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<!-- Note: perhaps something could be mentioned here about the Four Freedoms proposed by Franklin Roosevelt, which also includes freedom from fear and freedom from want -->
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Freedom of thought is the precursor and progenitor of—and thus is closely linked to—other liberties, including [[freedom of religion]], freedom of speech, and freedom of expression.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Swaine|first=Lucas|date=2016-11-09|title=Freedom of Thought as a Basic Liberty|journal=Political Theory|language=en-US|volume=46|issue=3|pages=405–425|doi=10.1177/0090591716676293|s2cid=151827391|issn=0090-5917}}</ref> Though freedom of thought is axiomatic for many other freedoms, they are in no way required for it to operate and exist. The conception of a freedom or a right does not guarantee its inclusion, legality, or protection via a philosophical caveat. It is a very important concept in the Western world and nearly all{{citation needed|date=October 2015}} democratic constitutions protect these freedoms. For instance, the [[United States Bill of Rights|Bill of Rights]] contains the famous guarantee in the [[First Amendment to the United States Constitution|First Amendment]] that laws may not be made that interfere with religion "or prohibiting the free exercise thereof". U.S. [[Supreme Court Justice]] [[Benjamin Cardozo]] reasoned in ''[[Palko v. Connecticut]]'' (1937):
Every man attempts to have a mental mastery by developing knowledge, concepts, theories and assessing them in the given environment. This mental mastery gives a sense of contentment and replaces the feeling of helplessness. Apart from bringing ease to the ego of a man, new knowledge and ideas also bring a hope for the future.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Main|first=T. F.|date=1967-06-01|title=Knowledge, Learning and Freedom from Thought|url=https://doi.org/10.3109/00048676709159167|journal=Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry|language=en|volume=1|issue=2|pages=64–71|doi=10.3109/00048676709159167|issn=0004-8674}}</ref>
Freedom of thought is the precursor and progenitor of—and thus is closely linked to—other liberties, including [[freedom of religion]], freedom of speech, and freedom of expression.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Swaine|first=Lucas|date=2016-11-09|title=Freedom of Thought as a Basic Liberty|journal=Political Theory|language=en-US|volume=46|issue=3|pages=405–425|doi=10.1177/0090591716676293|s2cid=151827391|issn=0090-5917}}</ref> Though freedom of thought is axiomatic for many other freedoms, they are in no way required for it to operate and exist. The conception of a freedom or a right does not guarantee its inclusion, legality, or protection via a philosophical caveat. It is a very important concept in the Western world and nearly all democratic constitutions protect these freedoms.
For instance, the [[United States Bill of Rights|Bill of Rights]] contains the famous guarantee in the [[First Amendment to the United States Constitution|First Amendment]] that laws may not be made that interfere with religion "or prohibiting the free exercise thereof". U.S. [[Supreme Court Justice]] [[Benjamin Cardozo]] reasoned in ''[[Palko v. Connecticut]]'' (1937):


{{quote|Freedom of thought... is the matrix, the indispensable condition, of nearly every other form of freedom. With rare aberrations a pervasive recognition of this truth can be traced in our history, political and legal.<ref>{{cite court
{{quote|Freedom of thought... is the matrix, the indispensable condition, of nearly every other form of freedom. With rare aberrations a pervasive recognition of this truth can be traced in our history, political and legal.<ref>{{cite court

Revision as of 10:41, 5 December 2020

Not to be confused with Free thought, Cognitive liberty, or Freedom of speech.
"Without freedom of thought there can be no such thing as wisdom & no such thing as public liberty without freedom of speech", Benjamin Franklin, 1722

Freedom of thought (also called freedom of conscience or ideas) is the freedom of an individual to hold or consider a fact, viewpoint, or thought, independent of others' viewpoints.

Overview

Every man attempts to have a mental mastery by developing knowledge, concepts, theories and assessing them in the given environment. This mental mastery gives a sense of contentment and replaces the feeling of helplessness. Apart from bringing ease to the ego of a man, new knowledge and ideas also bring a hope for the future.[1]

Freedom of thought is the precursor and progenitor of—and thus is closely linked to—other liberties, including freedom of religion, freedom of speech, and freedom of expression.[2] Though freedom of thought is axiomatic for many other freedoms, they are in no way required for it to operate and exist. The conception of a freedom or a right does not guarantee its inclusion, legality, or protection via a philosophical caveat. It is a very important concept in the Western world and nearly all democratic constitutions protect these freedoms.

For instance, the Bill of Rights contains the famous guarantee in the First Amendment that laws may not be made that interfere with religion "or prohibiting the free exercise thereof". U.S. Supreme Court Justice Benjamin Cardozo reasoned in Palko v. Connecticut (1937):

Freedom of thought... is the matrix, the indispensable condition, of nearly every other form of freedom. With rare aberrations a pervasive recognition of this truth can be traced in our history, political and legal.[3]

Such ideas are also a vital part of international human rights law. In the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), which is legally binding on member states of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), "freedom of thought" is listed under Article 18:

Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion; this right includes freedom to change his religion or belief, and freedom, either alone or in community with others and in public or private, to manifest his religion or belief in teaching, practice, worship and observance.

The United Nations' Human Rights Committee states that this, "distinguishes the freedom of thought, conscience, religion or belief from the freedom to manifest religion or belief. It does not permit any limitations whatsoever on the freedom of thought and conscience or on the freedom to have or adopt a religion or belief of one's choice. These freedoms are protected unconditionally".[4] Similarly, Article 19 of the UDHR guarantees that "Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference".

History of development and suppression

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It is impossible to know with certainty what another person is thinking, making suppression difficult. The concept is developed throughout the Bible, most fully in the writings of Paul of Tarsus (e.g., "For why should my freedom [eleutheria] be judged by another's conscience [suneideseos]?" 1 Corinthians 10:29).[5]

Bronze statue of Giordano Bruno, Campo de' Fiori, Rome

Although Greek philosophers Plato and Socrates had discussed Freedom of Thought minimally, the edicts of King Ashoka (3rd century BC) have been called the first decree respecting Freedom of Conscience.[6] In European tradition, aside from the decree of religious toleration by Constantine I at Milan in 313, the philosophers Themistius, Michel de Montaigne, Baruch Spinoza, John Locke, Voltaire, Alexandre Vinet, and John Stuart Mill and the theologians Roger Williams and Samuel Rutherford have been considered major proponents of the idea of Freedom of Conscience (or 'soul liberty' in the words of Roger Williams).[7]

Queen Elizabeth I revoked a thought censorship law in the late sixteenth century, because, according to Sir Francis Bacon, she did "not [like] to make windows into men's souls and secret thoughts".[8] During her reign, philosopher, mathematician, astrologer, and astronomer Giordano Bruno took refuge in England from the Italian Inquisition, where he published a number of his books regarding an infinite universe and topics banned by the Catholic Church. After leaving the safety of England, Bruno was eventually burned as a heretic in Rome for refusing to recant his ideas. For this reason, he is considered by some to be a martyr for free thought.[9]

However, freedom of expression can be limited through censorship, arrests, book burning, or propaganda, and this tends to discourage freedom of thought. Examples of effective campaigns against freedom of expression are the Soviet suppression of genetics research in favor of a theory known as Lysenkoism, the book-burning campaigns of Nazi Germany, the radical anti-intellectualism enforced in Cambodia under Pol Pot, the strict limits on freedom of expression imposed by the Communist governments of the People's Republic of China and Cuba or by dictatorships such as those of Augusto Pinochet in Chile and Francisco Franco in Spain.

The Sapir–Whorf hypothesis, which states that thought is inherently embedded in language, would support the claim that an effort to limit the use of words of language is actually a form of restricting freedom of thought.[citation needed] This was explored in George Orwell's novel 1984, with the idea of Newspeak, a stripped-down form of the English language alleged to lack the capacity for metaphor and limiting expression of original ideas.

More recently, the development of neuroimaging technologies have raised concerns about entities being able to read and subsequently suppress thought. Although the issue is complicated by the mind-body problem, these concerns form the emerging field of neuroethics and neuroprivacy.

See also

References and notes

  1. ^ Main, T. F. (1967-06-01). "Knowledge, Learning and Freedom from Thought". Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 1 (2): 64–71. doi:10.3109/00048676709159167. ISSN 0004-8674.
  2. ^ Swaine, Lucas (2016-11-09). "Freedom of Thought as a Basic Liberty". Political Theory. 46 (3): 405–425. doi:10.1177/0090591716676293. ISSN 0090-5917. S2CID 151827391.
  3. ^ Palko v. State of Connecticut, 302 U.S. 319 (1937).
  4. ^ "General Comment No. 22: The right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion (Art. 18) : . 30/07/93. CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add.4, General Comment No. 22. (General Comments)". United Nations Human Rights Website – Treaty Bodies Database. Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. 1993-07-30. Retrieved 2007-10-21.
  5. ^ Eugene J. Cooper, "Man's Basic Freedom and Freedom of Conscience in the Bible : Reflections on 1 Corinthians 8–10", Irish Theological Quarterly Dec 1975
  6. ^ Luzzatti, Luigi (February 2006). Luigi Luzzatti, "The First Decree on Freedom of Conscience" p. 47 in God in Freedom. ISBN 9781596054486. Retrieved 15 September 2014.
  7. ^ Luzzatti, p. 91.
  8. ^ Brimacombe, Peter (2000). All the Queen's Men: The World of Elizabeth I. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 125. ISBN 0-312-23251-9.
  9. ^ Arturo Labriola, Giordano Bruno: Martyrs of free thought no. 1

Further reading

  • D.V. Coornhert, Synod on the Freedom of Conscience: A Thorough Examination during the Gathering Held in the Year 1582 in the City of Freetown English translation
  • Richard Joseph Cooke, Freedom of thought in religious teaching (1913)
  • Lucas Swaine, "Freedom of Thought as a Basic Liberty," Political Theory, 46:3 (2018): 405-25. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0090591716676293
  • Eugene J. Cooper, "Man's Basic Freedom and Freedom of Conscience in the Bible : Reflections on 1 Corinthians 8–10", Irish Theological Quarterly Dec 1975
  • George Botterill and Peter Carruthers, 'The Philosophy of Psychology', Cambridge University Press (1999), p. 3
  • The Hon. Sir John Laws, 'The Limitations of Human Rights', [1998] P. L. Summer, Sweet & Maxwell and Contributors, p. 260
  • Voltaire (1954). "Liberté de penser". Dictionnaire philosophique. Classiques Garnier (in French). Paris: Éditions Garnier. pp. 277–81.
  • Roger Williams, The Bloudy Tenent of Persecution for Cause of Conscience
    • The Bloody Tenent of Persecution (1867 reprint) (accessed July 10, 2009, on Google Books)
  • Samuel Rutherford, Lex, Rex

http://www.portagepub.com/dl/caa/sr-lexrex17.pdf? (accessed December 17, 2018, on portagepub.com)

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