = [[A66 road]], [[Teesdale Way]], [[Tees Valley Line]]
| area_km2 =
| depth =
| depth_ft =
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|type =
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|age =
|boundaries=
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*[[county Durham]] & [[North Yorkshire]]
*[[North East England]] & [[Yorkshire & Humber]]
|topo=
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|traversed= [[A66 road]], [[Teesdale Way]], [[Tees Valley Line]]
|river= [[River Tees|Tees]], [[River Skerne|Skerne]] & [[River Leven, North Yorkshire|Leven]]
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}}
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'''Teesdale''' is a [[dale (landform)|dale]], or [[valley]], of the east side of the centre-north [[Pennines]] in [[England]]. The dale is in the [[River Tees]]’s [[drainage basin]], most water flows stem from or converge into said river, including the [[River Skerne|Skerne]] and [[River Leven, North Yorkshire|Leven]].


⚫
[[Upper Teesdale]], more commonly just Teesdale, falls within the [[Durham Dales]] and historically the [[Yorkshire Dales]]. Large parts of Upper Teesdale are in the [[North Pennines]] [[AONB]] (Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty) - the second largest AONB in England and Wales. The [[River Tees]] rises below [[Cross Fell]], the highest hill in the Pennines at {{convert|2,930|ft}},<ref>{{cite news|title=Great country walks: Cross Fell, Pennine Hills, Cumbria|url=https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2015/jan/26/great-country-walks-cross-fell-pennine-hills-cumbria|accessdate=15 February 2017|work=The Guardian|date=26 January 2015}}</ref> and its uppermost valley is remote and high. The local climate was scientifically classified as "Sub-Arctic" and snow has sometimes lain on Cross Fell into June (there is an alpine ski area Yad Moss).<ref>{{cite web|title=North Pennines AONB|url=http://www.landscapesforlife.org.uk/north-pennines-aonb.html|website=www.landscapesforlife.org.uk|accessdate=15 February 2017|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170307203025/http://www.landscapesforlife.org.uk/north-pennines-aonb.html|archivedate=7 March 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Gilbert|first1=Joe|title=Skiing: Yad Moss: the St Moritz of the north|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/education/education-news/skiing-yad-moss-the-st-moritz-of-the-north-1290605.html|accessdate=15 February 2017|work=The Independent|date=27 December 1997}}</ref>
⚫
'''Teesdale''' is a [[dale (landform)|dale]], or [[valley]], of the east side of the centre-north [[Pennines]] in [[England]]. The dale is in the [[River Tees]]’s [[drainage basin]], most water flows stem from or converge into said river, including the [[River Skerne|Skerne]] and [[River Leven|Leven]].


East Teesdale has mixed urban ([[Tees Valley]] or [[Teesside]]) and rural ([[Cleveland, England |Cleveland]]) parts. [[Roseberry Topping]] is a notable hill on the south eastern side, of which this and other [[Cleveland Hills|adjoining hills]] form the northern end of the [[North York Moors]].
⚫
West Teesdale ([[Upper Teesdale]] or more commonly just Teesdale) falls within the [[Durham Dales]] and [[Yorkshire Dales]]. Large parts of Upper Teesdale are in the [[North Pennines]] [[AONB]] (Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty) - the second largest AONB in England and Wales. The [[River Tees]] rises below [[Cross Fell]], the highest hill in the Pennines at {{convert|2,930|ft}},<ref>{{cite news|title=Great country walks: Cross Fell, Pennine Hills, Cumbria|url=https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2015/jan/26/great-country-walks-cross-fell-pennine-hills-cumbria|accessdate=15 February 2017|work=The Guardian|date=26 January 2015}}</ref> and its uppermost valley is remote and high. The local climate was scientifically classified as "Sub-Arctic" and snow has sometimes lain on Cross Fell into June (there is an alpine ski area Yad Moss).<ref>{{cite web|title=North Pennines AONB|url=http://www.landscapesforlife.org.uk/north-pennines-aonb.html|website=www.landscapesforlife.org.uk|accessdate=15 February 2017|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170307203025/http://www.landscapesforlife.org.uk/north-pennines-aonb.html|archivedate=7 March 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Gilbert|first1=Joe|title=Skiing: Yad Moss: the St Moritz of the north|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/education/education-news/skiing-yad-moss-the-st-moritz-of-the-north-1290605.html|accessdate=15 February 2017|work=The Independent|date=27 December 1997}}</ref>


East Teesdale ([[Cleveland, England |Cleveland]] or Lower Teesdale) is commonly called [[Tees Valley]] or [[Teesside]]. [[Roseberry Topping]] is a notable hill in eastern Teesdale. Newer terms have gained stronger associations with separate parts of Teesdale due to their use as specific political constituencies and authorities.
Newer terms have gained stronger associations with separate parts of the valley due to their use as specific political constituencies and authorities.


==Geology==
==Geology==

Revision as of 01:07, 16 November 2020

For the locality in Victoria, Australia, see Teesdale, Victoria. For the former local government district, see Teesdale (district). For west Teesdale, see Upper Teesdale. For east Teesdale, see Cleveland, England.

Teesdale
Tees Valley, Teesside & Cleveland
Lower Teesdale (Teesside) from Carlton Bank
Geography
Locationsouth of county Durham and north of North Yorkshire, United Kingdom
CountryEngland
Population centersBarnard Castle, Tees Valley towns, Great Ayton & Stokesley
Borders on
Coordinates54°32′42″N 1°55′37″W / 54.545°N 1.927°W / 54.545; -1.927 
Traversed byA66 road, Teesdale Way, Tees Valley Line
RiverTees, Skerne & Leven

Teesdale is a dale, or valley, of the east side of the centre-north Pennines in England. The dale is in the River Tees’s drainage basin, most water flows stem from or converge into said river, including the Skerne and Leven.

Upper Teesdale, more commonly just Teesdale, falls within the Durham Dales and historically the Yorkshire Dales. Large parts of Upper Teesdale are in the North Pennines AONB (Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty) - the second largest AONB in England and Wales. The River Tees rises below Cross Fell, the highest hill in the Pennines at 2,930 feet (890 m),[1] and its uppermost valley is remote and high. The local climate was scientifically classified as "Sub-Arctic" and snow has sometimes lain on Cross Fell into June (there is an alpine ski area Yad Moss).[2][3]

East Teesdale has mixed urban (Tees Valley or Teesside) and rural (Cleveland) parts. Roseberry Topping is a notable hill on the south eastern side, of which this and other adjoining hills form the northern end of the North York Moors.

Newer terms have gained stronger associations with separate parts of the valley due to their use as specific political constituencies and authorities.

Geology

See also: Geology of County Durham; Yorkshire Dales; and Cleveland, England

Unusually for the Pennines, rock of igneous origin (the Whin Sill) contributes to the surface geology and scenery of Upper Teesdale. Around 295 million years ago upwelling magma spread through fissures and between strata in the earlier Carboniferous Limestone country rock. As it cooled (an event which is believed to have lasted 50 years) the rock contracted and caused itself to split into vertical columns. The heating of the limestone above the rock also caused it to be turned into a crumbly marble known as Sugar Limestone.[4][5]

High Cup Nick

Economic deposits in Llandovery rocks include soft shales that were previously worked to be used as slate pencils.[6]

More recently, Ice Age glacial activity shaped the valley, and much of the pre-glacial river course is now buried beneath glacial drift.

Botany

In places this impervious dolerite rock, with shallow soil above it, prevented the growth of scrub or trees: this enabled certain post-glacial Arctic / Alpine plants to survive here when elsewhere as a rule they were overgrown. The Sugar Limestone formed by thermal metamorphism of the limestone into which the Whin Sill was intruded also meets the requirements of some of these plants. Teesdale is famous among naturalists for the "Teesdale Assemblage" of plants found together here that occur widely separated in other locations, abroad or in the British Isles.[7]

High Cup Nick

Part of Upper Teesdale near the Cow Green Reservoir is designated a National Nature Reserve; it contains the unique Teesdale Violet and the blue Spring Gentian as well as more common Pennine flowers such as rockrose, spring sandwort, mountain pansy, bird's-eye primrose and butterwort.[8] Hay meadows in the valley above High Force, some now carefully cultivated to ensure this, contain an extremely rich variety of flowering plants including globe flower, wood cranesbill and Early Purple Orchid.[9] On the south bank of the Tees near High Force can be seen the largest surviving juniper wood in England.[10]

Geography and history

Middleton-in-Teesdale

West Teesdale’s principal town and most populous settlement is Barnard Castle,[11] a historic market town that is home to the renowned Bowes Museum.[12] It also includes the small town of Middleton-in-Teesdale and a number of villages, including Mickleton, Eggleston, Romaldkirk and Cotherstone.[11] Middleton-in-Teesdale was a lead-mining centre,[13] and plentiful traces of this industry can be seen round the adjoining slopes and side-valleys.[14] On the south side of Teesdale looms the Bronze Age burial site of Kirkcarrion.[15]

Over ledges in the Whin Sill fall the famous waterfalls of High Force and Low Force and the cataract of Cauldron Snout.[16]

Teesdale gave its name to the former Teesdale district of County Durham, although the south side of Teesdale lies within the historic county boundaries of the North Riding of Yorkshire. Formerly the Startforth Rural District, it was transferred to County Durham for administrative and ceremonial purposes on 1 April 1974, under the provisions of the Local Government Act 1972. All of West Teesdale lies within the parliamentary constituency of Bishop Auckland (County Durham). West Teesdale itself has been described as being the area between the source of the River Tees to a point just west of Darlington where the Tees flows through flatter country which is known as more as the Tees Valley.[17]

The River Tees flows through Teesdale before reaching and passing between Barnard Castle and Startforth, thereafter passing to the south of Darlington, reaching the North Sea south of Hartlepool after passing Stockton-on-Tees and Middlesbrough. Running roughly parallel to Teesdale to the north is Weardale, Durham Dales and south is Swaledale, Yorkshire Dales (west) and the Cleveland Hills, North York Moors (east).

Uses in Local Culture

References

  1. ^ "Great country walks: Cross Fell, Pennine Hills, Cumbria". The Guardian. 26 January 2015. Retrieved 15 February 2017.
  2. ^ "North Pennines AONB". www.landscapesforlife.org.uk. Archived from the original on 7 March 2017. Retrieved 15 February 2017.
  3. ^ Gilbert, Joe (27 December 1997). "Skiing: Yad Moss: the St Moritz of the north". The Independent. Retrieved 15 February 2017.
  4. ^ Cocker, Mark (27 April 2014). "The strange tale of Cronkley Scar, with its chaotic hem of boulder scree". The Guardian. Retrieved 14 February 2017.
  5. ^ "The Whin Sill" (PDF). northpennines.org.uk. North Pennines AONB. p. 2. Retrieved 14 February 2017.
  6. ^ Woodward, Horace B (1887). "4: Silurian (Upper Silurian)". The geology of England and Wales: with notes on the physical features of the country. London: G Phillip & Son. pp. 108–109. OCLC 933061775.
  7. ^ "Upper Teesdale SSSI" (PDF). naturalengland.org. pp. 1–5. Retrieved 14 February 2017.
  8. ^ "Moor House - Upper Teesdale NNR" (PDF). naturalengland.org. Natural England. 2014. p. 5. Retrieved 15 February 2017.
  9. ^ "High Force and Bowlees geotrail" (PDF). highforcewaterfall.com. Landscapes for Life. Retrieved 15 February 2017.
  10. ^ "Saving Teesdale's Juniper Wood". bbc.co.uk. BBC Tees. 13 November 2014. Retrieved 15 February 2017.
  11. ^ a b "Barnard Castle Masterplan Update" (PDF). durham.gov.uk. Durham County Council. December 2016. p. 3. Retrieved 15 February 2017.
  12. ^ "The Bowes Museum, About Us > Our History". thebowesmuseum.org.uk. Retrieved 15 February 2017.
  13. ^ "GENUKI - Middleton-in-Teesdale". joinermarriageindex.co.uk. Retrieved 15 February 2017.
  14. ^ "Teesdale's industrial heritage". Teesdale Mercury. 27 February 2008. Retrieved 15 February 2017.
  15. ^ Lloyd, Chris (8 April 2016). "Kirkcarrion keeps its secrets still". The Northern Echo. Retrieved 15 February 2017.
  16. ^ "Cow Green Reservoir – Visit Cumbria". www.visitcumbria.com. Retrieved 15 February 2017.
  17. ^ "History of Barnard Castle". www.barnardcastletowncouncil.gov.uk. Retrieved 15 February 2017.

See also

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