British Iraqis: Difference between revisions

British Iraqis
Total population
	Iraqi-born residents; 32,236 (2001 Census); 65,000 (2009 ONS estimate); 75,295 (2011 Censuses for England & Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland combined); Other estimates; 350,000–450,000 (2007 Iraqi embassy estimate)
Regions with significant populations
	London, Birmingham, Manchester, Cardiff and Glasgow
Languages
	Mesopotamian Arabic and British English, ; also Kurdish (Sorani and Kurmanji dialects), Turkish (Iraqi Turkmen/Turkoman dialects), and Neo-Aramaic (Chaldean, Ashuri, and Mandaic)
Religion
	Islam (Shia and Sunni), Christianity (Syriac Christianity and Eastern Catholic), Mandaeism, Judaism
Related ethnic groups
	Arab British, Iraqi Americans, Iraqi Australians British Assyrians, British Iranian, Lebanese British, British Jews, Turkish British

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British Iraqis are British citizens who originate from Iraq.

The three main ethnicities within the British Iraqi community are Iraqi Arabs, Iraqi Kurds and Iraqi Turkmen, according to a publication by the International Organization for Migration.^[1] There are also smaller Christian and Yazidi communities.^[2]

History

The UK has had a significant Iraqi population since the late 1940s.^[3] Refugees including liberal and radical intellectuals dissatisfied with the monarchist regime moved to the UK at this time. Supporters of the monarchy subsequently fled to the UK after it was overthrown.^[3] According to an International Organization for Migration mapping exercise, many settled Iraqi migrants in the UK moved for educational purposes or to seek a better life in the 1950s and 1960s. Some members of religious minorities were also forced to leave Iraq in the 1950s.^[1] Other Iraqis migrated to the UK to seek political asylum during the dictatorship of Saddam Hussein, with large number of Kurds and Shi'a Muslims in particular migrating in the 1970s and 1980s,^[4] or as a result of the instability that followed the 2003 invasion of Iraq.^[1]

Demographics

Population size

The 2001 UK Census recorded 32,236 Iraqi-born residents,^[5] and the Office for National Statistics estimates that, as of 2009, this figure had risen to around 65,000.^[6] According to estimates by the Iraqi embassy, the Iraqi population in the UK is around 350,000–450,000.^[7] At the time of the Iraqi parliamentary election in January 2005, the International Herald Tribune suggested that 250,000 Iraqi exiles were living in the UK, with an estimated 150,000 eligible to vote.^[8]

The 2011 UK Census recorded 70,426 Iraqi-born residents in England, 2,548 in Wales,^[9] 2,246 in Scotland ^[10] and 75 in Northern Ireland.^[11]

Population distribution

According to community leaders in March 2007, there are around 150,000 Iraqis in London, 35,000 in Birmingham, 18,000 in Manchester, 8,000 in Cardiff and 5,000 in Glasgow.^[7]

Ethnicity

According to the International Organization for Migration, the three largest ethnic groups in the British Iraqi community are Arabs, Iraqi Kurds and Iraqi Turkmen.^[1] In particular, the Kurds form the most numerous of these ethnic groups.^[1] Moreover, they also form the largest Kurdish community in the UK, exceeding the numbers from Turkey and Iran.^[12] In the UK, about 65-70% of people originating from Iraq are Kurdish (and 70% of those from Turkey and 15% of those from Iran are Kurds).^[13]

There are also sizeable numbers of Chaldeans, Assyrians^[14] Armenians, Mandeans^[15] and other ethnic groups, such as Iraqi Jews, Yezidi, Shabakis and Kawliya.^{[citation needed]} According to the 2011 Census, Iraqi-born England and Wales residents also commonly give their ethnicity as 'any other ethnic group' (28%) or Asian (17%).^[16]

Population

According to the 2011 Census, Iraqi-born England and Wales residents most commonly give their ethnicity as Arab (39%), Any Other ethnic group (28%) and Asian (17%).^[16]

Religion

Although the majority of Iraqis are Muslim (Shia and Sunni), there are also minorities including Chaldeans and Assyrian Christians, Jews,^[1] and followers of Mandeanism,^[15] Yazidism, Shabakism and Yarsan.

Notable individuals

Notable Iraqi names in Britain include:

Mothercare founder Selim Zilkha,
advertising agents Saatchi & Saatchi
architect Dame Zaha Hadid (DBE, RA),
broadcaster Alan Yentob,^[17]
theoretical physicist Jim Al-Khalili (OBE),
Jim Al-Khalili, OBE FRS FInstP British-Iraqi theoretical physicist.
^[18]
hip hop artist Lowkey,
the founder of Investcorp Nemir Kirdar,^[19] and his daughter, the author and socialite, Rena Kirdar Sindi.

External links

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f International Organization for Migration (2007). "Iraq: Mapping exercise" (PDF). London: International Organization for Migration. p. 5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 3 July 2010.
^ International Organization for Migration 2007, 22.
^ ^a ^b Change Institute (April 2009). "The Iraqi Muslim Community in England: Understanding Muslim Ethnic Communities" (PDF). London: Communities and Local Government. p. 22. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 September 2011. Retrieved 3 July 2010.
^ Ansari, Humayun (2004). The Infidel Within: Muslims in Britain since 1800. London: C. Hurst & Co. pp. 162–163. ISBN 1-85065-685-1.
^ "Country-of-birth database". Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Archived from the original on 17 June 2009. Retrieved 3 July 2010.
^ "Estimated population resident in the United Kingdom, by foreign country of birth (Table 1.3)". Office for National Statistics. September 2009. Archived from the original on 22 January 2011. Retrieved 8 July 2010.
^ ^a ^b International Organization for Migration 2007, 6.
^ Davey, Monica (19 January 2005). "Iraqis far from home sign up to vote". International Herald Tribune. Retrieved 3 July 2010.
^ "2011 Census: QS203EW Country of birth (detailed), local authorities in England and Wales". Office for National Statistics. 11 December 2012. Retrieved 10 October 2019
^ "Country of birth (detailed)" (PDF). National Records of Scotland. Retrieved 10 October 2019
^ 2011_Excel/2011/QS206NI.xls "Country of Birth – Full Detail: QS206NI"^{[dead link‍]}. Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency.. Retrieved 10 October 2019
^ Communities and Local Government (2009), The Iraqi Muslim Community in England: Understanding Muslim Ethnic Communities, Communities and Local Government, p. 35, ISBN 978-1-4098-1263-0, archived from the original on 2012-09-19
^ Begikhani, Nazand; Gill, Aisha; Hague, Gill; Ibraheem, Kawther (November 2010). "Final Report: Honour-based Violence (HBV) and Honour-based Killings in Iraqi Kurdistan and in the Kurdish Diaspora in the UK" (PDF). Centre for Gender and Violence Research, University of Bristol and Roehampton University. Retrieved 19 May 2016.
^ "Assyriac: Denied in Its Own Homeland, but Accepted in England". www.bethsuryoyo.com.
^ ^a ^b http://www.mandaean.org.uk/
^ ^a ^b http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20160105160709/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/dcp171776_407038.pdf
^ "Iraqi Community Association". Refugee Stories. Refugee Community History Project. Archived from the original on 12 September 2010. Retrieved 3 July 2010.
^ Professor Jim Al-Khalili OBE [1], Profile, University of Surrey.
^ "INEED, RESPECT, TRUST - The memoir of a vision by Nemir Kirdar". Investcorp. Retrieved 27 February 2019. Nemir Kirdar...now a British citizen, he was born in Iraq but left the country after the military coup of 1958.

[International_Organization_for_Migration_loc=5-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f International Organization for Migration (2007). "Iraq: Mapping exercise" (PDF). London: International Organization for Migration. p. 5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 3 July 2010.

[International_Organization_for_Migration_loc=22-2] International Organization for Migration 2007, 22.

[CLG-3] Change Institute (April 2009). "The Iraqi Muslim Community in England: Understanding Muslim Ethnic Communities" (PDF). London: Communities and Local Government. p. 22. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 September 2011. Retrieved 3 July 2010.

[Ansari-4] Ansari, Humayun (2004). The Infidel Within: Muslims in Britain since 1800. London: C. Hurst & Co. pp. 162–163. ISBN 1-85065-685-1.

[OECD-5] "Country-of-birth database". Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Archived from the original on 17 June 2009. Retrieved 3 July 2010.

[2009_estimates-6] "Estimated population resident in the United Kingdom, by foreign country of birth (Table 1.3)". Office for National Statistics. September 2009. Archived from the original on 22 January 2011. Retrieved 8 July 2010.

[International_Organization_for_Migration_loc=6-7] International Organization for Migration 2007, 6.

[8] Davey, Monica (19 January 2005). "Iraqis far from home sign up to vote". International Herald Tribune. Retrieved 3 July 2010.

[9] "2011 Census: QS203EW Country of birth (detailed), local authorities in England and Wales". Office for National Statistics. 11 December 2012. Retrieved 10 October 2019

[10] "Country of birth (detailed)" (PDF). National Records of Scotland. Retrieved 10 October 2019

[11] 2011_Excel/2011/QS206NI.xls "Country of Birth – Full Detail: QS206NI"^{[dead link‍]}. Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency.. Retrieved 10 October 2019

[12] Communities and Local Government (2009), The Iraqi Muslim Community in England: Understanding Muslim Ethnic Communities, Communities and Local Government, p. 35, ISBN 978-1-4098-1263-0, archived from the original on 2012-09-19

[Begikhani-13] Begikhani, Nazand; Gill, Aisha; Hague, Gill; Ibraheem, Kawther (November 2010). "Final Report: Honour-based Violence (HBV) and Honour-based Killings in Iraqi Kurdistan and in the Kurdish Diaspora in the UK" (PDF). Centre for Gender and Violence Research, University of Bristol and Roehampton University. Retrieved 19 May 2016.

[14] "Assyriac: Denied in Its Own Homeland, but Accepted in England". www.bethsuryoyo.com.

[mandaean.org.uk-15] ttp://www.mandaean.org.uk/

[webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk-16] ttp://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20160105160709/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/dcp171776_407038.pdf

[17] "Iraqi Community Association". Refugee Stories. Refugee Community History Project. Archived from the original on 12 September 2010. Retrieved 3 July 2010.

[18] Professor Jim Al-Khalili OBE [1], Profile, University of Surrey.

[19] "INEED, RESPECT, TRUST - The memoir of a vision by Nemir Kirdar". Investcorp. Retrieved 27 February 2019. Nemir Kirdar...now a British citizen, he was born in Iraq but left the country after the military coup of 1958.

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@@ Line 11: / Line 11: @@
 '''British Iraqis'''  are [[British people|British citizens]] who originate from [[Iraq]].
-The three main ethnicities within the British Iraqi community are [[Arabs|Iraqi Arabs]], [[Iraqi Kurds]] and [[Iraqi Turkmen]], according to a publication by the [[International Organization for Migration]].<ref name="International Organization for Migration loc=5">{{cite web|author=International Organization for Migration|url=http://www.iomlondon.org/doc/mapping/IOM_IRAQ.pdf|title=Iraq: Mapping exercise|location=London|date=2007|accessdate=3 July 2010|publisher=International Organization for Migration|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716163637/http://www.iomlondon.org/doc/mapping/IOM_IRAQ.pdf|archivedate=16 July 2011|page=5}}</ref> There are also smaller Christian and Yazidi communities.<ref name="International Organization for Migration loc=22">{{Harvnb|International Organization for Migration|2007|loc=22}}.</ref>
+The three main ethnicities within the British Iraqi community are [[Arabs|Iraqi Arabs]], [[Iraqi Kurds]] and [[Iraqi Turkmen]], according to a publication by the [[International Organization for Migration]].<ref name="International Organization for Migration loc=5">{{cite web|author=International Organization for Migration|url=http://www.iomlondon.org/doc/mapping/IOM_IRAQ.pdf|title=Iraq: Mapping exercise|location=London|date=2007|access-date=3 July 2010|publisher=International Organization for Migration|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716163637/http://www.iomlondon.org/doc/mapping/IOM_IRAQ.pdf|archive-date=16 July 2011|page=5}}</ref> There are also smaller Christian and Yazidi communities.<ref name="International Organization for Migration loc=22">{{Harvnb|International Organization for Migration|2007|loc=22}}.</ref>
 ==History==
-The UK has had a significant Iraqi population since the late 1940s.<ref name=CLG>{{cite web|url=http://www.communities.gov.uk/documents/communities/pdf/1210510.pdf |title=The Iraqi Muslim Community in England: Understanding Muslim Ethnic Communities |author=Change Institute |publisher=Communities and Local Government |location=London |date=April 2009 |accessdate=3 July 2010 |page=22 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110923141354/http://www.communities.gov.uk/documents/communities/pdf/1210510.pdf |archivedate=23 September 2011 |df= }}</ref> [[Refugee]]s including liberal and radical intellectuals dissatisfied with the monarchist regime moved to the UK at this time. Supporters of the monarchy subsequently fled to the UK after it was overthrown.<ref name=CLG/> According to an [[International Organization for Migration]] mapping exercise, many settled Iraqi migrants in the UK moved for educational purposes or to seek a better life in the 1950s and 1960s. Some members of religious minorities were also forced to leave Iraq in the 1950s.<ref name="International Organization for Migration loc=5"/> Other Iraqis migrated to the UK to seek [[political asylum]] during the dictatorship of [[Saddam Hussein]], with large number of [[Kurds]] and Shi'a Muslims in particular migrating in the 1970s and 1980s,<ref name="Ansari">{{cite book|last=Ansari|first=Humayun|authorlink=Khizar Humayun Ansari|title=The Infidel Within: Muslims in Britain since 1800|year=2004|publisher=C. Hurst & Co.|isbn=1-85065-685-1|pages=162–163|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lXtoQQt-os4C&q=the%20infidel%20within&pg=PA162|location=London}}</ref> or as a result of the instability that followed the [[2003 invasion of Iraq]].<ref name="International Organization for Migration loc=5"/>
+The UK has had a significant Iraqi population since the late 1940s.<ref name=CLG>{{cite web|url=http://www.communities.gov.uk/documents/communities/pdf/1210510.pdf |title=The Iraqi Muslim Community in England: Understanding Muslim Ethnic Communities |author=Change Institute |publisher=Communities and Local Government |location=London |date=April 2009 |access-date=3 July 2010 |page=22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110923141354/http://www.communities.gov.uk/documents/communities/pdf/1210510.pdf |archive-date=23 September 2011 }}</ref> [[Refugee]]s including liberal and radical intellectuals dissatisfied with the monarchist regime moved to the UK at this time. Supporters of the monarchy subsequently fled to the UK after it was overthrown.<ref name=CLG/> According to an [[International Organization for Migration]] mapping exercise, many settled Iraqi migrants in the UK moved for educational purposes or to seek a better life in the 1950s and 1960s. Some members of religious minorities were also forced to leave Iraq in the 1950s.<ref name="International Organization for Migration loc=5"/> Other Iraqis migrated to the UK to seek [[political asylum]] during the dictatorship of [[Saddam Hussein]], with large number of [[Kurds]] and Shi'a Muslims in particular migrating in the 1970s and 1980s,<ref name="Ansari">{{cite book|last=Ansari|first=Humayun|author-link=Khizar Humayun Ansari|title=The Infidel Within: Muslims in Britain since 1800|year=2004|publisher=C. Hurst & Co.|isbn=1-85065-685-1|pages=162–163|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lXtoQQt-os4C&q=the%20infidel%20within&pg=PA162|location=London}}</ref> or as a result of the instability that followed the [[2003 invasion of Iraq]].<ref name="International Organization for Migration loc=5"/>
 ==Demographics==
 ===Population size===
-The [[2001 UK Census]] recorded 32,236 Iraqi-born residents,<ref name=OECD>{{cite web|url=http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/18/23/34792376.xls |title=Country-of-birth database |publisher=[[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]] |accessdate=3 July 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090617032129/http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/18/23/34792376.xls |archivedate=17 June 2009 |df= }}</ref> and the [[Office for National Statistics]] estimates that, as of 2009, this figure had risen to around 65,000.<ref name="2009 estimates">{{cite web |url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_population/Population-by-country-of-birth-and-nationality-Oct08-Sep09.zip |title=Estimated population resident in the United Kingdom, by foreign country of birth (Table 1.3) |publisher=[[Office for National Statistics]] |date=September 2009 |accessdate=8 July 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5vvnKhoUi?url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_population/Population-by-country-of-birth-and-nationality-Oct08-Sep09.zip |archivedate=22 January 2011 |df= }}</ref> According to estimates by the Iraqi embassy, the Iraqi population in the UK is around 350,000–450,000.<ref name="International Organization for Migration loc=6">{{Harvnb|International Organization for Migration|2007|loc=6}}.</ref>  At the time of the [[Iraqi parliamentary election, January 2005|Iraqi parliamentary election]] in January 2005, the ''[[International Herald Tribune]]'' suggested that 250,000 Iraqi exiles were living in the UK, with an estimated 150,000 eligible to vote.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/01/18/world/africa/18iht-expats.html?_r=1|title=Iraqis far from home sign up to vote|first=Monica|last=Davey|work=International Herald Tribune|date=19 January 2005|accessdate=3 July 2010}}</ref>
+The [[2001 UK Census]] recorded 32,236 Iraqi-born residents,<ref name=OECD>{{cite web|url=http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/18/23/34792376.xls |title=Country-of-birth database |publisher=[[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]] |access-date=3 July 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090617032129/http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/18/23/34792376.xls |archive-date=17 June 2009 }}</ref> and the [[Office for National Statistics]] estimates that, as of 2009, this figure had risen to around 65,000.<ref name="2009 estimates">{{cite web |url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_population/Population-by-country-of-birth-and-nationality-Oct08-Sep09.zip |title=Estimated population resident in the United Kingdom, by foreign country of birth (Table 1.3) |publisher=[[Office for National Statistics]] |date=September 2009 |access-date=8 July 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5vvnKhoUi?url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_population/Population-by-country-of-birth-and-nationality-Oct08-Sep09.zip |archive-date=22 January 2011 }}</ref> According to estimates by the Iraqi embassy, the Iraqi population in the UK is around 350,000–450,000.<ref name="International Organization for Migration loc=6">{{Harvnb|International Organization for Migration|2007|loc=6}}.</ref>  At the time of the [[Iraqi parliamentary election, January 2005|Iraqi parliamentary election]] in January 2005, the ''[[International Herald Tribune]]'' suggested that 250,000 Iraqi exiles were living in the UK, with an estimated 150,000 eligible to vote.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/01/18/world/africa/18iht-expats.html?_r=1|title=Iraqis far from home sign up to vote|first=Monica|last=Davey|work=International Herald Tribune|date=19 January 2005|access-date=3 July 2010}}</ref>
 The [[2011 UK Census]] recorded 70,426 Iraqi-born residents in England, 2,548 in Wales,<ref>[http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rft-table-qs203ew.xls "2011 Census: QS203EW Country of birth (detailed), local authorities in England and Wales"]. Office for National Statistics. 11 December 2012. Retrieved 10 October 2019</ref> 2,246 in Scotland <ref>[http://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/documents/censusresults/release2a/rel2a_COB_detailed_Scotland.pdf "Country of birth (detailed)"] (PDF). National Records of Scotland. Retrieved 10 October 2019</ref> and 75 in Northern Ireland.<ref>[http://www.ninis2.nisra.gov.uk/Download/Census 2011_Excel/2011/QS206NI.xls "Country of Birth – Full Detail: QS206NI"]{{dead link|date=August 2020|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}. Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency.. Retrieved 10 October 2019</ref>
@@ Line 27: / Line 27: @@
 ===Ethnicity===
-According to the International Organization for Migration, the three largest ethnic groups in the British Iraqi community are [[Arabs]], [[Iraqi Kurds]] and [[Iraqi Turkmen]].<ref name="International Organization for Migration loc=5"/> In particular, the Kurds form the most numerous of these ethnic groups.<ref name="International Organization for Migration loc=5"/> Moreover, they also form the largest [[British Kurds|Kurdish community in the UK]], exceeding the numbers from [[Turkey]] and [[Iran]].<ref>{{citation|last=Communities and Local Government|year=2009|title=The Iraqi Muslim Community in England: Understanding Muslim Ethnic Communities|url=http://www.communities.gov.uk/publications/communities/iraqicommunity|archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20120919132719/http://www.communities.gov.uk/publications/communities/iraqicommunity|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-09-19|place=|publisher=Communities and Local Government|isbn=978-1-4098-1263-0|page=35}}</ref> In the UK, about 65-70% of people originating from Iraq are Kurdish (and 70% of those from Turkey and 15% of those from Iran are Kurds).<ref name=Begikhani>{{cite web|url=http://www.roehampton.ac.uk/uploadedFiles/Pages_Assets/PDFs_and_Word_Docs/Staff_Profiles/Aisha-Gill/Report_HBV_IK_UK_KurdishDiaspora_MCopy_December_webcirculationonly.pdf|title=Final Report: Honour-based Violence (HBV) and Honour-based Killings in Iraqi Kurdistan and in the Kurdish Diaspora in the UK|first1=Nazand|last1=Begikhani|first2=Aisha|last2=Gill|first3=Gill|last3=Hague|first4=Kawther|last4=Ibraheem|publisher=Centre for Gender and Violence Research, University of Bristol and Roehampton University|date=November 2010|accessdate=19 May 2016}}</ref>
+According to the International Organization for Migration, the three largest ethnic groups in the British Iraqi community are [[Arabs]], [[Iraqi Kurds]] and [[Iraqi Turkmen]].<ref name="International Organization for Migration loc=5"/> In particular, the Kurds form the most numerous of these ethnic groups.<ref name="International Organization for Migration loc=5"/> Moreover, they also form the largest [[British Kurds|Kurdish community in the UK]], exceeding the numbers from [[Turkey]] and [[Iran]].<ref>{{citation|last=Communities and Local Government|year=2009|title=The Iraqi Muslim Community in England: Understanding Muslim Ethnic Communities|url=http://www.communities.gov.uk/publications/communities/iraqicommunity|archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20120919132719/http://www.communities.gov.uk/publications/communities/iraqicommunity|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-09-19|publisher=Communities and Local Government|isbn=978-1-4098-1263-0|page=35}}</ref> In the UK, about 65-70% of people originating from Iraq are Kurdish (and 70% of those from Turkey and 15% of those from Iran are Kurds).<ref name=Begikhani>{{cite web|url=http://www.roehampton.ac.uk/uploadedFiles/Pages_Assets/PDFs_and_Word_Docs/Staff_Profiles/Aisha-Gill/Report_HBV_IK_UK_KurdishDiaspora_MCopy_December_webcirculationonly.pdf|title=Final Report: Honour-based Violence (HBV) and Honour-based Killings in Iraqi Kurdistan and in the Kurdish Diaspora in the UK|first1=Nazand|last1=Begikhani|first2=Aisha|last2=Gill|first3=Gill|last3=Hague|first4=Kawther|last4=Ibraheem|publisher=Centre for Gender and Violence Research, University of Bristol and Roehampton University|date=November 2010|access-date=19 May 2016}}</ref>
 There are also sizeable numbers of [[Chaldean Catholics|Chaldeans]], [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bethsuryoyo.com/currentevents/AprimAssyriac/AssyriacDenied.html|title=Assyriac: Denied in Its Own Homeland, but Accepted in England|website=www.bethsuryoyo.com}}</ref> [[Armenian people|Armenians]], [[Mandeans]]<ref name="mandaean.org.uk">http://www.mandaean.org.uk/</ref> and other ethnic groups, such as [[Iraqi Jews]], [[Yezidi]], [[Shabaki]]s and [[Kawliya]].{{citation needed|date=February 2019}} According to the 2011 Census, Iraqi-born England and Wales residents also commonly give their ethnicity as 'any other ethnic group' (28%) or Asian (17%).<ref name="webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk">http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20160105160709/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/dcp171776_407038.pdf</ref>
@@ Line 47: / Line 47: @@
 * advertising agents [[Saatchi & Saatchi]]
 * architect [[Dame]] [[Zaha Hadid]] ('''[[Dame Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire|DBE]]''', '''[[Royal Academician|RA]]'''),
-* broadcaster [[Alan Yentob]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.refugeestories.org/iraqi-community-association/ |title=Iraqi Community Association |work=Refugee Stories |publisher=Refugee Community History Project |accessdate=3 July 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100912065029/http://www.refugeestories.org/iraqi-community-association/ |archivedate=12 September 2010 |df= }}</ref>
+* broadcaster [[Alan Yentob]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.refugeestories.org/iraqi-community-association/ |title=Iraqi Community Association |work=Refugee Stories |publisher=Refugee Community History Project |access-date=3 July 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100912065029/http://www.refugeestories.org/iraqi-community-association/ |archive-date=12 September 2010 }}</ref>
 * theoretical physicist [[Jim Al-Khalili]] ('''[[Jim Al-Khalili|OBE]]'''),[[File:Jim Al-Khalili Royal Society.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.7|[[Jim Al-Khalili]], [[OBE]] [[Fellow of the Royal Society|FRS]] [[FInstP]] British-Iraqi theoretical physicist.]]<ref>Professor Jim Al-Khalili OBE [https://www.surrey.ac.uk/people/jim-al-khalili], Profile, University of Surrey.</ref>
 * hip hop artist [[Lowkey]],
-* the founder of [[Investcorp]] [[Nemir Kirdar]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.investcorp.com/news-and-media/article/need-respect-trust-the-memoir-of-a-vision-by-nemir-kirdar|title=INEED, RESPECT, TRUST - The memoir of a vision by Nemir Kirdar|publisher=Investcorp|accessdate=27 February 2019|quote=Nemir Kirdar...now a British citizen, he was born in Iraq but left the country after the military coup of 1958.}}</ref> and his daughter, the author and socialite, [[Rena Kirdar Sindi]].
+* the founder of [[Investcorp]] [[Nemir Kirdar]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.investcorp.com/news-and-media/article/need-respect-trust-the-memoir-of-a-vision-by-nemir-kirdar|title=INEED, RESPECT, TRUST - The memoir of a vision by Nemir Kirdar|publisher=Investcorp|access-date=27 February 2019|quote=Nemir Kirdar...now a British citizen, he was born in Iraq but left the country after the military coup of 1958.}}</ref> and his daughter, the author and socialite, [[Rena Kirdar Sindi]].
 ==See also==