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== Classification and Status ==
== Classification and Status ==
Parya is a language that is very close to becoming extinct. It is classified under Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, and the Central Zone<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/4943|title=Did you know Parya is threatened?|website=Endangered Languages|language=en|access-date=2017-03-10}}</ref> but is unclassified within the Indo-Aryan branch of Indo-Iranian.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.sil.org/resources/archives/9138|title=Language Maintenance Among the Parya of Tajikistan|last=Abbess|first=Elisabeth|last2=Muller|first2=Katja|date=May 2010|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=October 10, 2020|last3=Paul|first3=Daniel|last4=Tiessen|first4=Calvin|last5=Tiessen|first5=Gabriela}}</ref> The language may also be referred to as Afgana-Yi Nasfurush, Afghana-Yi Siyarui, Changgars, Laghmani, or Pbharya,<ref name=":12">{{Cite news|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/paq|title=Parya|work=Ethnologue|access-date=2017-03-10}}</ref> but there are no other similar languages with the same ISO number, which is the code used to identify languages around the world. The main dialect of Parya is Marwari. Marwari is related to Punjabi which is related to the Afghanistan dialect.<ref name=":32">{{Cite news|url=https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/14324/TI|title=Parya in Tajikistan|last=Project|first=Joshua|access-date=2017-03-10|language=en}}</ref> The largest Parya villages in Tajikistan are the villages of Afghonobod, Qalai Hisor, Pravda Vostok, Boloi Kanal, and Kolkhozi Leninism.<ref name=":0" />
Parya is a language that is very close to becoming extinct. It is classified under Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, and the Central Zone<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/4943|title=Did you know Parya is threatened?|website=Endangered Languages|language=en|access-date=2017-03-10}}</ref> but is unclassified within the Indo-Aryan branch of Indo-Iranian.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.sil.org/resources/archives/9138|title=Language Maintenance Among the Parya of Tajikistan|last1=Abbess|first1=Elisabeth|last2=Muller|first2=Katja|date=May 2010|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=October 10, 2020|last3=Paul|first3=Daniel|last4=Tiessen|first4=Calvin|last5=Tiessen|first5=Gabriela}}</ref> The language may also be referred to as Afgana-Yi Nasfurush, Afghana-Yi Siyarui, Changgars, Laghmani, or Pbharya,<ref name=":12">{{Cite news|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/paq|title=Parya|work=Ethnologue|access-date=2017-03-10}}</ref> but there are no other similar languages with the same ISO number, which is the code used to identify languages around the world. The main dialect of Parya is Marwari. Marwari is related to Punjabi which is related to the Afghanistan dialect.<ref name=":32">{{Cite news|url=https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/14324/TI|title=Parya in Tajikistan|last=Project|first=Joshua|access-date=2017-03-10|language=en}}</ref> The largest Parya villages in Tajikistan are the villages of Afghonobod, Qalai Hisor, Pravda Vostok, Boloi Kanal, and Kolkhozi Leninism.<ref name=":0" />


Parya is largely spoken in the border regions between Tajikistan and Uzbekistan, specifically in the towns of [[Hisor]], [[Shahrinaw district|Shahrinav]], [[Tursunzoda|Regar/Tursunzoda]] and Surchi, located in the [[Gissar Valley|Hissor Valley]] of Tajikistan and the [[Surxondaryo Province|Surkhondaryo basin]] of Uzbekistan. It is based on the [[Brij Bhasha]], [[Haryanvi language|Haryanvi]] and [[Rajasthani language|Rajasthani]] dialects, and is highly influenced by [[Uzbek language|Uzbek]], [[Tajik language|Tajik]] and [[Russian language|Russian]] languages.<ref name="tiwari"/><ref name="Oranskaia">Tatiana Oranskaia, "Parya yazyk", Yazyki Rossiyskoy Federatsii i sosednix gosudarstv. Entsiklopediya. V tryox tomax. II K-R. Moskva: "Nauka"; 2001</ref>
Parya is largely spoken in the border regions between Tajikistan and Uzbekistan, specifically in the towns of [[Hisor]], [[Shahrinaw district|Shahrinav]], [[Tursunzoda|Regar/Tursunzoda]] and Surchi, located in the [[Gissar Valley|Hissor Valley]] of Tajikistan and the [[Surxondaryo Province|Surkhondaryo basin]] of Uzbekistan. It is based on the [[Brij Bhasha]], [[Haryanvi language|Haryanvi]] and [[Rajasthani language|Rajasthani]] dialects, and is highly influenced by [[Uzbek language|Uzbek]], [[Tajik language|Tajik]] and [[Russian language|Russian]] languages.<ref name="tiwari"/><ref name="Oranskaia">Tatiana Oranskaia, "Parya yazyk", Yazyki Rossiyskoy Federatsii i sosednix gosudarstv. Entsiklopediya. V tryox tomax. II K-R. Moskva: "Nauka"; 2001</ref>
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There are about 2,500 speakers worldwide. Parya speakers are usually bilingual in Tajik, but tend to exclusively use Parya at home.<ref name="Ethno1">Barbara F. Grimes, Richard Saunders Pittman, Joseph Evans Grimes, "Ethnologue: Languages of the World", Summer Institute of Linguistics, 1996; {{ISBN|0-88312-815-2}}, {{ISBN|978-0-88312-815-2}}</ref>
There are about 2,500 speakers worldwide. Parya speakers are usually bilingual in Tajik, but tend to exclusively use Parya at home.<ref name="Ethno1">Barbara F. Grimes, Richard Saunders Pittman, Joseph Evans Grimes, "Ethnologue: Languages of the World", Summer Institute of Linguistics, 1996; {{ISBN|0-88312-815-2}}, {{ISBN|978-0-88312-815-2}}</ref>


Depending on what source one refers to, there are anywhere from about 3,000 to 7,500 speakers left.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|url=http://www-01.sil.org/silesr/2010/silesr2010-014.Pdf|title=Language Maintenance Among the Parya of Tajikistan|last=Abbess|first=Elisabeth|last2=Muller|first2=Katja|date=May 2010|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=March 10, 2017|last3=Paul|first3=Daniel|last4=Tiessen|first4=Calvin|last5=Tiessen|first5=Gabriela}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=6p6b5GQ4Q4YC&pg=PA238&lpg=PA238&dq=parya+endangered+language#v=onepage&q=parya%20endangered%20language&f=false|title=Language Diversity Endangered|last=Brenzinger|first=Matthias|date=2007-01-01|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=9783110170504|language=en}}</ref> The language is not even officially recognized or used in schools.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|url=http://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/29986863/Clifton_CLS_2010_Final_Paper.pdf?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIAIWOWYYGZ2Y53UL3A&Expires=1489170799&Signature=kIw%2Fh1dzvLlvtKjkkPqxuf6VGPs%3D&response-content-disposition=inline%3B%20filename%3DStable_Multilingualism_in_Tajikstan.pdf|title=Stable Multilingualism in Tajikistan|last=Clifton|first=John|date=|website=Academia|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=March 10, 2017}}</ref> With numbers so low, the language is categorized as severely endangered. This means it is mainly spoken by older generations, it is understood younger generations, but the youngest generations don't really use it at all.<ref name=":6">{{Cite news|url=http://chartsbin.com/view/1339|title=Number of Endangered Languages by Country|last=ChartsBin|work=ChartsBin|access-date=2017-03-10}}</ref>
Depending on what source one refers to, there are anywhere from about 3,000 to 7,500 speakers left.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|url=http://www-01.sil.org/silesr/2010/silesr2010-014.Pdf|title=Language Maintenance Among the Parya of Tajikistan|last1=Abbess|first1=Elisabeth|last2=Muller|first2=Katja|date=May 2010|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=March 10, 2017|last3=Paul|first3=Daniel|last4=Tiessen|first4=Calvin|last5=Tiessen|first5=Gabriela}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6p6b5GQ4Q4YC&q=parya+endangered+language&pg=PA238|title=Language Diversity Endangered|last=Brenzinger|first=Matthias|date=2007-01-01|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=9783110170504|language=en}}</ref> The language is not even officially recognized or used in schools.<ref name=":8">{{Cite document|title=Stable Multilingualism in Tajikistan|last=Clifton|first=John|date=}}</ref> With numbers so low, the language is categorized as severely endangered. This means it is mainly spoken by older generations, it is understood younger generations, but the youngest generations don't really use it at all.<ref name=":6">{{Cite news|url=http://chartsbin.com/view/1339|title=Number of Endangered Languages by Country|last=ChartsBin|work=ChartsBin|access-date=2017-03-10}}</ref>


== Speakers of Parya ==
== Speakers of Parya ==
Many of those who speak the Parya language Sunni Muslims,<ref name=":32"/> and many of them are farmers, and more specifically, primarily rice farmers.<ref name=":32" /> Many of the people live in Tajikistan, but some also live in Uzbekistan and Afghanistan. Since the language is so endangered and not many people know it, those who do speak it tend to be bilingual in the dominant languages surrounding them,<ref name=":03">{{Cite web|url=http://www-01.sil.org/silesr/2010/silesr2010-014.Pdf|title=Language Maintenance Among the Parya of Tajikistan|last=Abbess|first=Elisabeth|last2=Muller|first2=Katja|date=May 2010|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=March 10, 2017|last3=Paul|first3=Daniel|last4=Tiessen|first4=Calvin|last5=Tiessen|first5=Gabriela}}</ref> however, when Uzbek and Tajik men marry Parya women, they tend to learn the language and assimilate.<ref name=":12"/> Although many are bilingual, the Tajik language has increasingly influenced the Parya language.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=kFVthqmDs_kC&pg=PA45&lpg=PA45&dq=parya+endangered+language#v=onepage&q=parya%20endangered%20language&f=false|title=Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger|last=Moseley|first=Christopher|date=2010-01-01|publisher=UNESCO|isbn=9789231040962|language=en}}</ref> The language is mostly spoken with ones family and relations, and it is almost always spoken in the homes of native speakers.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://dhcp-128-171-46-84.its.hawaii.edu/lang/4943?hl=en|title=Did you know Parya is threatened?|website=Endangered Languages|language=en|access-date=2017-03-10}}</ref>
Many of those who speak the Parya language Sunni Muslims,<ref name=":32"/> and many of them are farmers, and more specifically, primarily rice farmers.<ref name=":32" /> Many of the people live in Tajikistan, but some also live in Uzbekistan and Afghanistan. Since the language is so endangered and not many people know it, those who do speak it tend to be bilingual in the dominant languages surrounding them,<ref name=":03">{{Cite web|url=http://www-01.sil.org/silesr/2010/silesr2010-014.Pdf|title=Language Maintenance Among the Parya of Tajikistan|last1=Abbess|first1=Elisabeth|last2=Muller|first2=Katja|date=May 2010|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=March 10, 2017|last3=Paul|first3=Daniel|last4=Tiessen|first4=Calvin|last5=Tiessen|first5=Gabriela}}</ref> however, when Uzbek and Tajik men marry Parya women, they tend to learn the language and assimilate.<ref name=":12"/> Although many are bilingual, the Tajik language has increasingly influenced the Parya language.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kFVthqmDs_kC&q=parya+endangered+language&pg=PA45|title=Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger|last=Moseley|first=Christopher|date=2010-01-01|publisher=UNESCO|isbn=9789231040962|language=en}}</ref> The language is mostly spoken with ones family and relations, and it is almost always spoken in the homes of native speakers.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://dhcp-128-171-46-84.its.hawaii.edu/lang/4943?hl=en|title=Did you know Parya is threatened?|website=Endangered Languages|language=en|access-date=2017-03-10}}</ref>


== Phonology ==
== Phonology ==

Revision as of 21:43, 18 November 2020

Parya
Парья
Native toTajikistan, Uzbekistan, Afghanistan
RegionGissar Valley, Surkhandarya basin
Native speakers
1,600 in Tajikistan (2017)[1]
2,600 total speakers (no date)[2] 1,000 in Uzbekistan (no date)[3]
extinct in Afghanistan (no date)[4]
Language codes
ISO 639-3paq
Glottologpary1242
ELPParya

Parya (Template:Lang-ru) is a Central Indo-Aryan language spoken in parts of Afghanistan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan especially on Dushanbe city. Tajuzbeki (or Tadj-Uzbeki) was an alternative name coined by Bholanath Tiwari for the same language.[5] Much of the academic research in documenting and characterizing this isolated Indo-Aryan language was done by prominent Soviet linguist I. M. Oranski.

Classification and Status

Parya is a language that is very close to becoming extinct. It is classified under Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, and the Central Zone[6] but is unclassified within the Indo-Aryan branch of Indo-Iranian.[7] The language may also be referred to as Afgana-Yi Nasfurush, Afghana-Yi Siyarui, Changgars, Laghmani, or Pbharya,[8] but there are no other similar languages with the same ISO number, which is the code used to identify languages around the world. The main dialect of Parya is Marwari. Marwari is related to Punjabi which is related to the Afghanistan dialect.[9] The largest Parya villages in Tajikistan are the villages of Afghonobod, Qalai Hisor, Pravda Vostok, Boloi Kanal, and Kolkhozi Leninism.[7]

Parya is largely spoken in the border regions between Tajikistan and Uzbekistan, specifically in the towns of Hisor, Shahrinav, Regar/Tursunzoda and Surchi, located in the Hissor Valley of Tajikistan and the Surkhondaryo basin of Uzbekistan. It is based on the Brij Bhasha, Haryanvi and Rajasthani dialects, and is highly influenced by Uzbek, Tajik and Russian languages.[5][10]

There are about 2,500 speakers worldwide. Parya speakers are usually bilingual in Tajik, but tend to exclusively use Parya at home.[11]

Depending on what source one refers to, there are anywhere from about 3,000 to 7,500 speakers left.[12][13] The language is not even officially recognized or used in schools.[14] With numbers so low, the language is categorized as severely endangered. This means it is mainly spoken by older generations, it is understood younger generations, but the youngest generations don't really use it at all.[15]

Speakers of Parya

Many of those who speak the Parya language Sunni Muslims,[9] and many of them are farmers, and more specifically, primarily rice farmers.[9] Many of the people live in Tajikistan, but some also live in Uzbekistan and Afghanistan. Since the language is so endangered and not many people know it, those who do speak it tend to be bilingual in the dominant languages surrounding them,[16] however, when Uzbek and Tajik men marry Parya women, they tend to learn the language and assimilate.[8] Although many are bilingual, the Tajik language has increasingly influenced the Parya language.[17] The language is mostly spoken with ones family and relations, and it is almost always spoken in the homes of native speakers.[18]

Phonology

Bilabial Labiodental Dental Alveolar Postalveolar-
Palatal		 Retroflex Velar Uvular Glottal
Consonants[5]
Stop/
Affricate 		voiceless p t̪ t͡ʃ ʈ k q
aspirated pʰ t̪ʰ t͡ʃʰ ʈʰ kʰ
voiced b d̪ d͡ʒ ɖ g
Nasal m n̪ ɲ ɳ ŋ
Fricative voiceless f s ʃ x
voiced v z ɣ
Approximant ɾ l j ɽ ɦ

Grammar

Vigesimal counting

Parya employs some vigesimal numeral counting patterns.[19][20]

English Parya Hindi Hindi root words
one jek ek
two du do
three tin tīn
four tshar cār
five pandzh pāñc
ten dus das
twenty bis bīs
seventy sare tin bisi sattar sāṛhe tīn = three and a half; bīs = twenty
ninety sare char bisi nabbe sāṛhe cār = four and a half; bīs = twenty

References

  1. ^ Parya at Ethnologue (23rd ed., 2020) Closed access icon
  2. ^ Parya language at Ethnologue (23rd ed., 2020) Closed access icon
  3. ^ Languages of Uzbekistan at Lewis, M. Paul, ed. (2009). Ethnologue: Languages of the World (16th ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International.
  4. ^ Parya language at Ethnologue (17th ed., 2013) Closed access icon
  5. ^ a b c Tiwari, Bholanath (1970). Tajuzbeki. National Publishing House.
  6. ^ "Did you know Parya is threatened?". Endangered Languages. Retrieved 2017-03-10.
  7. ^ a b Abbess, Elisabeth; Muller, Katja; Paul, Daniel; Tiessen, Calvin; Tiessen, Gabriela (May 2010). "Language Maintenance Among the Parya of Tajikistan". Retrieved October 10, 2020.
  8. ^ a b "Parya". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2017-03-10.
  9. ^ a b c Project, Joshua. "Parya in Tajikistan". Retrieved 2017-03-10.
  10. ^ Tatiana Oranskaia, "Parya yazyk", Yazyki Rossiyskoy Federatsii i sosednix gosudarstv. Entsiklopediya. V tryox tomax. II K-R. Moskva: "Nauka"; 2001
  11. ^ Barbara F. Grimes, Richard Saunders Pittman, Joseph Evans Grimes, "Ethnologue: Languages of the World", Summer Institute of Linguistics, 1996; ISBN 0-88312-815-2, ISBN 978-0-88312-815-2
  12. ^ Abbess, Elisabeth; Muller, Katja; Paul, Daniel; Tiessen, Calvin; Tiessen, Gabriela (May 2010). "Language Maintenance Among the Parya of Tajikistan". Retrieved March 10, 2017.
  13. ^ Brenzinger, Matthias (2007-01-01). Language Diversity Endangered. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 9783110170504.
  14. ^ Clifton, John. "Stable Multilingualism in Tajikistan" (Document). {{cite document}}: Cite document requires |publisher= (help)
  15. ^ ChartsBin. "Number of Endangered Languages by Country". ChartsBin. Retrieved 2017-03-10.
  16. ^ Abbess, Elisabeth; Muller, Katja; Paul, Daniel; Tiessen, Calvin; Tiessen, Gabriela (May 2010). "Language Maintenance Among the Parya of Tajikistan". Retrieved March 10, 2017.
  17. ^ Moseley, Christopher (2010-01-01). Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger. UNESCO. ISBN 9789231040962.
  18. ^ "Did you know Parya is threatened?". Endangered Languages. Retrieved 2017-03-10.
  19. ^ Jadranka Gvozdanović, "Numeral types and changes worldwide", Walter de Gruyter, 1999; ISBN 3-11-016113-3, ISBN 978-3-11-016113-7
  20. ^ Iosef Mikhailovich Oranski, "Dva indoariyski dialekta iz Srednei Azii", Indiyskaya i Iranskaya Filologiya; Institut Narodov Azii, Nauka, 1964.
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