Isopentane: Difference between revisions
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'''Isopentane''', also called '''methylbutane''' or '''2-methylbutane''', is a branched-chain saturated [[hydrocarbon]] (an [[alkane]]) with five [[carbon]] atoms, with formula {{chem|C|5|H|12}} or {{chem|CH(CH|3|)|2|(C|2|H|5|)}}. |
'''Isopentane''', also called '''methylbutane''' or '''2-methylbutane''', is a branched-chain saturated [[hydrocarbon]] (an [[alkane]]) with five [[carbon]] atoms, with formula {{chem|C|5|H|12}} or {{chem|CH(CH|3|)|2|(C|2|H|5|)}}. |
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Isopentane is an extremely [[Volatility (chemistry)|volatile]] and extremely [[flammable]] liquid at room [[temperature]] and [[pressure]]. It is also the least dense liquid at [[standard conditions for temperature and pressure|standard conditions]].{{ |
Isopentane is an extremely [[Volatility (chemistry)|volatile]] and extremely [[flammable]] liquid at room [[temperature]] and [[pressure]]. It is also the least dense liquid at [[standard conditions for temperature and pressure|standard conditions]].{{citation needed|date=April 2020}} The [[normal boiling point]] is just a few degrees above room temperature and isopentane will readily boil and evaporate away on a warm day. |
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Isopentane is commonly used in conjunction with [[liquid nitrogen]] to achieve a liquid bath temperature of −160 °C. [[Natural gas]] typically contains 1% or less isopentane,<ref>Georg Hammer, Torsten Lübcke, Roland Kettner, Mark R. Pillarella, Herta Recknagel, Axel Commichau, Hans-Joachim Neumann and Barbara Paczynska-Lahme "Natural Gas" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2006, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. {{DOI|10.1002/14356007.a17_073.pub2}}</ref> but it is a significant component of [[natural gasoline]].<ref name=aver1958>Ivan F. Avery, L. V. Harvey (1958): ''[https://books.google.com.br/books?id=sC2JHAYfJb0C&pg=PA6 Natural-gasoline and Cycling Plants in the United States]'', Information circular, U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines. 12 pages.</ref> |
Isopentane is commonly used in conjunction with [[liquid nitrogen]] to achieve a liquid bath temperature of −160 °C. [[Natural gas]] typically contains 1% or less isopentane,<ref>Georg Hammer, Torsten Lübcke, Roland Kettner, Mark R. Pillarella, Herta Recknagel, Axel Commichau, Hans-Joachim Neumann and Barbara Paczynska-Lahme "Natural Gas" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2006, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. {{DOI|10.1002/14356007.a17_073.pub2}}</ref> but it is a significant component of [[natural gasoline]].<ref name=aver1958>Ivan F. Avery, L. V. Harvey (1958): ''[https://books.google.com.br/books?id=sC2JHAYfJb0C&pg=PA6 Natural-gasoline and Cycling Plants in the United States]'', Information circular, U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines. 12 pages.</ref> |
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==Nomenclature== |
==Nomenclature== |
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The traditional name isopentane was still retained in the 1993 [[International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry|IUPAC]] recommendations,<ref>[http://www.acdlabs.com/iupac/nomenclature/93/r93_679.htm Table 19(a) Acyclic and monocyclic hydrocarbons. Parent hydrocarbons]</ref><ref name="panico">{{cite book | |
The traditional name isopentane was still retained in the 1993 [[International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry|IUPAC]] recommendations,<ref>[http://www.acdlabs.com/iupac/nomenclature/93/r93_679.htm Table 19(a) Acyclic and monocyclic hydrocarbons. Parent hydrocarbons]</ref><ref name="panico">{{cite book | editor=Panico, R. | editor2= Powell, W. H. | name-list-style= amp | title=A Guide to IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Compounds 1993 | location=Oxford | publisher=Blackwell Science | year=1994 | isbn=0-632-03488-2}} |
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</ref> but is no longer recommended according to the 2013 recommendations.<ref name="IUPAC2013_652"/> The preferred IUPAC name is the systematic name 2-methylbutane. An '''isopentyl''' group is a subset of the generic pentyl group. It has the chemical structure -CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CH(CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>. |
</ref> but is no longer recommended according to the 2013 recommendations.<ref name="IUPAC2013_652"/> The preferred IUPAC name is the systematic name 2-methylbutane. An '''isopentyl''' group is a subset of the generic pentyl group. It has the chemical structure -CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CH(CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>. |
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Revision as of 13:30, 29 November 2020
Names | |
---|---|
Preferred IUPAC name
2-Methylbutane[1] | |
Other names
Isopentane
| |
Identifiers | |
3D model (JSmol)
|
|
1730723 | |
ChEBI | |
ChemSpider | |
ECHA InfoCard | 100.001.039 |
EC Number |
|
49318 | |
MeSH | isopentane |
PubChem CID
|
|
RTECS number |
|
UNII | |
UN number | 1265 |
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
|
|
| |
| |
Properties | |
C5H12 | |
Molar mass | 72.151 g·mol−1 |
Appearance | Colorless liquid |
Odor | Odorless |
Density | 616 mg mL−1[2] |
Melting point | −161 to −159 °C; −258 to −254 °F; 112 to 114 K |
Boiling point | 27.8 to 28.2 °C; 81.9 to 82.7 °F; 300.9 to 301.3 K |
Vapor pressure | 76.992 kPa (at 20 °C) |
Henry's law
constant (kH) |
7.2 nmol Pa−1 kg−1 |
UV-vis (λmax) | 192 nm |
Refractive index (nD)
|
1.354 |
Viscosity | 0.214 cP (at 20 °C) |
Thermochemistry | |
Heat capacity (C)
|
164.85 J K−1 mol−1 |
Std molar
entropy (S⦵298) |
260.41 J K−1 mol−1 |
Std enthalpy of
formation (ΔfH⦵298) |
−179.1–−177.3 kJ mol−1 |
Std enthalpy of
combustion (ΔcH⦵298) |
~ 3.3 MJ mol−1, 19,664 Btu/lb |
Hazards | |
GHS labelling: | |
Danger | |
H224, H304, H336, H411 | |
P210, P261, P273, P301+P310, P331 | |
NFPA 704 (fire diamond) | |
Flash point | −51 °C (−60 °F; 222 K) |
420 °C (788 °F; 693 K) | |
Explosive limits | 1.4–8.3% |
Related compounds | |
Related alkanes
|
|
Related compounds
|
2-Ethyl-1-butanol |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
|
Isopentane, also called methylbutane or 2-methylbutane, is a branched-chain saturated hydrocarbon (an alkane) with five carbon atoms, with formula C
5H
12 or CH(CH
3)
2(C
2H
5).
Isopentane is an extremely volatile and extremely flammable liquid at room temperature and pressure. It is also the least dense liquid at standard conditions.[citation needed] The normal boiling point is just a few degrees above room temperature and isopentane will readily boil and evaporate away on a warm day.
Isopentane is commonly used in conjunction with liquid nitrogen to achieve a liquid bath temperature of −160 °C. Natural gas typically contains 1% or less isopentane,[3] but it is a significant component of natural gasoline.[4]
Nomenclature
The traditional name isopentane was still retained in the 1993 IUPAC recommendations,[5][6] but is no longer recommended according to the 2013 recommendations.[1] The preferred IUPAC name is the systematic name 2-methylbutane. An isopentyl group is a subset of the generic pentyl group. It has the chemical structure -CH3CH2CH(CH3)2.
Isomers
Isopentane is one of three structural isomers with the molecular formula C5H12, the others being pentane (n-pentane) and neopentane (dimethyl propane).
Uses
Isopentane is used in a closed loop in geothermal power production to drive turbines.[7]
Isopentane is used, in conjunction with dry ice or liquid nitrogen, to freeze tissues for cryosectioning in histology. [8]
Isopentane is a major component (sometimes 30% or more) of natural gasoline, an analog of common petroleum-derived gasoline that is condensed from natural gas.[4] It has a substantially higher octane rating (RON 93.7) than n-pentane (61.7), and therefore there is interest in conversion from the latter.[9]
References
- ^ a b Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry : IUPAC Recommendations and Preferred Names 2013 (Blue Book). Cambridge: The Royal Society of Chemistry. 2014. p. 652. doi:10.1039/9781849733069-FP001. ISBN 978-0-85404-182-4.
The names 'isobutane', 'isopentane' and 'neopentane' are no longer recommended.
- ^ James Wei (1999), Molecular Symmetry, Rotational Entropy, and Elevated Melting Points. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., volume 38 issue 12, pp. 5019–5027 doi:10.1021/ie990588m
- ^ Georg Hammer, Torsten Lübcke, Roland Kettner, Mark R. Pillarella, Herta Recknagel, Axel Commichau, Hans-Joachim Neumann and Barbara Paczynska-Lahme "Natural Gas" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2006, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. doi:10.1002/14356007.a17_073.pub2
- ^ a b Ivan F. Avery, L. V. Harvey (1958): Natural-gasoline and Cycling Plants in the United States, Information circular, U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines. 12 pages.
- ^ Table 19(a) Acyclic and monocyclic hydrocarbons. Parent hydrocarbons
- ^ Panico, R. & Powell, W. H., eds. (1994). A Guide to IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Compounds 1993. Oxford: Blackwell Science. ISBN 0-632-03488-2.
- ^ Byproduct Isopentane also used in some of the LPG plant to run the boiler and generate the power. HS Orka HF Energy Plant IV Archived 2014-10-18 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ http://www.uab.edu/research/administration/offices/ARP/ComparativePathology/Pathology/Histopathology/TissueSubmission/Pages/Freezing-Tissues-for-Cryosectioning.aspx
- ^ Sheng Wang, Ying Zhang, Mao-Gang He, Xiong Zheng, and Li-Bin Chen (2014): "Thermal Diffusivity and Speed of Sound of Saturated Pentane from Light Scattering". International Journal of Thermophysics, volume 35, pages 1450–1464. doi:10.1007/s10765-014-1718-x
External links
- International Chemical Safety Card 1153
- IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry (online version of the "Blue Book")