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| style="white-space:nowrap;" | [[Young Kim]] || || 1962- || [[Korean-American]] || California || {{Party shading/Republican}} | [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] || Serving since 2021. First Korean-American woman elected to Congress, along with Michelle Park Steel.
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | [[Young Kim]] || || 1962- || [[Korean-American]] || California || {{Party shading/Republican}} | [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] || Serving since 2021. First Korean-American woman elected to Congress, along with Michelle Park Steel.
|-
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|| style="white-space:nowrap;" | [[Michelle Park Steel]] || || 1955- || [[Korean-American]] || California || {{Party shading/Republican}} | [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] || Serving since 2021. First Korean-American woman elected to Congress, along with Young Kim.
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | [[Michelle Park Steel]] || || 1955- || [[Korean-American]] || California || {{Party shading/Republican}} | [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] || Serving since 2021. First Korean-American woman elected to Congress, along with Young Kim.
|}
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Revision as of 13:40, 20 November 2020

Asian Americans represent a growing share of the national population and of the electorate.[1] The lower political participation of Asian Americans has been raised as a concern.[2][3] In the 21st century, Asian Americans have become a key Democratic Party constituency.[4][5]

Officeholders

State and local government

Governors

Name Image Term Ethnicity State Party Offices held
George Ariyoshi 1974-1986 Japanese-American Hawaii Democratic Served as the governor of Hawaii from 1974 to 1986. First American of Asian descent to be elected governor of a state of the United States.[6] He continues to hold the record as the longest-serving state governor in Hawaii.
Ben Cayetano 1994-2002 Filipino-American Hawaii Democratic Served as the fifth governor of Hawaii from 1994 to 2002. First Filipino American to serve as a state governor in the United States.[7]
Gary Locke 1997-2005 Chinese-American Washington Democratic Served as the governor of the state of Washington elected in 1996. First Chinese-American to be elected governor in United States history and the first Asian-American governor in the continental United States. Locke served as governor from 1997 to 2005.[8]
Bobby Jindal 2008-2016 Indian-American Louisiana Republican Served in various executive positions in Louisiana and the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services before being elected to the Congress in 2004, and finally winning the Louisiana gubernatorial elections in 2007 (thereby becoming the first non-white governor of Louisiana since Reconstruction), the first elected Indian-American governor in U.S. history,[9] as well as the second Asian-American governor to serve in the continental United States.
Nikki Haley 2011-2017 Indian-American South Carolina Republican Served as the 116th Governor of South Carolina from 2011 to 2017. Haley previously represented Lexington County in the South Carolina House of Representatives from 2005 to 2010.[10] She is the first Sikh American governor in the United States,[11] first female governor of South Carolina,[11] second elected Indian-American governor in U.S. history,[12] as well as the third Asian-American governor to serve in the continental United States. Nikki Haley's election was not the only first for Asian Americans to occur during the 2010 election cycle.
David Ige 2014- Japanese-American Hawaii Democratic Serving as governor of Hawaii since 2014. First person of Okinawan descent to hold office in the U.S.[13]

State offices

Name Image Life Ethnicity State Party Offices held
Sean Reyes 1971- Filipino-American Utah Republican Attorney General of Utah
Kamala Harris 1964- Indian-American California Democratic Harris, who is half Indian-American,[14] became the first female, first Jamaican American, and first Asian-American state attorney general in the United States.[15]
John Chiang 1962- Taiwanese-American California Democratic Served as California State Treasurer from 2014 to 2019.
Betty Yee 1957- Chinese-American California Democratic Serving as California State Controller since 2015.
Hubert Vo 1956- Vietnamese-American Texas Democratic Serving in the Texas House since 2004. First Vietnamese American to be elected to the Texas Legislature.
Gene Wu 1978- Chinese-American Texas Democratic Serving in the Texas House since 2012.

Local offices

Name Image Life Ethnicity State Party Offices held
Norman Mineta 1931- Japanese-American California Democratic Served as mayor of San Jose, California, in 1971.[16]
Ed Lee 1952-2017 Chinese-American California Democratic Served as first Asian-American mayor of San Francisco until his death in 2017.[17]
David Oh 1960- Korean-American Pennsylvania Republican Served as first Asian-American elected to political office in the City of Philadelphia in 2011. Oh is currently serving his first term as City Councilman At-Large, Minority Whip.[18]
Ravinder Bhalla 1974- Indian-American New Jersey Democratic Mayor of Hoboken, New Jersey[19]

Congress

See also: List of Asian Pacific Americans in the United States Congress
Name Image Life Ethnicity State Party Offices held
Dalip Singh Saund 1899-1973 Indian-American California Democratic Served from 1957 to 1963. First Asian-American voting member of the United States Congress. Saund, from Imperial and Riverside Counties, was the first South-Asian American, first Indian-American, first Sikh-American, and first member of a non-Abrahamic faith to be elected to Congress.[20]
Hiram Fong 1906-2004 Chinese-American Hawaii Republican Served from 1959 to 1977. First Chinese-American elected to Congress[20] and first Asian-American Senator.[21] Daniel Inouye (who served from 1959 to 2012) was the first Japanese American in the House and later the first in Senate. Spark Matsunaga was the second Japanese American to serve in the House (served 1971–77). Matsunaga and S. I. Hayakawa were the second and third Japanese Americans to serve in the Senate. Matsunaga served in the Senate between 1977 and 1990, while Hayakawa served in the Senate between 1977 and 1983.
Daniel Inouye 1924-2012 Japanese-American Hawaii Democratic Served from 1959 to 2012. First Japanese-American in the US House Representatives (1959-1963) and later the first in the Senate (1963-2012).
Spark Matsunaga 1916-1990 Japanese-American Hawaii Democratic Served from 1971 to 1990. Second Japanese-American to serve in the US House Representatives (1971-1977) and later the second in the Senate (1977-1990).
S. I. Hayakawa 1906-1992 Japanese-American California Republican (1973–1992) Democratic (before 1973) Served from 1977 to 1983. Third Japanese-American to serve in the US Senate.
Norman Mineta 1931- Japanese-American California Democratic Served from 1975 to 1995. Fourth Japanese-American to serve in the US House of Representatives.
Bob Matsui 1941-2005 Japanese-American California Democratic Served from 1979 to 2005. Fifth Japanese-American to serve in the House.
Patsy Mink 1927-2002 Japanese-American Hawaii Democratic Served from 1965 to 1977 and again from 1990 to 2002. First female Asian-American and the first female Japanese-American elected to Congress.[20]
Daniel Kahikina Akaka 1924-2018 Native-Hawaiian Hawaii Democratic Served from 1990 to 2000. Appointed as U.S. Senator of Hawaii in 1990, and then subsequently re-elected for two terms in 1994 and 2000. First congressperson of Native-Hawaiian descent.[22]
Bobby Scott 1947- Filipino-American Virginia Democratic Serving since 1993. First US born member of Congress of Filipino descent.[23]
Jay Kim 1939- Korean-American California Republican Served from 1993 to 1999. First Korean-American elected to Congress,[24] as well as the first Korean-American elected to a national office outside of Korea.[25] After he left office in 1999, there were no Korean Americans in Congress until the 2018 election of Andy Kim.
Andy Kim 1982- Korean-American New Jersey Democratic Serving since 2019. First congressperson of Asian descent to represent New Jersey.[26]
David Wu 1955- Chinese-American Oregon Democratic Served from 1998 to 2011. First Chinese-American of Taiwanese descent elected to Congress.[27] Wu resigned in 2011,[28] which was followed by a brief absence of Taiwanese Americans in Congress until the election of Grace Meng in 2012.
Joseph Cao 1967- Vietnamese-American Louisiana Republican Served from 2009 to 2011. First Vietnamese-American elected to Congress;[20] since he left office in 2011 there were no Vietnamese Americans in Congress until the election of Stephanie Murphy.
Stephanie Murphy 1978- Vietnamese-American Florida Democratic Serving since 2017. First female Vietnamese-American elected to Congress.
Steve Austria 1958- Filipino-American Ohio Republican Served from 2009 to 2013. First Multiracial, Filipino-American elected to congress. First first-generation, Filipino elected to Congress.[29]
Charles Djou 1970- Thai-American Hawaii Independent (2018–present) Republican (before 2018) Served from 2010 to 2011. First Thai-American elected to Congress;[30][31] he left Congress in 2011,[32] and no Thai American served in the Congress until Tammy Duckworth was elected in 2012.
Tammy Duckworth 1968- Thai-American Illinois Democratic Serving since 2013. First female Thai-American and first Thailand-born representative elected to Congress (US House of Representatives). Elected as a sentator in 2017.
Hansen Clarke 1957- Bangladeshi-American Michigan Democratic Served from 2011 to 2013. First Bangladeshi-American to service in Congress.[33] Clarke lost his seat after being defeated in the 2012 primary, and[34] no Bangladeshi-Americans have served in Congress since.
Pramila Jayapal 1965- Indian-American Washington Democratic Serving since 2017. First female Indian-American elected to Congress from Washington.
Kamala Harris 1964- Indian-American California Democratic Serving since 2017. First female Indian-American elected to Congress from California.
Grace Meng 1975- Chinese-American New York Democratic Serving since 2013. First female Asian-American and first Chinese-American of Taiwanese descent elected to Congress from New York.
Mark Takano 1960- Japanese-American California Democratic (1983–present) Republican (Before 1983) Serving since 2013. First openly gay person of Asian descent elected to Congress.
Mazie Hirono 1947- Japanese-American Hawaii Democratic Serving since 2007. Served in the US House of Representatives from 2007 to 2013. First elected female senator from Hawaii (2013), the first Asian-American woman elected to the Senate, the first U.S. senator born in Japan, and the nation's first Buddhist senator.
Judy Chu 1953- Chinese-American California Democratic Serving since 2009. First female Chinese-American elected to Congress.
Raja Krishnamoorthi 1973- Indian-American Illinois Democratic Serving since 2017. First Hindu of Indian descent elected to Congress.
Tulsi Gabbard 1981- Samoan-American Hawaii Democratic Serving since 2013. First Hindu and first Samoan-American elected to Congress.
Amata Coleman Radewagen 1947- Samoan-American American Samoa Republican Serving since 2015. First female to represent American Samoa in the US Congress.
Young Kim 1962- Korean-American California Republican Serving since 2021. First Korean-American woman elected to Congress, along with Michelle Park Steel.
Michelle Park Steel 1955- Korean-American California Republican Serving since 2021. First Korean-American woman elected to Congress, along with Young Kim.

Historic

Benito Legarda and Pablo Ocampo, joined the House in 1907 as Resident Commissioners,[35] becoming the first Asian Americans to serve in the Congress, albeit as non-voting members.[20][20]

Senator Daniel Inouye of Hawaii was the President pro tempore of the United States Senate and the highest-ranking Asian American in congressional history.

In 2010, Inouye was sworn in as President Pro Tempore making him the highest-ranking Asian American politician in American history.

Current

There are presently 14 Asian Pacific Americans in the House and 3 in the Senate, in the 116th United States Congress.[36][37][38] The following marks the total number of Asian Americans in the U.S. Congress since 1957: 36 representatives and 9 senators. Representatives include those from Japanese, Taiwanese, Filipino, Thai, Indian, Samoan, and Vietnamese American backgrounds.

Representatives Colleen Hanabusa, Doris Matsui, Mark Takano, and Senator Mazie Hirono are Japanese American.

Representative Judy Chu is Chinese American.

Representatives Grace Meng and Ted Lieu are Taiwanese Americans.

Representative Bobby Scott is Filipino American.

Representative TJ Cox is Chinese and Filipino American.

Senator Tammy Duckworth is Thai American.

Representatives Ami Bera, Raja Krishnamoorthi, Pramila Jayapal, Ro Khanna, and Senator Kamala Harris are Indian American.[36]

Representative Tulsi Gabbard and Amata Coleman Radewagen are Samoan American.

Representative Stephanie Murphy is Vietnamese American.

Representative Andy Kim is Korean American.

Note that Scott and Harris both are multiracial; Scott is one-fourth Filipino and three-fourths African American, while Harris is one-half Indian and one-half Jamaican.

Cabinet

Norman Mineta, first Asian American cabinet member

Norman Mineta became the first Asian American Cabinet member when he was appointed secretary of commerce by President Bill Clinton in 2000. He then served as secretary of transportation from 2001 to 2002.[39] Also in the George W. Bush Administration, Elaine Chao became the first, and thus far only, Asian-American woman to serve as a Cabinet secretary when she became the secretary of labor in 2001, serving until 2009.[40] She has also served as secretary of transportation in the current administration since 2017.

In 2009, President Barack Obama appointed Eric Shinseki to the position of secretary of veterans affairs, which he held until 2014. Shinseki was the first Asian American to hold this position. Steven Chu, the first Asian American to hold the position of secretary of energy, served from 2009 to 2013. Additionally under Obama, Gary Locke served as secretary of commerce from 2009 to 2011.

In 2017, President Donald Trump appointed Nikki Haley the first Indian American to serve in a permanent Cabinet-level position when she was confirmed to the position of ambassador to the United Nations in 2017. She held the position until 2018.

Presidential and vice-presidential candidates

In 1964, Hiram Fong, a Republican, became the first Asian-American candidate for president.[41][42]

In 1972, Patsy Mink became the first Asian-American Democratic candidate for president, and the first Japanese-American candidate for president.[43]

In 2015, Bobby Jindal, a Republican, became the first Indian-American candidate for president.[44][45]

In 2017, Andrew Yang became the first Asian-American male Democratic candidate for president.[46][47]

In 2020, Kamala Harris became the first Asian-American major party candidate for vice president.[48]

From the 1940s to the 1990s most Asian Americans were anti-communist refugees who had fled mainland China, North Korea or Vietnam, and were strongly anti-Communist. Many had ties to conservative organizations.[49][50] In recent years, more liberal Asian-American groups such as newer Chinese and Indian immigrants have greatly changed the Asian-American political demographics, as well as a larger proportion of younger Asian Americans, many of whom have completed college degrees.[51]

During the 1990s and 2000s, Asian American voting behavior shifted from moderate support for the Republican Party to stronger support for the Democratic Party.[52] In the 1992 presidential election Republican George H. W. Bush received 55% of the Asian-American vote compared to 31% for Democrat Bill Clinton. Asian Americans voted Republican and were the only racial group more conservative than whites in the 1990s, according to surveys.[49] By the 2004 election, Democrat John Kerry won 56% of the Asian American vote, with Chinese and Indian Americans tending to support Kerry, and Vietnamese and Filipino Americans tending to support George Bush.[53] Japanese-Americans leaned toward Kerry, while Korean-Americans leaned toward Bush.[53] Democrat Barack Obama won 62% of the Asian American vote in the 2008 presidential election,[54] with the margin increasing during the 2012 presidential election, where Asian Americans voted to re-elect Obama by 73%.[55] In the 2014 midterm elections, based on exit polls, 50% of Asian Americans voted Republican, while 49% voted Democrat; this swing toward voting for Republicans was a shift from the strong Democratic vote in 2012, and had not reached 50% since 1996.[56] The 2016 National Asian American Survey, conducted before the 2016 presidential election, found that 55% of Asian American registered voters supported Democratic candidate Hillary Clinton and only 14% supported Republican candidate Donald Trump.[57]

Despite their growing trend of voting for Democrats in national elections, Asian Americans have tended to identify as independents and have not developed strong ties to political parties as a group.[58] Due to the smaller size of the groups population, in comparison to the population as a whole, it has been difficult to get an adequate sampling to forecast voter outcomes for Asian Americans.[59] In 2008, polls indicated that 35% considered themselves non-partisan, 32% Democrats, 19% independents, and 14% Republicans.[60] The 2012 National Asian American Survey found that 51% considered themselves non-partisan, 33% Democrats, 14% Republicans, and 2% Other;[61][62] Hmong, Indian, and Korean Americans strongly identified as Democrats, and Filipino and Vietnamese Americans most strongly identified as Republicans.[62] In 2013, according to the Asian American Legal Defense and Education Fund, Chinese Americans were the least likely Asian American ethnicity to have a party affiliation, with only one third belonging to a party.[63] The 2016 National Asian American Survey found that 41% of Asian Americans identified as non-partisan, 41% as Democrats (a modest increase from 2008 and 2012), and 16% as Republicans.[57]

Neither the Republican nor Democratic parties have financed significant efforts to the registration of Asian Americans, however much more attention has been focused on contributions from Asian Americans,[64] having once been referred to as potential "Republican Jews".[65] As recently as 2006, the outreach efforts of America's two major political parties have been unbalanced, with the Democratic Party devoting more resources in attracting Asian Americans.[66] In 2016, a majority of Asian-Americans possessed the same political views on racial profiling, education, social security, and immigration reform as the Democratic Party; the efforts to attract Asian-Americans has produced a proportionally significant growth in Democratic affiliation by Asian-Americans from 2012 to 2016 by 12 percent.[67] In 2016, Vietnamese and Filipinos were the least likely Asian Americans to support the presidential campaign of Hillary Clinton, with Vietnamese the most likely to back the presidential campaign of Donald Trump.[68] Political affiliation aside, Asian Americans have trended to become more politically active as a whole, with 2008 seeing an increase of voter participation by 4% to a 49% voting rate.[69] In 2017, it was reported by the Washington Post that Asian Americans born outside of the United States trended to be more conservative, and more likely to identify as Republicans, while those who were born in the United States, who were generally younger, were more likely to identify being a Democrat.[70]

See also

References

  1. ^ Office, US Census Bureau Public Information. "Facts for Features: Asian/Pacific American Heritage Month: May 2012 – Facts for Features & Special Editions – Newsroom – U.S. Census Bureau". www.census.gov. Retrieved 12 February 2017.
  2. ^ "The Rise of Asian Americans". Pew Research Center’s Social & Demographic Trends Project. 19 June 2012. Retrieved 12 February 2017.
  3. ^ Trounson, Rebecca (18 June 2012). "Fueled by immigration, Asians are fastest-growing U.S. group". Los Angeles Times. ISSN 0458-3035. Retrieved 12 February 2017.
  4. ^ Ramakrishnan, Karthick. "How Asian Americans Became Democrats". The American Prospect. Retrieved 21 June 2020.
  5. ^ Zhou, Li. "Trump could be turning Asian Americans into reliable Democratic voters". Vox. Retrieved 21 June 2020.
  6. ^ Niiya, Brian; Japanese American National Museum (1993). Japanese American history: an A-to-Z reference from 1868 to the present. VNR AG. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-8160-2680-7.
  7. ^ CYNTHIA DE CASTR (18 November 2008). "Benjamin Jerome 'Ben' Cayetano: 1st US FilAm State Governor". Asian Journal. Archived from the original on 24 March 2011. Retrieved 22 February 2011.
  8. ^ "Governor Locke". Washington State Office of the Governor. 2004. Retrieved 22 February 2011.
  9. ^ Jan Moller (21 October 2007). "1st Indian-American governor in U.S. vows 'fresh start' for La". The Times-Picayune. Retrieved 23 February 2011.
  10. ^ Belles of the South Audrey/Asian Women's Magazine – April/May '06 Archived 12 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  11. ^ a b "Haley Becomes South Carolina's 1st Woman Governor". Associated Press. 2 November 2010. Archived from the original on 25 January 2011. Retrieved 22 February 2011.
  12. ^ Raju Chebium (14 February 2011). "Second generation Indian-Americans shed apathy, vie for public service". International Business Times. Archived from the original on 18 February 2011. Retrieved 22 February 2011.
  13. ^ "David Y. Ige | David Ige, Governor, State of Hawaii". governor.hawaii.gov. Retrieved 12 February 2017.
  14. ^ Reshma Dhawan (2009). "The New Face of Politics...An Interview with Kamala Harris". Cultural Features. DesiClub, Inc. Archived from the original on 11 June 2009. Retrieved 22 March 2011.
  15. ^ Nina Huang (22 December 2010). "The top 10 amazing Asian American achievers of 2010". North Asian Weekly. Retrieved 22 March 2011.
  16. ^ "New Mayor of San Jose is Japanese". Milwaukee Journal. Associated Press. 14 April 1971. Retrieved 24 May 2014.
  17. ^ https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/12/us/ed-lee-dead.html%7Ctitle=Ed Lee, San Francisco's First Asian American Mayor, Dies at 65|publisher=New York Times|date=2017-12-12|accessdate=2020-02-05}}
  18. ^ "Philadelphia Council Member Profile". Retrieved 3 August 2015.
  19. ^ "New Jersey's First Sikh Elected Official Looks to 'Uplift' Community in Mayoral Bid". Retrieved 19 July 2017.
  20. ^ a b c d e f Lorraine H. Tong (7 July 2010). "Asian Pacific Americans in the United States Congress". Congressional Research Service. Retrieved 22 February 2011.
  21. ^ Lynda Arakawa (19 August 2004). "First Asian in U.S. Senate broke barriers". Honolulu Advertiser. Retrieved 7 August 2011.
  22. ^ "Daniel Kahikina Akaka". www.infoplease.com. Retrieved 12 February 2017.
  23. ^ "Biography". Office of Representative Robert C. "Bobby" Scott. Archived from the original on 3 March 2011. Retrieved 22 February 2011.
  24. ^ Drummond Ayres Jr., B. (28 April 1998). "Political Briefing; To His Own Party, Persona Non Grata". New York Times. Retrieved 14 May 2009.
  25. ^ Zwetsloot, J. (22 December 2008). "Melissa Lee – first Korean member in New Zealand's parliament". Korean Culture and Information Service. Retrieved 14 May 2009.
  26. ^ Reilly, Ryan J. (30 October 2018). "Andy Kim Is A South Jersey Boy. The GOP Calls Him 'Not One of Us.'". Huffington Post. Retrieved 5 February 2019.
  27. ^ Braden Smith (6 April 2010). "Online exclusive: Congressman Wu visits campus for 'Pizza & Politics'". The Linfield Review. Archived from the original on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 22 February 2011.
  28. ^ Charles Pope; Janie Har; Beth Slovic (26 July 2011). "Rep. David Wu boxed in by ethics investigation, forced to resign after pressure from colleagues". The Oregonian. Retrieved 7 August 2011.
  29. ^ "Fil-Am lawmaker decides not to seek reelection in Ohio". ABS-CBN news. 19 January 2012. Retrieved 21 November 2014.
  30. ^ Pat Gee (13 June 2010). "Djou makes history as Thai American". Star Advertiser. Retrieved 21 February 2012. Besides being the first Republican from Hawaii elected to Congress in 20 years, U.S. Rep. Charles Djou is the first person of Thai ancestry to serve in Congress.
  31. ^ "Djou is first Thai-American in Congress". KPUA. Associated Press. 14 June 2010. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 21 February 2012.
  32. ^ Curtis Lum (1 August 2011). "Charles Djou eyes possibilities in next fall's elections". Pacific Business News. Retrieved 21 February 2012.
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  35. ^ Dodge, Andrew R (2005). Biographical directory of the United States Congress, 1774 – 2005. Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office. p. 273. ISBN 978-0-16-073176-1.
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  37. ^ "New Congress Includes More Women, Minorities". New York Times. Associated Press. 4 January 2015. Retrieved 28 May 2015. There are 34 Hispanic lawmakers, including 10 Republicans, as well as 10 Asian-Americans and two Native Americans, both Oklahoma Republicans. Democrat Mazie Hirono of Hawaii is the only Asian-American in the Senate.
    Krogstad, Jens Manuel (12 January 2015). "114th Congress is most diverse ever". Fact Tank. Pew Research Center. Retrieved 13 March 2015.
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  39. ^ "Profile: Transportation Secretary Norman Mineta: Only Democrat in President George W. Bush's Cabinet Asked to Stay On". ABC News. 13 January 2005. Archived from the original on 29 January 2011. Retrieved 22 February 2011.
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  43. ^ "Patsy Takemoto Mink (1927–2002)". 20 December 2007. Archived from the original on 20 December 2007.
  44. ^ Fahrenthold, David A.; Hohmann, James (24 June 2015). "Bobby Jindal announces entry into 2016 presidential race". The Washington Post. Retrieved 24 June 2015.
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  46. ^ "Achona | Andrew Yang, the First Asian American to Run for the Democratic Presidential Nomination, Exits Race". Achonaonline.com. 12 February 2020. Retrieved 26 February 2020.
  47. ^ "Andrew Yang's run is over, but its significance for Asian Americans will linger, experts say". Nbcnews.com. Retrieved 26 February 2020.
  48. ^ "Kamala Harris is Joe Biden's Running Mate". CNN.com. 11 August 2020. Retrieved 11 August 2020.
  49. ^ a b Jeffrey D. Schultz, ed., Encyclopedia of Minorities in American Politics (2000) Volume 1 pp 261–62
  50. ^ William Wei, The Asian American movement (1993) pp 16, 226, 274
  51. ^ William Wei, The Asian American movement (1993) pp 170, 274
  52. ^ "How Asian Americans Became Democrats". The American Prospect. Retrieved 22 October 2016.
  53. ^ a b Jim Lobe, Asian-Americans lean toward Kerry Archived 19 September 2008 at the Library of Congress Web Archives, Asia Times. 16 September 2004.
  54. ^ Election results, America Votes 2004, CNN;
    ^ Exit Polls, CNN.
  55. ^ Hilburn, Matthew (7 November 2012). "Exit Polls Show Asian Americans Backed Obama by Wide Margin". Voice of America. Retrieved 10 November 2012.
  56. ^ McLaughlin, Seth (9 November 2014). "GOP makes big inroads with Asian voters in midterms". Washington Times. Retrieved 13 March 2015.
  57. ^ a b Ramakrishnan, Karthick; Wong, Janelle; Lee, Taeku; Lee, Jennifer (5 October 2016). "Report on Registered Voters in the Fall 2016 National Asian American Survey" (PDF). National Asian American Survey. Retrieved 5 October 2016.
  58. ^ "Hajnal, Z.L. and Lee, T.: Why Americans Don't Join the Party: Race, Immigration, and the Failure (of Political Parties) to Engage the Electorate. (eBook and Paperback)". press.princeton.edu. Retrieved 22 October 2016.
  59. ^ Lee, Taeku. "Asian Americans and the Electorate". American Political Science Association. Retrieved 23 August 2009.
  60. ^ Feng, Rex (24 October 2008). "Who Is The Asian American Voter?". AsianWeek. Archived from the original on 9 February 2009. Retrieved 23 August 2009.
  61. ^ Jerry Large (26 September 2012). "Asian-American voters a force in November election". Seattle Times. Archived from the original on 16 January 2013. Retrieved 19 November 2012.
  62. ^ a b Karthick Ramakrishnan; Taeku Lee (8 October 2012). "Public Opinion Of a Growing Electorate: Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders in 2012" (PDF). The National Asian American Survey. Retrieved 19 November 2012.
  63. ^ Matthew Hilburn (17 January 2013). "Asian-American Vote Reveals Nuances". Voice of America. Retrieved 25 January 2013. Chinese-Americans were the least likely to affiliate with a party. Magpantay suggested that only one third of Chinese-Americans belong to a party, compared with 71 percent among all Asian-Americans, because of the negative association of the word party with the Communist Party in China.
  64. ^ Chen, Edith Wen-Chu (2010). Grace J. Yoo (ed.). Encyclopedia of Asian American Issues Today, Volume 1. ABC-CLIO. p. 722. ISBN 978-0-313-34751-1.
  65. ^ Cho, Wendy K. Tam (2002). "Tapping Motives and Dynamics behind Campaign Contributions: Insights from the Asian American Case". American Politics Research. 30 (4): 347–383. doi:10.1177/1532673X02030004001. S2CID 154904550. Retrieved 19 March 2011.[permanent dead link‍]
  66. ^ Stewart David Ikeda. "Has the GOP Given Up on Asian Americans?". IMDiversity Inc. Archived from the original on 27 December 2010. Retrieved 22 February 2011.
  67. ^ "Inclusion, Not Exclusion" (PDF). apiavote.org. Asian-American Voter Survey(AAVS). 22 May 2016. Retrieved 29 September 2016.
  68. ^ Guillermo, Emil (20 April 2017). "Asian American study of '16 polls shows Fil-Ams' conservative streak". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved 12 April 2018.
  69. ^ Edwards, Tom (20 July 2009). "Voter Turnout Increases by 5 Million in 2008 Presidential Election". U.S. Census Bureau News. U.S. Department of Commerce. Archived from the original on 20 October 2010. Retrieved 26 July 2010.
  70. ^ Wong, Janelle (23 May 2017). "This is what Asian Americans really think about undocumented immigration". Washington Post. Retrieved 12 April 2018.
    Wang, Esther (11 October 2017). "Conservative Chinese Americans are Mobilizing, Politically and Digitally". Pacific Standard. Santa Barbara, California: The Social Justic Foundation. Retrieved 12 April 2018.

Further reading

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Asian_Americans_in_politics&oldid=989693484"