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Historic depiction of a bascinet with aventail on the tomb of Edward, the Black Prince (1376).

An aventail or camail is a flexible curtain of mail attached to the skull of a helmet that extends to cover the throat, neck and shoulders. Part or all of the face, with spaces to allow vision, could also be covered.

The earliest camails were riveted directly to the edge of the helmet, however, beginning in the 1320s in Western Europe a detachable version replaced this type. The detachable aventail was attached to a leather band, which was in turn attached to the lower border of the helmet by a series of pierced rivets, called vervelles.^[1] Holes in the leather band were passed over the vervelles, and a waxed cord was passed through the holes in the vervelles to secure it.^[2] Aventails were most commonly seen on bascinets in the 14th century and served as a replacement for a complete mail hood (coif). Some aventails were decorated with edging in brass or bronze links (sometimes gilded), or with a zig-zag lower edge (vandyked). By the mid 14th century, the aventail had replaced the mail coif completely. By the dawn of the 15th century, the plate armored neck guard of the Great Bascinet replaced the aventail.^[1]

References

^ ^a ^b DeVries, Kelly (2012). Medieval military technology. Smith, Kay Douglas (2nd ed.). North York, Ont.: University of Toronto Press. pp. 77, 88. ISBN 978-1-4426-0497-1. OCLC 782101074.
^ Bradbury, Jim (2004). 14 Medieval Armor Items. New York: Routledge. pp. 261–262.

External links

"Aventail" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 53.

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[:0-1] DeVries, Kelly (2012). Medieval military technology. Smith, Kay Douglas (2nd ed.). North York, Ont.: University of Toronto Press. pp. 77, 88. ISBN 978-1-4426-0497-1. OCLC 782101074.

[2] Bradbury, Jim (2004). 14 Medieval Armor Items. New York: Routledge. pp. 261–262.

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 An '''aventail''' or '''camail''' is a flexible curtain of [[mail (armour)|mail]] attached to the skull of a [[helmet]] that extends to cover the throat, neck and shoulders. Part or all of the face, with spaces to allow vision, could also be covered.
-The earliest camails were riveted directly to the edge of the helmet, however, beginning in the 1320s in Western Europe a detachable version replaced this type. The detachable aventail was attached to a leather band, which was in turn attached to the lower border of the helmet by a series of pierced [[rivet]]s, called [[vervelles]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=DeVries|first=Kelly|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/782101074|title=Medieval military technology|date=2012|publisher=University of Toronto Press|others=Smith, Kay Douglas|year=|isbn=978-1-4426-0497-1|edition=2nd |location=North York, Ont.|pages=77, 88|oclc=782101074}}</ref> Holes in the leather band were passed over the vervelles, and a waxed cord was passed through the holes in the vervelles to secure it.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bradbury|first=Jim|title=14 Medieval Armor Items |publisher=Routledge|year=2004|isbn=|location=New York|pages=261–262}}</ref> Aventails were most commonly seen on [[bascinet]]s in the 14th century and served as a replacement for a complete mail hood ([[mail coif|coif]]). Some aventails were decorated with edging in [[brass]] or [[bronze]] links (sometimes gilded), or with a zig-zag lower edge (vandyked). By the mid 14th century, the aventail had replaced the [[mail coif]] completely. By the dawn of the 15th century, the plate armored neck guard of the Great Bascinet replaced the aventail.<ref name=":0" />
+The earliest camails were riveted directly to the edge of the helmet, however, beginning in the 1320s in Western Europe a detachable version replaced this type. The detachable aventail was attached to a leather band, which was in turn attached to the lower border of the helmet by a series of pierced [[rivet]]s, called [[vervelles]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=DeVries|first=Kelly|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/782101074|title=Medieval military technology|date=2012|publisher=University of Toronto Press|others=Smith, Kay Douglas|isbn=978-1-4426-0497-1|edition=2nd |location=North York, Ont.|pages=77, 88|oclc=782101074}}</ref> Holes in the leather band were passed over the vervelles, and a waxed cord was passed through the holes in the vervelles to secure it.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bradbury|first=Jim|title=14 Medieval Armor Items |publisher=Routledge|year=2004|location=New York|pages=261–262}}</ref> Aventails were most commonly seen on [[bascinet]]s in the 14th century and served as a replacement for a complete mail hood ([[mail coif|coif]]). Some aventails were decorated with edging in [[brass]] or [[bronze]] links (sometimes gilded), or with a zig-zag lower edge (vandyked). By the mid 14th century, the aventail had replaced the [[mail coif]] completely. By the dawn of the 15th century, the plate armored neck guard of the Great Bascinet replaced the aventail.<ref name=":0" />
 ==References==
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 ==Further reading==
-*{{cite book|last=Gravett|first=Christopher|year=2008|title=Knight: Noble Warrior of England 1200–1600|publisher=Osprey Publishing|ref=harv}}
+*{{cite book|last=Gravett|first=Christopher|year=2008|title=Knight: Noble Warrior of England 1200–1600|publisher=Osprey Publishing}}
 ==External links==